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In the mid-19th century, Nueva Granada started a new phase of its democratic experience characterized by the appearance of the Liberal and Conservative parties. Faced with this new political scenario, the public writers of Nueva Granada who were linked to those parties sought to enrich their political interventions through the reading of foreign political events. It was also through this means that they sought to structure their partisan identities. This article studies different readings regarding the French Revolution of 1848 in the Colombian political scenario of the second half of the 19th-century. Through the analysis of the newspapers and other printed media, such as books, brochures and leaflets, the different notions of the French Revolution were reconstructed in Colombia during the second half of the 19th-century. The text is divided into three sections. The first section examines the attention paid to the Revolution by the Nueva Granada press during 1848. The second section reconstructs the conservative arguments about the link between the Nueva Granada Liberals and the French socialists. In the third section, Liberal interpretations of French socialist thinking are explored. This analysis has shown the richness and originality of Colombian political thinking in the 19th century, not yet widely explored in various aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies how medieval Sunnite Muslim exegetes from al-Ṭabarī (d. 310/923) to Ibn Kaṯīr (d. 774/1373) understood the Qurʾānic term ḫalīfa and other Ḫ.L.F-derived terms. While previous scholarship has examined how exegetes generally understood the term, this paper scrutinizes the exegetical commentaries (tafsīr) chronologically in order to discern the semantic and terminological shifts accompanying different commentaries over time. It demonstrates the importance of an intertextual approach in placing tafsīr literature in dialogue with writings on the caliphate in works of theology (kalām) and law ( fiqh). Overall, the paper argues that the legal and theological development of the Sunnite theory of the caliphate provided exegetes with new clusters of terminology associated with the caliphate to enrich their commentaries on the Ḫ.L.F verses. This process was in turn catalyzed by the systematization of the caliphate discourse and the canonization of the four-caliphs thesis during the Sunnite Revival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]