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Research on skilled migration has grown substantially in recent years. Drawing on 58 in-depth interviews with skilled Americans in China, this paper explores how the intersectionality of race, gender, and citizenship shapes their occupational and social mobility, and whether these two forms of mobility align. The findings suggest that skilled migrants’ social identities simultaneously create both advantages and disadvantages in their occupational and social mobility. I coined the term ‘glass box’ to describe their experiences: while many enjoyed enhanced occupational mobility, they eventually hit a ‘glass ceiling’ that blocked access to top positions and faced ‘glass walls’ that pigeonholed them into a narrow range of occupations. However, their social identities also brought privileges, forming a ‘glass floor’ that protected them from employment precarity. Their social mobility, extending beyond occupational mobility, improved to varying degrees after migration to China but declined rapidly and unexpectedly following the outbreak of COVID-19. While changes to skilled Americans’ occupational and social mobility aligned most of the time, there were notable exceptions where these two forms of mobility shifted in opposite directions. Such contradictory experiences highlight the persistent structural barriers that shape their professional and social trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses what is still an under-examined issue in social mobility literature: the role played by women in the transmission of social advantages and life chances. We include models that incorporate both progenitors for those who were born in Spain between 1926 and 1976. We selected this country due to the far-reaching transformations experienced there for the female population in recent decades in terms of fertility rates, labor market, and educational mobility. Our results show that joint models that consider the influence of both the mother's and father's social class more accurately predict children's social mobility than models that only considers the father's social class. Contrary to previous studies, we do not find a clear movement toward a more open society, but rather a gendered fluctuation. While the social fluidity of sons has remained constant over time, daughters have experienced an intense process of social fluidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to understand the modern-day value of children to middle class Indian parents. It examines parental strategies aimed at raising successful children by providing them with the best education possible. These strategies, involving 'concerted cultivation' and gendered 'educational labour', are analysed in relation to schooling and preparation for a highly competitive national entrance exam, for admission to an elite engineering college in the country. Describing and analysing the classed and gendered nature of these strategies, the article explores the shifting nature of returns that middle class parents expect from their grown children. As the article shows, gendered burdens and class location of parents are crucial in shaping the value of children. Mothers across class contribute disproportionately to children's educational training and highly educated mothers are withdrawn from the labour market to immerse themselves in educational labour. Ironically, educated mothers' own educational inputs remain invisible even to themselves, resulting from an acceptance of culturally constructed norms around the gendered division of labour. Family strategies are oriented towards aspirations of upward social mobility, a return that parents seek to derive from educationally and professionally successful children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a mixed methodology, we analyse the profiles of Angolan, Brazilian and Cape Verdean students in mobility in Portuguese higher education. We question their motivations and the relationship between the mobility project and social mobility, which this migration trajectory could represent. The results highlight the importance of scholarships, the Portuguese language, and the prestige of universities. These aspects are marked by social class issues, but also influenced by the Portuguese colonial past and the late development of higher education in the countries of origin. Data show that international mobility seems to contribute to a bottom-up social mobility project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition phases of human life are always a matter of social concern. The present work aims to describe life histories of former soccer players of the Matchedje Club in Maputo. Four former football players were interviewed. The results revealed that most former players come from cities and from humble families that could not afford their secondary studies. Most of them end their careers between 20 to 36 years old, mainly out of injuries. By then they are obliged to ensure their own livelihood and of their families’, which does not leave them enough time for further education. Others continue embracing football becoming coaches in spite of the low salaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an intergenerational study of 28 skilled working-class men's life stories of negotiating social mobility in the wake of deindustrialization. This contributes to emerging qualitative research that aims to build a framework that understands the personal tensions social mobility creates for individuals. In this study, the tensions that men experienced were not exclusively the consequence of 'habitus clivé', i.e. men feeling a dislocation from their working-class backgrounds as they climbed the occupational ladder. Men's tensions also arose from internalizing the generational pressure to improve their occupational position. Pressed by these competing tensions, men developed a ' getting-on outlook' over their careers, which meant that each generation pursued upward social mobility while also seeking to have the integrity of their working lives authenticated by their parents. To build on habitus, Bertaux and Bertaux-Wiame's description of the 'dual tension' is advanced as a means to frame the conflict between belonging and individuality that social mobility provoked. This article suggests this 'dual tension' could be reduced by families in a process named 'authentication'. 'Authentication' reflects intergenerational dialogues and practices developed by the younger generations to have their achieved status recognized as in keeping with their family background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canadian children experience a high level of intergenerational income mobility compared with US children. Moreover, their physical and mental health outcomes, school readiness, and post-secondary attendance are all less tightly associated with parental outcomes than in the United States. In this article, we investigate the role played by children's education in the intergenerational transmission of income in Canada. Existing research has produced macro-level estimates of mobility to draw comparisons over time and across places and has studied the micro-level mechanisms that underlie the relationship between parents' and children's outcomes. However, evidence on the extent to which the different factors investigated drive the broader numbers is still limited. To remedy this, we exploit the Longitudinal and International Study of Adults, a rich panel of integrated survey and administrative data covering 1982–2013. We estimate that the education level of children accounts for 40.5–50.1 percent of the correlation between their income and their parents', similar to the United States. Moreover, we discuss evidence suggesting that the greater mobility of Canadian children is linked not only to their lower returns to education but also to the weaker association between their education and their parents' income. Finally, we find that almost half of the effect linked to education is associated with the skills respondents use at work, such as reading or communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In American cities, the distributions of the immigrant generation and the American-born third generation differ markedly with housing quality gains between generations (Bleda [6]; Rosenbaum and Friedman [42]). To compare the residential distributions across the generations, we include all immigrants, the majority of whom are over the age of 24 and we confine the analysis of the second and 3+ generation to people over the age of 24 who are likely to have established independent households. Consistent with national findings from Milan ([33]), when we disaggregate the generations by age, the percentages of adults living at home peaks for those between the ages of 25 and 29 with 49.5% of the second generation in this age group living at home. The income gap for the first generation is wider among working-age adults between the ages of 25 and 64 years who report median personal incomes of $33,764 compared with $51,604 and $52,141, respectively for adults of the same age from the second and 3+ generations. The 3+ generation of Southern Europeans is more dispersed than the other two generations (Figure 4) with ID values that point to moderate separation (38.5) between the first and 3+ generations and little separation between the second and 3+ generations (28.1) (Table 2). [Extracted from the article]

This article reconstructs the biography of Lorenzo Barcala, a pardo born at the end of the XVIII century in Mendoza (in the capital context of the province of Cuyo), who played an important role in the non-white participation in civic and and other armed forces of the city between 1814 and 1835. Through Barcala's case, it is possible to explore the social mobility of soldiers of African origin incorporated into military forces during the war of Independence and the civil wars of the current Argentine Republic, based on the hypothesis that their participation favored integration and social ascent. In this context, historiographic research interpellates and establishes relations between heterogeneous documental sources, that allow for the reconstruction of biographical events and their qualitative analysis, which focus on the agent and his practices, attempting to situate the trajectory of Barcala within the social history of the negro population in Mendoza. In favor of this idea, the biographical resource employed reveals Barcala's strategies of manumission and family coniguration, evaluates the incidence of the prest in the access to property, and analyzes the extent of social relations and prestige in the economic commitments of the coronel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study takes on the links between social class, territorial socialization and social mobility through different generations for households in the Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (RMBA). For this purpose, we have analyzed in what messure territorial socialization conditions ascending mobility. The data used comes from the database of the survey "Stratification and social mobility in Argentina" (2007) by Dr Raúl Jorran at the Center for Public Opinion Studies (CEDOP), Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani - UBA. The main findings of this study are that the characteristics of socialization in the areas of youth residence, in where links are built and expectations are set, and patterns of mobility as class inheritance are encouraged or reinforced. Also, another pattern shown by the study is that although education is still tied to the social origins and linked to the territory, it has an effect on the possibilities and opportunities offered in the way of social advancement. This study provides evidence to support the hypothesis that gives the territory its own specific weight in the processes of social stratification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Income inequality is on the rise, and everyone, from President Obama and Pope Francis to Prince Charles and Standard & Poor’s, is talking about it. But these conversations about what are arguably the most significant changes in the distribution of incomes and earnings since the 1940s are leading to very different views on how public policy should respond. This is as true in Canada as it is in almost all of the other rich countries where inequality has risen. In this paper, I tell two stories about inequality—one from the perspective of those who feel it is not a problem worth the worry, and the other from the perspective of those who see it as the defining challenge of our time—to clarify the issues facing Canadians and what public policy should do about them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young people from working class backgrounds remained mostly excluded from the widening educational participation which characterised postwar Britain. Based on 20 semi-structured interviews which were part of a wider study about ‘Social Participation and Identity’ (2008–2009), this article explores the unusual learning trajectories of a group of working class adults born in 1958, who participated in higher education (HE) in a context where most people from the same socio-economic backgrounds did not. Drawing on Bourdieu’s social theory, the findings suggest that different types of retrospective accounts were mobilised to reconcile working class habitus of origin and the perceived habitus as adults. Most research on working class and higher education focuses on the experiences of youth. By contrast, the use of retrospective accounts of adults has enabled the study to capture the implications that the educational trajectories have later in life. The authors consider these accounts a part of wider narratives that they define ‘therapeutic’. Therapeutic narratives were employed to come to terms with the ambivalence produced by social mobility. Therefore, respondents were negotiating the sense of exclusion attached to class change, and the acknowledgement of the opportunities associated with a working class habitus accessing new social fields viaeducation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An entire Occidentalist tradition of citizenship theory viewed citizenship as a modern, progressive institution that helped overcome particularities of unequal social origin. Contrary to the claims of this (mainly male) Western scholarly tradition, the article argues, first, that the institution of citizenship has developed in the West through the legal (and physical) exclusion of non-European, non-White and non-Western populations from civic, political, social and cultural rights; these exclusions, and thus citizenship as such, have historically been (en)gendered. Second, the article maintains that citizenship and gender are the most decisive factors accounting for extreme inequalities between individuals in rich and poor countries in the twenty-first century. Forms of racialization, sexualization and precarization to which the acquisition of citizenship and the corresponding gain in social mobility are linked today are illustrated with examples of practices to subvert citizenship law through marriage or childbirth in countries relying primarily on jus sanguinis and jus soli, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shifting the unit of analysis from the nation-state to the world as a whole fundamentally changes our understanding of migration. Elsewhere, the authors have argued that ascriptive criteria centered on national identity and citizenship have long served as a fundamental basis of inequality in the world. Here, they develop a model that seeks to identify the main forces driving migration across the world-economy. They test this model by drawing on an original cross-national dataset on population flows. This allows them to more precisely identify country- and region-specific patterns of outgoing and incoming migration, and to assess the relative weight of specific variables (e.g., wage differentials between countries, the extent of income inequality and social mobility in sending and receiving countries, civil war, famine, geopolitical location, and migration policy regimes) in explaining these patterns. Finally, the authors discuss the implications of their findings for a more productive understanding of global social stratification and mobility in the contemporary world-economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is part of the research on public policy of household utilities in Bogotá city from 2004 to 2011. The interest of the research group focused on the analysis of the middle class that has come to identify itself as a basis for economic growth in the country and the region. The paper offers an insight into the social mobility and the consolidation of the middle class from two study variables: stratification and cost sharing bills in total revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the symbiotic relationship between social networks and Christian con-version among some Seventh-day Adventists in contemporary China. Drawing on the Chinese Adventist testimonies, I argue that the longstanding kinship, friendship, and disci-pleship networks {guanxi Hf{&) are fundamental to the Adventist conversion process. This extensive web of human relationships helps sustain potential converts' interest in Christianity, nurture their understanding of Adventism, and reinforce their efforts to culti-vate a distinctive Christian selfhood and identity in Adventist terms. These relationships also give meaning to the Adventist congregational practices such as Sabbath observance and healthy lifestyle, insofar as the converts rely on the relational resources of the fam-ily and church for support. In addition to the positive connection between social mobility and conversion, these stories reveal the challenge of downward social mobility when the converts are confronted with the tension between adhering to Adventist doctrinal prac-tices and pursuing higher education in secular institutions. Lastly, this study addresses the function of Christian publication in the conversion process. Through the publication of their conversion testimonies, the converts seek to make Adventism easily accessible to ordinary people by showing the relation between Adventist theology and the daily lives of Christians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depuis la fin des années 1950, la mise en place du système d'enregistrement des ménages (hukou) a fait de la conversion du hukou rural en hukou urbain une des principales voies d'ascension sociale en Chine rurale. Partant d'une approche biographique, cet article tente de saisir, parallèlement aux évolutions historiques entre 1950 et 2012, les hauts et les bas de diverses formes de conversion du hukou et d'ascension sociale. Il s'efforce également de rendre compte de la manière dont ces possibilités fluctuantes ont été perçues, interprétées, mises en œuvre et actualisées par les habitants d'un village de Chine centrale, ainsi que leurs conséquences en termes de répartition genrée des ressources éducatives entre les enfants au sein d'un ménage. En cela, il participe aux débats en cours portant sur la relation entre allocation des ressources du ménage, inégalité des genres et mobilité sociale dans la Chine rurale. En examinant les dynamiques de ces trajectoires de mo- bilité sociale, cet article prête une attention toute particulière à l'éducation et aux transformations de sa fonction d'ascenseur social, et affirme qu'il existe un lien involontaire entre la réussite universitaire, les améliorations de l'égalité des sexes en matière d'éducation en Chine rurale et la mobilité sociale. Ce lien est néanmoins faible, du fait de la logique développementaliste qui le sous-tend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social mobility is most commonly measured in terms of occupational prestige or educational attainment. Alternative approaches to social mobility can mostly be found in qualitative research. However, these approaches also often conceptualize social mobility as attainment of occupational status or educational degrees. Interpreting the narratives of Moroccan migrant women in the Netherlands, alternative definitions of social mobility are discerned that go beyond formal schooling or paid work and which contribute to a broader definition of class and ‘social upgrading’. What is striking is how the women subscribe to dominant definitions of mobility for their children and have alternative definitions for themselves that are grounded in their social context. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In studying the history of seafaring in Curaçao much attention has tended to be placed on macroeconomic maritime and military aspects. In the past, when nearly all trade in food and other commodities occurred by ship, the Caribbean Sea played a pivotal role in the social life of many Curaçaoans, both the elite and the working class. Work at sea was an important basis for the livelihood and social mobility of especially the black working class. In this article I discuss the role and experiences of Afro-Curaçaoan seamen who sailed the seas between Curaçao and other places. This study argues for incorporating the perspectives of in particular lower-class experiences into the maritime historiography of Curaçao. The article focuses on but is not limited to New York (USA) as one of the destinations of Afro-Curaçaoan seafarers. It draws on a database of arrivals at Ellis Island in New York harbor, archival documents, as well as oral history data through which the voices of these men are heard. The study presents some findings and thoughts regarding seafaring in the Dutch Caribbean and raises questions for further research. In this way it hopes to contribute to filling the gap of information regarding this part of the Afro/Dutch/ Caribbean world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the gender differences in university education attainment among the children of Canadian immigrants, observing the extent to which parental human capital and social capital in the family and immigrant community may be more important and/or different for men and women. This allows us to examine the degree to which structural and cultural factors used to explain racial differences in academic achievement are also viable explanations along gender lines. Distinct patterns of upward mobility or possibilities for blocked mobility are segmented not only by race and ethnicity but also along gender lines. This study finds the importance of parental human capital whereby maternal education matters more for girls while father's education was more prominent for son's education. Family structure and feelings of exclusion during childhood have a more important role for women while identification with an ethnic ancestry for men is crucial for their pursuit of higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper approaches the problem of inequality trying to identify factors that could contribute to perpetuate disadvantages of certain social groups. It focus mainly on the rol of education in the conformation of occupations' structure and mobility, being this one main resource that families can use to try to improve their socioeconomic situation. The objective is to verify the association between the education attainment and intergenerational occupational mobility using the Survey of Cultural Determinants of Poverty (1997-1998). In the first place we present intergenerational educational mobility, comparing it with estimations of mobility between occupations presented in previous studies. In order to identify the relations between both phenomena, it is made an exploratory analysis that additionally included socio-demographic indicators. The results show association between educational and occupational mobility, but in urban contexts and for certain age groups. The article finalizes trying to explain these findings based on the processes of educative massification and economic change experimented in Venezuela during the democratic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]