Search

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine was developed to provide immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was first reported in 2019. The vaccine has proven to be effective in reducing severity and mortality and preventing infection. Henoch-Schönlein purpura is an autoimmune vasculitis (immunoglobulin A vasculitis). Historically, vaccines have been administered primarily to children, and Henoch-Schönlein purpura has often been reported in children following vaccination. However, since the start of COVID-19 vaccination, an increasing number of cases have been reported in adults. Here, we report a case of a patient who developed hematuria and proteinuria after receiving the messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccine. A 22-year-old man presented to the hospital with a lower extremity rash, bilateral ankle pain, and abdominal pain 18 days after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. The man had no significant medical history and was not taking any medications. Laboratory tests showed normal platelet counts but elevated white blood cell counts and C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels. He was treated with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, pheniramine and prednisolone. At 40 days after starting treatment, Creactive protein levels were within normal limits, and no hematuria was observed. Treatment was terminated when the purpura disappeared. This report is intended to highlight the need for further research to be proactive and carefully monitor for conditions associated with the COVID-19 vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The efficacy of messenger RNA (mRNA)–1273 against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is not well defined, particularly among young adults. Methods Adults aged 18–29 years with no known history of SARS-CoV-2 infection or prior vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were recruited from 44 US sites from 24 March to 13 September 2021 and randomized 1:1 to immediate vaccination (receipt of 2 doses of mRNA-1273 vaccine at months 0 and 1) or the standard of care (receipt of COVID-19 vaccine). Randomized participants were followed up for SARS-CoV-2 infection measured by nasal swab testing and symptomatic COVID-19 measured by nasal swab testing plus symptom assessment and assessed for the primary efficacy outcome. A vaccine-declined observational group was also recruited from 16 June to 8 November 2021 and followed up for SARS-CoV-2 infection as specified for the randomized participants. Results The study enrolled 1149 in the randomized arms and 311 in the vaccine-declined group and collected >122 000 nasal swab samples. Based on randomized participants, the efficacy of 2 doses of mRNA-1273 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection was 52.6% (95% confidence interval, −14.1% to 80.3%), with the majority of infections due to the Delta variant. Vaccine efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 was 71.0% (95% confidence interval, −9.5% to 92.3%). Precision was limited owing to curtailed study enrollment and off-study vaccination censoring. The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the vaccine-declined group was 1.8 times higher than in the standard-of-care group. Conclusions mRNA-1273 vaccination reduced the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection from March to September 2021, but vaccination was only one factor influencing risk. Clinical Trials Registration NCT04811664. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Data on the immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines in solid transplant recipients are emerging; however, data on liver transplant recipients of Taiwanese ethnicity remain limited. Methods: We recruited 33 Taiwanese liver transplant recipients who received two doses of the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine and obtained blood samples for the semiquantitative determination of antibodies to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 S protein RBD (receptor-binding domain) 2 weeks after each vaccination. The participantswere also required to note any adverse events 1 week after the booster vaccination. Results: Antibody response after the priming and booster doses of themRNA-1273 vaccine was 50%and 100%, respectively. The participants were further stratified into optimal (n = 27, >250 U/mL) and inadequate (n = 6, <250 U/mL) response groups according to the upper limit of the numeric antibody titer. A shorter time after transplantation and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate were significantly associated with an inadequate titer. The postvaccination humoral response seemed unaffected by use of antimetabolites. No severe adverse events were reported. Conclusions: The postvaccination immunogenicity of Taiwanese liver transplant recipients was satisfactory, whereas the reactogenicity to the novel vaccine was minimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The immune response to COVID-19 vaccination is inferior in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) and to a lesser extent in patients on dialysis or with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We assessed the immune response 6 months after mRNA-1273 vaccination in kidney patients and compared this to controls. Methods A total of 152 participants with CKD stages G4/5 (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2), 145 participants on dialysis, 267 KTRs, and 181 controls were included. SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 specific IgG antibodies were measured using fluorescent bead-based multiplex-immunoassay, neutralizing antibodies to ancestral, Delta, and Omicron (BA.1) variants by plaque reduction, and T-cell responses by interferon- γ release assay. Results At 6 months after vaccination, S1-specific antibodies were detected in 100% of controls, 98.7% of CKD G4/5 patients, 95.1% of dialysis patients, and 56.6% of KTRs. These figures were comparable to the response rates at 28 days, but antibody levels waned significantly. Neutralization of the ancestral and Delta variants was detected in most participants, whereas neutralization of Omicron was mostly absent. S-specific T-cell responses were detected at 6 months in 75.0% of controls, 69.4% of CKD G4/5 patients, 52.6% of dialysis patients, and 12.9% of KTRs. T-cell responses at 6 months were significantly lower than responses at 28 days. Conclusions Although seropositivity rates at 6 months were comparable to rates at 28 days after vaccination, significantly decreased antibody levels and T-cell responses were observed. The combination of low antibody levels, reduced T-cell responses, and absent neutralization of the newly emerging variants indicates the need for additional boosts or alternative vaccination strategies in KTRs. Clinical Trials Registration NCT04741386. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-marketing data on coronavirus vaccines are limited. This study evaluated adverse reactions reported to a statewide hotline after the administration of a coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccine. We collected reports between 1 December 2020 through 30 August 2021 of any individual 12 years of age and older who received an FDA EUA-approved vaccine and experienced an adverse reaction. For each case, we collected vaccine brand, demographics, adverse reaction type, severity, onset of reaction, duration, and outcome. Relative risk analyses were conducted to investigate factors associated with vaccine adverse reactions. 638 adverse drug reaction cases were recorded. The majority identified as female (70.8%) and the median age was 56. Implicated brands were Pfizer BNT162b2 (46.6%), Moderna mRNA-1273 (43.41%), and Janssen Ad26.COV2.S (8.78%). Although the lowest number of cases was with Janssen, this vaccine had the highest incident rate based on reactions per 100,000 doses. Adverse reactions with the highest incidence were systemic reactions (92.7%), injection-site reactions (8.5%), and local non-injection-site reactions (10.4%), with most judged as minor severity. Relative risk was higher for Moderna compared to Pfizer for injection-site non-severe (RR 2.01) and injection-site severe (RR 1.94) reactions. Janssen had a higher risk of headache, dyspnea, and vision changes compared to Pfizer, and a higher risk of headache compared to Moderna. The relative risk for fever, chills, and lymphadenopathy was higher for the second dose than the first dose for all patients. This observational study analyzing adverse drug reactions of the COVID-19 vaccine found that most complaints concerned systemic reactions. We found reaction differences among vaccine brands, between first and second doses for some effects, and selected recurrent events. Poison control centers are uniquely positioned to conduct post-marketing surveillance for the new vaccines as they are available 24/7 to the public and are healthcare providers. Further post-marketing studies are essential to provide a holistic safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Almost three years into the pandemic, older individuals still account for the vast majority of COVID-19 related deaths. While most older adults in the United States have been fully vaccinated, many have not yet completed the recommended course of booster vaccinations. To address U.S. data gaps on Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) in this high-risk population and to best formulate effective booster and other prevention policies, we conducted an observational study of VE in a 17 million Medicare population cohort including 5.7 million fully vaccinated individuals during the Delta variant phase of the pandemic. We observed significant VE in this higher risk population against infections and more so against hospitalizations, apparent waning vaccine-induced immunity, and found added protection from prior COVID-19 infection. We also uniquely report that VE increased over a period of weeks as the Delta surge progressed, suggesting that in addition to the critical protective role of vaccination, individual behavioral factors, such as increased masking or social distancing, likely contributed to this VE increase. Our results emphasize the need for a multipronged prevention strategy to combat the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic including not only vaccination but also complementary preventive measures to reduce the risk of infection, especially for individuals at the highest risk. Throughout the pandemic, individuals 65 years and older have contributed most COVID-19 related deaths. To best formulate effective vaccination and other prevention policies to protect older adults, large scale observational studies of these higher risk individuals are needed. We conducted a Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) study during the B.1.617.2 Delta variant phase of the pandemic in July and August 2021 in a cohort of 17 million Medicare beneficiaries of which 5.7 million were fully vaccinated. We found that individuals fully vaccinated with the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 and Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccines in January 2021 had 2.5 times higher breakthrough infections and hospitalizations than those fully vaccinated in March 2021, consistent with waning of vaccine-induced immunity. Measuring VE weekly, we found that VE against hospitalization, and even more so against infection, increased from July 2021 through August 2021, suggesting that in addition to the protective role of vaccination, increased masking or social distancing might have contributed to the unexpected increase in VE. Ongoing monitoring of Medicare beneficiaries should be a priority as new variants continue to emerge, and the VE of the new bivalent vaccines remains to be established. This could be accomplished with a large Medicare claims database and the analytics platform used for this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study focuses on investigating the profile of all side effects of the mRNA-1273 vaccine for healthcare workers. Material and method: A cross-sectional design were used to explore the side effects of the mRNA-1273 vaccine for healthcare workers in Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia. The survey was conducted through Google form after 119 healthcare workers in Yogyakarta and Central Java receiving the mRNA-1273 vaccination as a booster in May-August 2021. Results and discussion:The major goal of this research is to investigate the side effects of using the mRNA-1273 vaccine as a booster among healthcare workers in Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia. Most (99.2%) of respondents admitted to feeling pain at the injection site, 42% the respondents also admitted to feeling swelling at the injection site as a moderate side effect, and 3.4% respondents reported vomiting as a rare side effect. This study found the low negative correlation between headache with p value 0.004 (p<0.05, r= -314) and nauseous with p value 0.012 (p<0.05, r= -300) towards the gender. We also found the low negative correlation between muscle aches with p value 0.033 (p<0.05) towards the ages (r= -257). Conclusion: The most common side effect after receiving the mRNA-1273 vaccine as a booster is a pain in the injection area. Female most frequent felt the headache and nauseous than man after received booster vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cutaneous side effects of COVID‐19 vaccines are being studied and their immunogenicity is most likely linked to the pathophysiology of psoriasis. Although uncommon, several cases of exacerbation and new onset of psoriasis have been reported globally after vaccination. To contribute to the literature on this intriguing topic, we present three cases of de novo psoriasis in adult patients following COVID‐19 vaccination. Our observations and a literature review show that this occurrence is independent of the type and brand of vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generalized erythrodermic psoriasis (GEP) is a rare and potentially life‐threatening variant of psoriasis. Possible triggers that have been identified to date include poorly controlled psoriasis, medications, abrupt discontinuation of anti‐psoriatic treatment, and underlying systemic illnesses. However, vaccines have rarely been reported to exacerbate GEP. Herein, we report two unique cases with GEP exacerbated following a dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine for COVID‐19 (as their second dose, the first being the mRNA‐1273 vaccine). Based on our observations and a literature review, vaccination was considered the most likely trigger of GEP due to the close temporal relationship between the second vaccination and the onset of GEP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of COVID-19 vaccines, hospitalization rates and progression to severe COVID-19 disease have reduced drastically. Most of the adverse events reported by the vaccine recipients were minor. However, autoimmune hematological complications such as vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT), immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and TTP have also been reported post-COVID-19 vaccination. Given this, we sought to reflect on the existing cases of TTP, whether de novo or relapsing, reported after COVID-19 vaccination to further gain insight into any association, if present, and outcomes. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Ebsco databases for published individual case reports on the occurrence or relapse of TTP after receiving any COVID-19 vaccine. A total of 23 articles (27 patients) were included in this qualitative analysis. The mean age for the patients who developed de novo TTP post-COVID-19 vaccination was 51.3 years. TTP episodes were seen mostly after BNT162b2 vaccine, followed by mRNA-1273 vaccine. All patients with immune TTP except one received plasma exchange (PLEX) and steroids. One patient passed away after two days of hospitalization, likely due to a sudden cardiovascular event. Our review underscores the importance of in-depth anamnesis before vaccination and outlines characteristics of predisposed individuals. Evaluation of post-vaccine thrombocytopenia must include the possibility of TTP given the associated fatality with this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two seroconversion panels from samples before and after vaccination with mRNA-1273 vaccine. • Subjects positive for IgG prior to vaccination had a higher response to the first vaccination. • Responses to the first dose of vaccine were lower in naïve elderly subjects. • All subjects had positive responses after the second vaccine dose. • Seropositive or convalescent subjects may be sufficiently protected after one dose of vaccine. Seroconversion panels are an important tool for investigating antibody responses in acute and chronic phases of disease and development of serological assays for viral diseases including COVID-19. Globally it is anticipated that vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 will facilitate control of the current pandemic. The two COVID-19 seroconversion panels analyzed in this study were obtained from healthcare workers with samples collected before vaccination with the mRNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna) and after the first and second doses of the vaccine. Panel samples were tested for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 (IgG). Individual subjects with a positive response for anti-SARS-CoV2 IgG in their pre-vaccination samples showed a significantly enhanced response to the first vaccination. In older subjects, lower immunological responses to the first injection were observed, which were overcome by the second injection. All subjects in the study were positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG after the second dose of vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new vaccines against SARS‐CoV‐2 have raised a lot of expectations about their ability to induce immunity and the duration of this. This is the case of mRNA vaccines such as Moderna's mRNA‐1273. Therefore, it is necessary to study the humoral and cellular immunity generated by these vaccines. Our objectives are determining what is the normal response of antibody production, and what is the level of protective antibodies and monitoring patients in case of subsequent infection with COVID‐19. We present the first results of a longitudinal study of the humoral response in 601 health workers vaccinated with Moderna. The results show a humoral immunity at 90 days after the second dose of 100%, with a strong decrease between the levels of circulating anti‐S IgG antibodies between days 30 and 90 post‐vaccination. Observing a steeper decline in those who had higher titles at the beginning. In addition, we present a cellular response of 86% at three months after the second dose, which is related to low humoral response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this case report, we presented a case of myocarditis as a rare complication that developed after Covid mRNA‐1273 vaccine. Cases of post‐vaccine myocarditis usually progress with mild symptoms. However, it should be a situation that healthcare workers should keep in mind, that myocarditis may develop after vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccines are the main vaccines that have been used for mass vaccination in Japan. Information on adverse reactions to COVID-19 vaccines in the Japanese population is limited. We conducted an online survey on self-reported adverse reactions in individuals who had received two doses of the BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccine. The incidence of adverse events after each dose of vaccine was investigated. Propensity score matching was used to compare the incidence of adverse reactions after the second dose of the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines. After the first and second doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine, and the first and second doses of the mRNA-1273 vaccine, 890, 853, 6401, and 3965 individuals, respectively, provided complete responses. Systemic reactions, including fever, fatigue, headache, muscle/joint pain, and nausea were significantly more common in females, individuals aged <50 years, and after the second dose. The incidence of injection site pain did not differ significantly according to the dose. The incidence of delayed injection site reactions after the first dose of mRNA-1273 vaccine was 3.9% and 0.8% among females and males, respectively, and 10.6% among females aged 40–69 years. Local and systemic reactions after the second dose, including fever, fatigue, headache, muscle/joint pain, nausea, and skin rash were more common in individuals who had received the mRNA-1273 vaccine. Adverse reactions were more frequently reported in females, younger individuals, and after the mRNA-1273 vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Rare disease Background: Vaccine-related thrombosis and thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) is a rare life-threatening syndrome reported after vaccination against COVID-19. Case Report: We describe a case of 56-year-old postmenopausal, obese woman with hypothyroidism and hyperlipidemia, who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with fluctuating mental status and left-side weakness for 5 days. She received her first and second dose of mRNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna) at 12 and 8 weeks, respectively, prior to presentation. She was found to have multiple hemorrhages and infarcts on a computed tomography (CT) scan of the head. She was intubated in the ED for airway protection and mechanically ventilated. Magnetic resonance angiogram and venogram showed multiple infarcts in right frontal, parietal, and left parietal lobes, along with occlusion of left-side transverse sinus, sagittal sinuses, and left internal jugular vein, suggesting cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). Despite anticoagulation, her clinical condition continued to worsen, and she was referred for emergent endovascular thrombectomy. Her clinical condition improved after thrombectomy, and she was discharged on warfarin. At 4-month follow-up, she was able to walk with an assistive device and able to carry out activities of daily living with assistance. She is planned for further workup for hypercoagulable state at follow-up. Conclusions: This case highlights the occurrence of vaccine-related thrombosis 3 months after vaccine administration. Only 2 cases of TTS have been reported so far after mRNA-1273 vaccination (Moderna). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of CVST presenting 3 months after the first dose of COVID-19 mRNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study is the first to describe the safety and immunogenicity of a nanoporous microneedle array for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with the mRNA-1273 vaccine in healthy participants as a booster vaccination. • Nanoporous microneedle array for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with 20 µg mRNA-1273 was safe but failed to induce an anamnestic antibody response, which is probably due to the used vaccine loading technique resulting in a very low amount of loaded vaccine on the microneedle tips. • As microneedle patch immunisation is a promising vaccination technique; it is worth to evaluate this novel technology further to be better prepared for pandemics in the future. Nanoporous microneedle arrays (npMNA) are being developed as skin patches for vaccine delivery. As alternative for needle-based immunisation, they may potentially result in higher vaccine acceptance, which is important for future mass vaccination campaigns to control outbreaks, such as COVID-19, and for public vaccination in general. In this study we investigated the safety and immunogenicity of needle-free intradermal delivery of a fractional third or fourth dose of mRNA-1273 vaccine by npMNA. This study was an open-label, randomised-controlled, proof-of-concept study. Healthy adults were eligible if they had received a primary immunisation series against SARS-CoV-2 with two doses of mRNA-1273 (Moderna) or BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA vaccine. A history of a COVID-19 infection or booster vaccination with mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 was allowed if it occurred at least three months before inclusion. Participants were randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive 20 µg mRNA-1273 vaccine, either through npMNA patch applied on the skin (ID-patch group), or through intramuscular (IM) injection (IM-control group). Primary outcomes were reactogenicity up to two weeks after vaccination, and fold-increase of SARS-CoV-2 spike S1-specific IgG antibodies 14 days post-vaccination. In April 2022, 20 participants were enroled. The geometric mean concentration (GMC) did not increase in the ID-patch group after vaccination, in contrast to the IM-control group (GMC was 1,006 BAU/mL (95% CI 599–1,689), 3,855 (2,800–5,306), and 3,513 (2,554–4,833) at day 1, 15 and 29, respectively). In addition, SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses were lower after ID vaccination through npMNA. Needle-free delivery of 20 µg mRNA-1273 vaccine by npMNA failed to induce antibody and T cell responses. As this is a potentially very useful vaccination method, it is important to determine which adjustments are needed to make this npMNA successful. NCT05315362. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young adults had been widely perceived as a low-risk group for COVID-19 severity; therefore, they were deprioritised within the mass vaccination strategies as their prognosis of COVID-19 infection is relatively more favourable than older age groups. On the other hand, vaccination of this demographic group is indispensable to achieve herd immunity. A cross-sectional survey-based study was used to evaluate the side effects of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines among university students in the Czech Republic. The validated questionnaire was delivered in a digital form, and it consisted of demographic data; COVID-19 vaccine-related anamnesis; and local, systemic, orofacial, and skin-related side effects' prevalence, onset, and duration. Out of the 539 included participants, 70.1% were females and 45.8% were <23 years old. The vast majority (95.2%) reported at least one side effect. The most common side effect was injection site pain (91.8%), followed by fatigue (62.5%), headache (36.4%), and muscle pain (34.9%). The majority of local side effects occurred after both doses (74.4%), while most systemic side effects occurred after the second dose only (56.2%). Most local (94.2%) and systemic (93.3%) side effects resolved within three days after vaccination. Females participants' adjusted odds ratio (AOR) showed they were 2.566 (CI 95%: 1.103–5.970) times more likely to experience post-vaccination side effects, and the participants who received two doses reported an increased AOR of 1.896 (0.708–5.077) for experiencing side effects. The results of this study imply that mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines are highly probably safe for young adults, and further studies are required to investigate the role of medical anamnesis, prior COVID-19 infection, and gender in side effects incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The main way to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic is mass vaccination of the public. However, the public's vaccine hesitancy toward the available vaccines is a big challenge in the fighting against the coronavirus spreading. We aimed in this study to report for the first time the short-term side effects following mRNA-based (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna) and viral vector-based (AstraZeneca) COVID-19 vaccines among German healthcare workers. A survey-based study was conducted through an online validated questionnaire. Overall, 88.1% of the German healthcare workers included in this study reported at least one side effect following the COVID-19 vaccination. The mRNA-based vaccines were associated with a higher prevalence of local side effects (e.g., injection site pain), while the viral vector-based vaccine was associated with a higher prevalence of systemic side effects (e.g., headache/fatigue). The vast majority (84.9%) of side effects resolved within 1–3 days after vaccination, which are promising results from a safety point of view for both types of vaccines. This study is one of the few studies that aims to enhance our emerging knowledge about the risk factors of COVID-19 vaccines side effects by inquiring and analyzing the self-reported side effects across various demographic and medical parameters. Background: the increasing number of COVID-19 vaccines available to the public may trigger hesitancy or selectivity towards vaccination. This study aimed to evaluate the post-vaccination side effects of the different vaccines approved in Germany; Methods: a cross-sectional survey-based study was carried out using an online questionnaire validated and tested for a priori reliability. The questionnaire inquired about demographic data, medical and COVID-19-related anamneses, and local, systemic, oral, and skin-related side effects following COVID-19 vaccination; Results: out of the 599 participating healthcare workers, 72.3% were females, and 79.1% received mRNA-based vaccines, while 20.9% received a viral vector-based vaccine. 88.1% of the participants reported at least one side effect. Injection site pain (75.6%) was the most common local side effect, and headache/fatigue (53.6%), muscle pain (33.2%), malaise (25%), chills (23%), and joint pain (21.2%) were the most common systemic side effects. The vast majority (84.9%) of side effects resolved within 1–3 days post-vaccination; Conclusions: the mRNA-based vaccines were associated with a higher prevalence of local side effects (78.3% vs. 70.4%; Sig. = 0.064), while the viral vector-based vaccine was associated with a higher prevalence of systemic side effects (87.2% vs. 61%; Sig. < 0.001). Females and the younger age group were associated with an increased risk of side effects either after mRNA-based or viral vector-based vaccines. The gender- and age-based differences warrant further rigorous investigation and standardized methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]