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Background: We conducted a study to determine the relationships between perirenal fat (PRF) thickness and urinary levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in patients with hypertension (HTN). Methods: In 338 HTN patients (aged 63.5±12.3 years on average), MCP-1 and NGAL levels were studied using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To measure PRF thickness, all patients underwent CT scans. Results: We considered PRF thickness =1.91 cm as the diagnostic threshold for perirenal obesity. Patients with excessive PRF thickness exhibited significantly lower levels of MCP-1 and NGAL compared with those with PRF thickness =1.91 cm: 0.98 pg/mL (interquartile range [IQR], 0.21 to 2.05) vs. 2.35 pg/mL (IQR, 0.37 to 5.22) for MCP-1 and 50.0 pg/mL (IQR, 48.9 to 67.8) vs. 98.3 pg/mL (IQR, 68.4 to 187.1) for NGAL. We found a relationship of PRF thickness with both MCP-1 (r=0.46, P<0.05) and NGAL (r=0.53, P<0.05), the levels of which were significantly different in patients with first- and third-stage chronic kidney disease: 0.33 pg/mL (IQR, 0.21 to 1.35) vs. 4.47 pg/mL (IQR, 0.23 to 10.81); 50.0 pg/mL (IQR, 49.4 to 85.5) vs. 126.45 pg/mL (IQR, 57.5 to 205.15), respectively (P=0.04). Patients with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) had significantly lower MCP-1 levels than those with metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO): 0.65 pg/mL (IQR, 0.21 to 2.15) vs. 3.28 pg/mL (IQR, 2.05 to 5.22) (P=0.014). MHO patients showed significantly lower NGAL levels than MUO patients: 50.0 pg/mL (IQR, 49.4 to 62.2) vs. 98.3 pg/mL (IQR, 50.0 to 174.8) (P=0.04). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed significant relationships of MCP-1 with PRF thickness (ß±standard error, 0.41±0.15; P<0.001) and smoking (0.26±0.13; P=0.01) and of NGAL with age (0.45±0.16; P<0.01) and PRF thickness (0.49±0.15; P<0.001). Conclusion: We identified higher concentrations of renal fibrosis markers in patients with perirenal and MUO as well as a link between PRF thickness and MCP-1 and NGAL levels in urine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mayo adhesive probability (MAP) score is one of the commonest tool to predict the adherence status of perirenal fat. The association between MAP score and intraoperative hemorrhage in patients undergoing micropercutaneous nephrolithotomy was comfirmed in a recent well designed study. We aimed to investigate if MAP score may predict the possibility for significant intraoperative bleeding in supine percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) performed with a 26 Fr rigid nephroscope. In this observational retrospective study, demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, perioperative (operation duration, hospitalization, intraoperative bleeding, success) and MAP score (perinephric fat stranding, posterior perinephric fat thickness and total MAP score) data of all patients who underwent supine PCNL between June 2021 and July 2023 were evaluated. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to their MAP scores (79 [54.1%] patients with MAP score < 3 [low MAP score] and 67 [54.1%] patients with MAP score ≥ 3 [high MAP score]). The rate of patients with intraoperative bleeding was 47.8% in the patient group with a high MAP score, while it was 22.8% in the patient group with a low MAP score (p = 0.002). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, anticoagulant drug use history (OR = 2.525; 95% CI = 1.025–6.224; p = 0.044), presence of multiple stones (OR = 3.015; 95% CI = 1.205–7.543; p = 0.018), calyx localization of the stone (OR = 2.871;95% CI = 1.166–7.068; p = 0.022), higher renal parenchymal thickness (OR = 1.119; 95% CI = 1.049–1.193; p = 0.001) and MAP score > 3 (OR = 3.486; 95% CI = 1.579–7.696; p = 0.002) were defined as independent risk factors for significant intraoperative bleeding. In clinical practice, the MAP score can be used to predict bleeding before PCNL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mayo adhesive probability (MAP) score is one of the commonest tool to predict the adherence status of perirenal fat. The association between MAP score and intraoperative hemorrhage in patients undergoing micropercutaneous nephrolithotomy was comfirmed in a recent well designed study. We aimed to investigate if MAP score may predict the possibility for significant intraoperative bleeding in supine percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) performed with a 26 Fr rigid nephroscope. In this observational retrospective study, demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological, perioperative (operation duration, hospitalization, intraoperative bleeding, success) and MAP score (perinephric fat stranding, posterior perinephric fat thickness and total MAP score) data of all patients who underwent supine PCNL between June 2021 and July 2023 were evaluated. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to their MAP scores (79 [54.1%] patients with MAP score < 3 [low MAP score] and 67 [54.1%] patients with MAP score ≥ 3 [high MAP score]). The rate of patients with intraoperative bleeding was 47.8% in the patient group with a high MAP score, while it was 22.8% in the patient group with a low MAP score (p = 0.002). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, anticoagulant drug use history (OR = 2.525; 95% CI = 1.025–6.224; p = 0.044), presence of multiple stones (OR = 3.015; 95% CI = 1.205–7.543; p = 0.018), calyx localization of the stone (OR = 2.871;95% CI = 1.166–7.068; p = 0.022), higher renal parenchymal thickness (OR = 1.119; 95% CI = 1.049–1.193; p = 0.001) and MAP score > 3 (OR = 3.486; 95% CI = 1.579–7.696; p = 0.002) were defined as independent risk factors for significant intraoperative bleeding. In clinical practice, the MAP score can be used to predict bleeding before PCNL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of our study is to measure perirenal fat thickness using MRI in individuals with steatotic liver disease and investigate the relationship between perirenal fat thickness and metabolic syndrome. This retrospective study included consecutive patients with steatotic liver disease who underwent magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction from October 2018 to February 2020. Among them, patients with crossed fused kidneys or who underwent nephrectomy were excluded. The metabolic abnormalities were reviewed; presence of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, abdominal circumference, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein. Perirenal fat was measured in four directions in both kidneys and the total sum of them was calculated. A total of 250 patients (140 males and 110 females) were included. Perirenal fat thickness showed a moderate correlation with waist circumference, creatinine, and hepatic fat fraction (all p < 0.001). Perirenal fat thickness was significantly higher in patients with metabolic syndrome than in patients without (76.8 mm vs. 65.1 mm, p = 0.004). In multivariable regression analysis, the group with high perirenal fat thickness had as significantly higher odd ratio of 2.71 compared to the low group. The perirenal fat thickness is independently associated with metabolic syndrome in patients with steatotic liver disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Methods Results Conclusion In both highly industrialised and developing countries, obesity is reaching epidemic proportions and increasingly becoming a critical indicator of general morbidity, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and renal dysfunction. A promising trend in detection and management of obesity is the measurement of perirenal adipose tissue (PRAT), increasingly recognised as a metabolically active endocrine organ in itself. Its measurement by ultrasound is used increasingly to indicate visceral obesity and its clinical management. This review synthesises current techniques for measuring PRAT and its potential use as an indicator of CVD.We included clinical studies published between 2010 and 2023, investigating the current practice and use of specific ultrasonographic techniques and assessed the reliability and accuracy of included papers. The risk of bias was assessed using the Downs and Black Checklist, and the methodological quality examined using the Grade of Recommendations, Assessments, Development and Evaluation.It found, PRAT measures are predictive of CVD risk factors and the accuracy of ultrasound is comparable to CT and MRI, but there is no consistency in ultrasound technique. The lack of any randomised control trials and the use of 20 different non‐standardised ultrasound techniques across the 21 studies resulted in inconsistent and imprecise clinical observations and interpretations, which decreased the overall quality of the studies.This review found the inclusion of ultrasound measures in routine abdominal imaging potentially invaluable but demonstrates the need for standardisation of the perirenal fat ultrasound measuring technique to improve reproducibility and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study aimed to compare and analyze the metabolic differences in perirenal adipose tissue between Angus cattle and Chinese Simmental cattle. The results showed that the perirenal fat of Angus cattle had a larger cell area and stronger lipid deposition ability than that of Chinese Simmental cattle. Subsequently, 12 metabolites that may cause differences were screened out by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry technology. This study provides some basic data for further understanding the metabolic pattern of perirenal fat. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the differences in metabolites in perirenal fat (PF) between Chinese Simmental cattle and Angus cattle. Six healthy 18-month-old male Angus cattle and Chinese Simmental cattle were selected, and the perirenal adipose tissue was collected after slaughtering. HE staining, a triglyceride assay kit, and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology were used to compare and analyze the differences in the cell morphology, lipid accumulation, and metabolites of the two types of PF. The results showed that the PF of Angus cattle had a larger cell area and stronger lipid deposition ability than that of Simmental cattle. A total of 567 metabolites were detected by LC-MS/MS technology, of which 119 were significantly upregulated in Angus cattle PF and 129 were significantly upregulated in Simmental cattle PF. Differential metabolites were enriched in pathways such as fatty acid biosynthesis, polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, regulation of adipocyte lipolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation. Finally, 12 metabolites that may cause phenotypic differences between the two types of perirenal adipose tissue were screened out from these pathways. This study has preliminarily screened out biomarkers that may affect lipid metabolism in PF, providing basic data for the further exploration of the metabolic characteristics of PF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Deposition of adipose tissue may have a promoting role in the development of diabetic complications. This study is aimed at investigating the relationship between adipose tissue thickness and risk of contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A total of 603 T2DM patients undergoing percutaneous coronary angiography or angioplasty with suspicious or confirmed stable coronary artery disease were enrolled in this study. The thicknesses of perirenal fat (PRF), subcutaneous fat (SCF), intraperitoneal fat (IPF), and epicardial fat (ECF) were measured by color Doppler ultrasound, respectively. The association of various adipose tissues with CIN was analyzed. Results: Seventy‐seven patients (12.8%) developed CIN in this cohort. Patients who developed CIN had significantly thicker PRF (13.7 ± 4.0 mm vs. 8.9 ± 3.6 mm, p < 0.001), slightly thicker IPF (p = 0.046), and similar thicknesses of SCF (p = 0.782) and ECF (p = 0.749) compared to those who did not develop CIN. Correlation analysis showed that only PRF was positively associated with postoperation maximal serum creatinine (sCr) (r = 0.18, p = 0.012), maximal absolute change in sCr (r = 0.33, p < 0.001), and maximal percentage of change in sCr (r = 0.36, p < 0.001). In receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) of PRF (0.809) for CIN was significantly higher than those of SCF (0.490), IPF (0.594), and ECF (0.512). Multivariate logistic regression analysis further confirmed that thickness of PRF, rather than other adipose tissues, was independently associated with the development of CIN after adjusted for confounding factors (odds ratio (OR) = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.38–1.71, p < 0.001). Conclusions: PRF is independently associated with the development of CIN in T2DM patients undergoing coronary catheterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium-glucose co-transporters type 2 inhibitors (SLGT2i) are highly effective in controlling type 2 diabetes, but reported beneficial cardiovascular effects suggest broader actions on insulin resistance. Weight loss may be initially explained by glycosuria-induced net caloric output and secondary volumetric reduction, but its maintenance could be due to loss of visceral fat mass. Structured ultrasound (US) imaging of abdominal adipose tissue ("eco-obesity") is a recently described methodology used to measure 5 consecutive layers of abdominal fat, not assessable by DEXA or CT scan: superficial subcutaneous (SS), deep subcutaneous (DS), preperitoneal (PP), omental (Om) and right perirenal (RK). PP, Om and RK are predictors of metabolic syndrome (MS) with defined cut-off points. To assess the effect of SLGT2i on every fat depot we enrolled 29 patients with type 2 Diabetes (HbA1c 6.5–9%) and Obesity (IMC > 30 kg/m2) in an open-label, randomized, phase IV trial (EudraCT: 2019-000979-16): the Omendapa trial. Diabetes was diagnosed < 12 months before randomization and all patients were treatment naïve. 14 patients were treated with metformin alone (cohort A) and 15 were treated with metformin + dapaglifozin (cohort B). Anthropometric measures and laboratory tests for glucose, lipid profile, insulin, HOMA, leptin, ultrasensitive-CRP and microalbuminuria (MAL) were done at baseline, 3rd and 6th months. At 6th month, weight loss was −5.5 ± 5.2 kg (5.7% from initial weight) in cohort A and −8.4 ± 4.4 kg (8.6%) in cohort B. Abdominal circumference showed a −2.7 ± 3.1 cm and −5.4 ± 2.5 cm reduction, respectively (p = 0.011). Both Metformin alone (−19.4 ± 20.1 mm; −21.7%) or combined with Dapaglifozin (−20.5 ± 19.4 mm; −21.8%) induced significant Om fat reduction. 13.3% of cohort A patients and 21.4% of cohort's B reached Om thickness below the cut-off for MS criteria. RK fat loss was significantly greater in cohort B group compared to cohort A, at both kidneys. Only in the Met + Dapa group, we observed correlations between Om fat with leptin/CRP/MAL and RK fat with HOMA-IR. US is a useful clinical tool to assess ectopic fat depots. Both Metformin and Dapaglifozin induce fat loss in layers involved with MS but combined treatment is particularly effective in perirenal fat layer reduction. Perirenal fat should be considered as a potential target for cardiovascular dapaglifozin beneficial effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Perirenal fat plays a key role in sustaining pathological high blood pressure. We aim to investigate the efficacy of intervention for perirenal fat mediated by focused power ultrasound (FPU) on primary hypertension. Methods: A multicenter, randomized, sham-controlled, double-blinded trial will be implemented in 200 participants with mild to moderate hypertension. All enrolled participants will be randomly allocated to perirenal fat modification (PFM) intervention using FPU or sham-procedure at a ratio of 1:1 and will be followed up at 24 h, 14 days, 30 days, and 90 days after the intervention. The primary endpoint is changes in office systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 30 days compared with baseline. The secondary endpoints include the changes in office SBP from baseline to 90 days, changes in 24-h mean SBP from baseline to 30 days and 90 days, and changes in heart rate from baseline to 30 days. Safety endpoint is defined as any severe adverse events related to the intervention. Discussion: The present study is the first to use noninvasive FPU to intervene in perirenal fat to achieve the goal of reducing blood pressure for patients with essential hypertension. Our study is expected to provide a new treatment strategy to control high blood pressure. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT05049096. Registered on September 7, 2021. Protocol version: Version 1.3.1, data 23 August 2021. Sponsor: Prof. Xiangqing Kong is the principal investigator of this trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a multidirectional relationship with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and used to be considered a hepatic manifestation of MetS. Perirenal fat, as a part of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), was reported to be correlated with MetS components, but data for intraorgan fat are lacking. This study was undertaken to assess the value of peripheral and intraorgan fat to predict MetS in adults with overweight and obesity with suspected NAFLD. Methods: We studied 134 sequential adults (mean age, 31.5 years; 47% female) with overweight and obesity with suspected NAFLD. All participants underwent abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination. Anthropometric and metabolic parameters and perirenal fat thickness (PRFT), subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (SATT), liver fat fraction (LFF), pancreas fat fraction (PFF), and lumbar spine fat fraction (LSFF) were collected. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Statistical analyses included basic statistics, linear correlation and logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 63 adults with MetS and 71 adults with advanced liver steatosis (grades 2 and 3) were included in our study. Patients with MetS had greater PRFT (p = 0.026) and LFF (p < 0.001), as well as greater homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and decreased SATT. MetS patients had a higher proportion of advanced steatosis than those without MetS (P < 0.001). The MetS score was associated with PRFT and LFF. Logistic regression analysis showed that the PRFT and LFF were independent predictors of MetS after adjusting for age and sex. A cutoff of 9.15 mm for PRFT and 14.68% for LFF could be predictive of MetS. Conclusions: This study shows that the absolute cutoff level of 9.15 mm for PRFT and 14.68% for LFF may be clinically important markers for identifying patients who are at high risk of MetS among adults with overweight and obesity with suspected NAFLD, irrespective of sex and age. Moreover, ectopic fat levels in pancreas and lumbar spine are positively associated with PRFT. Trial registration: Not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To explore the association between perirenal fat thickness (PFT) and renal trauma grade. We hypothesise this association is related to a shock‐absorbing effect of adiposity around the kidney. Patients and Methods: We identified all patients with renal trauma who arrived at the emergency department of a single trauma centre between 2014 and 2020. Radiology images were reviewed to measure the PFT around the uninjured kidney due to disrupted PFT around the traumatised kidney. Patients with no available images or penetrating trauma mechanism were excluded. Logistic regression was used to assess the relation between PFT and high‐grade renal trauma (HGRT; defined as American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Renal Grade IV–V), adjusting for age, sex, and Injury Severity Scale (ISS). Results: A total of 150 patients with renal trauma were included. The median (interquartile range) age was 38.5 (26–52) years and 106 (70.7%) were males. The PFT ranged between 2.1 and 50.1 mm, and 31 (20.7%) had HGRT. Interestingly, PFT only mildly correlated with body mass index (BMI; Pearson correlation coefficient 0.42, P < 0.001). Those with HGRT had significantly lower PFT compared to those without HGRT (median 9.5 vs 11.9 mm, P = 0.047). In the multivariable analysis adjusting for age, sex, and ISS, increasing PFT was associated with decreased odds (odds ratio 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.84–0.98; P = 0.015) of HGRT. Conclusion: Increasing PFT is associated with lower risk of HGRT following blunt injury. These results support a protective cushion role of adiposity in renal trauma. Notably, PFT was not strongly correlated with BMI, underscoring limitations of BMI in measuring adiposity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine the anatomical relationship between the urinary system and perirenal fat, and to clarify the zoning inside the renal fascia. Methods: Using computed tomography images from 50 men, we examined perinephric veins to reveal vessel communication in perirenal fat. Nine cadavers were dissected to investigate connective tissue continuity and vessel communication inside the renal fascia. Eight retroperitoneal specimens were macroscopically observed: four from the anterior and four from the posterior aspects. One specimen was used to obtain retroperitoneal transverse sections to study macroscopic anatomy and histology. Results: Perinephric veins were classified into four types (superior, middle, inferior and lateral) using computed tomography. Most of the inferior perinephric veins were connected to the ipsilateral gonadal vein. In the cadaveric study, the superior and middle perinephric veins communicated with veins deriving from the ipsilateral adrenal gland. A fibrous connective tissue gap between perirenal fat and renal hilar fat was observed in posterior aspect dissection. From the gap, we could dissect the urinary system from perirenal fat en bloc along with a thin fibrous connective tissue layer. Communicating vessels between perirenal fat and the urinary system were rare. Conclusions: Our results suggest that perirenal fat belongs to the connective tissue of the gonad and the adrenal gland. The urinary system is separate from perirenal fat, and is located on the dorsal side inside the renal fascia. This concept of zoning inside the renal fascia is valuable particularly in retroperitoneoscopic donor nephrectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study verifies the ability of the NIRS technique to correctly classify merino lamb perirenal fat according their feeding during fattening. Different spectral treatments (Absorbance-A, Reflectance-R, A-EMSC, R-EMSC), unsupervised (PCA-Projection) and supervised classification techniques (SIMCA, PLS-DA, LDA, C-SVM) are combined. The results indicate that untreated spectra contain valuable information in terms of classification, despite the existing light scattering. The simplest PCA-Projection and LDA classification methods are also the most effective. Of the other more sophisticated methods, C-SVM is more effective, although it is sensitive to the type of initiation mathematical seed used. It is concluded that NIRS spectroscopy combined with chemometric techniques is a valid method to classify lamb carcasses in slaughter room according to diet during fattening period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although visceral obesity is recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the efficacy of omental fat removal in CVD treatment is still controversial. There is a need to identify other visceral fat depots for CVD management. This review aims to provide a summary on perirenal fat as an important risk factor for CVD. Studies on epidemiology, anatomy, and function of perirenal fat were reviewed. Observational studies in humans suggest that excessive perirenal fat increases the risk of hypertension and coronary heart disease. Anatomy studies prove that perirenal fat is unique compared to other connective tissues in that it is well vascularized, innervated, and drains into the lymphatic system. Other special morphological features include a complete fascia border, sympathetic-independent development of architecture, and proximity to the kidneys. Based on these anatomical features, perirenal fat regulates the cardiovascular system presumably via neural reflex, adipokine secretion, and fat–kidney interaction. These new insights suggest that perirenal fat may constitute a promising target for CVD management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of adipose tissue as an organ unto itself represents a new medical construct; already differences in the volume of perirenal fat around a tumor-bearing kidney have been described. We hypothesized that renal calculi may have similar impact on perirenal fat or alternatively abnormalities in urinary metabolites may be the result of perirenal fat affecting renal metabolism and subsequent stone formation. Accordingly, we conducted a study utilizing three-dimensional imaging software to evaluate perirenal fat volume (PFV) in patients with nephrolithiasis. Among 40 patients with a history of unilateral nephrolithiasis who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy between 2010 and 2016, the following data were acquired: body mass index, past medical history, stone characteristics and composition (i.e., calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, and struvite calculi). In addition, patients were stratified by dominant stone composition (≥ 50% fraction). Bilateral PFV measurements were obtained using the preoperative computed tomography scan and specialized three-dimensional imaging software. The PFV of stone-bearing kidneys was significantly greater than non-stone-bearing kidneys (397.3 and 323 cc, respectively; p = 0.004), with the PFV difference in patients with CO-dominant stone-bearing kidneys reaching statistical significance (p = 0.003). Subgroup analysis showed greater PFV surrounding the stone-bearing kidney irrespective of gender (p = 0.03), with male patients possessing significantly greater stone-bearing (p = 0.01) and bilateral PFV (p = 0.01) compared to females. No significant correlations were found between PFV and stone volume or stone density. The PFV of calcium oxalate stone-bearing kidneys is significantly greater than non-stone-bearing kidneys for both male and female patients with nephrolithiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulation of fat in renal sinus and hilum is associated with hypertension development. We evaluated the relationship between perirenal fat and hypertension in a population of morbidly obese patients and the potential variations after sleeve-gastrectomy. Two hundred and eighty-four morbidly obese patients were included in the study, and 126 underwent sleeve-gastrectomy. At baseline and 10-12 months after surgery, we evaluated anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, glycometabolic, and lipidic assessment, and performed an ultrasonographic evaluation of visceral fat area and perirenal fat thickness. The perirenal fat thickness in hypertensive obese was higher than in nonhypertensive (13.6 ± 4.8 vs 11.6 ± 4.1, P = 0.001). It showed a significant direct correlation with age, waist circumference, BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP), insulinemia, HOMA-IR, glycated hemoglobin, and creatinine. The independent predictors (R2  = 0.129) of SBP were perirenal fat thickness (β = 0.160, P = 0.022) and age (β = 0.175, P = 0.011). After surgery, perirenal fat thickness significantly decreased (from 13 ± 4 to 9 ± 4 mm, P <0.001). In the 89 hypertensive obese patients who underwent sleeve-gastrectomy, we observed a significant decrease in antihypertensive medications needed. Sixteen patients suspended therapy. The perirenal fat thickness in obese patients could be a valuable tool to define the risk of developing hypertension, providing the clinician with an additional parameter to define those who need a more aggressive treatment and could benefit most from bariatric surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Intraabdominal visceral obesity may increase technical challenges during laparoscopic rectal resection and hypothetically therefore increase the risk of perioperative complications. The aim of this study was to analyze intraabdominal obesity by means of perirenal fat against risk of adverse outcomes in patients undergoing laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery. Methods: This study was a single-institution retrospective analysis of consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic total mesorectal surgery for rectal cancer between January 2009 and January 2013. Abdominal CT scans with intravenous contrast were assessed in a blinded manner to estimate the perirenal fat area (cm). Result: A total of 195 patients were included (median age 70 years (range 27-87), 58 women and 137 men) for analysis. There was a moderate correlation between BMI and perirenal fat area ( r = 0.499, p = 0.001). Perirenal fat area was not associated with any of the measured adverse outcomes. Patients with BMI ≥ 30 had significantly higher intraoperative blood loss (191 mL, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Perirenal fat area was not an important predictor of adverse outcomes in patients undergoing laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple factors can account for surgical complexity during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN); severe adhesion of perirenal fat (PRF) is a crucial one. Consequent renal decapsulation can deem renorrhaphy a very challenging task. We propose a novel technique (synthetic renal capsule tailoring [SYRCT]) to facilitate renorrhaphy in decapsulated kidneys and suggest early decapsulation as a safe option in cases with severe PRF.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed perioperative results of this novel technique performed in cases with severe PRF. All cases were classified as high grade in the Mayo Adhesive Probability (MAP) score.Results: A total of six cases were performed with the SYRCT technique. All patients were male with a mean age of 70 years (62-76 years) and mean body mass index of 30 kg/m2 (23.66-33.86). Of the six cases, five were T1a and 1 T1b. Mean tumor size was 2.83 cm (range 1.2-6 cm). Mean operative time was 121 minutes (range 74-150 minutes); mean warm ischemia time was 17.2 minutes (range 13-25 minutes). Mean operative bleeding was 128 mL (range 50-250 mL). Mean hospital stay was 2.3 days. There were no surgical complications greater or equal to Clavien II.Conclusion: Performing complete renal decapsulation with subcapsular dissection and SYRCT in cases with high MAP score and severe PRF is safe and reproducible. Using this novel technique, we were able to obtain perioperative results comparable to the ones we found in LPN with normal PRF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the relationship between the DNA methylation status of nuclear receptor coactivator 2(NCOA2)and the differential expression of NCOA2,which between in subcutaneous fat tissue and in perirenal fat tissue,the mRNA expression level in perirenal and subcutaneous fat tissue was assessed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction( qRT-PCR). NCOA2 promoter activity was detected by dual-luciferase reporter system. The DNA methylation status of CpG island in the core promoter region was analyzed by bisulphite sequencing PCR(BSP). The result showed that NCOA2 mRNA level of in perirenal fat tissue was significantly lower than in subcutaneous fat tissue. NCOA2 promoter activity was detected by dual-luciferase reporter system,which revealed that the from -483 to -179 bp region harbored core promoter of the gene. NCOA2 core promoter was unmethylated in either subcutaneous or perirenal fat tissue. Conclusions:the differential expression of NCOA2 in subcutaneous and perirenal fat tissues had no significant correlation with its core promoter methylation levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of genes in rabbits correlated to economic traits were intended to improve and develop their genetic quality. The objective of this research was to analyze the variability of growth hormone gene (GH) in three rabbit breeds, i.e. Rex, Satin, and Reza (Rex and Satin crosses) then was associated with ultrasound imaging of Longissimus dorsi muscle and perirenal fat thickness. Identification of the variability of growth hormone gene was analyzed using PCR RFLP technique from blood samples of 33 mature male rabbits in Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production (IRIAP). Thickness of Longissimus dorsi muscle and perirenal fat were imaged and measured by using ultrasound unit at 2nd to 3rd lumbar vertebrae in the left body side. PCR product of GH gene fragment (231 base pair /bp) was digested with restriction enzyme Bsh1236I. PCR-RFLP patterns were allele T resulted in an undigested fragment of 231 bp; allele C resulted in fragment of 169 bp and 62 bp. The result showed that Bsh1236I GH gene had three genotypes, i.e. CC, TT, and CT. There were signifficant association of Longissimus dorsi muscle thickness between rabbit breed (P<0.05). There was no significant association between GH Bsh1236I gene polymorphism and imaging ultrasound of Longissimus dorsi muscle and perirenal fat thickness. The association of characteristic genotype of GH Bsh1236I gene with measurement phenotype was not significant, however it had potency as marker assisted selection (MAS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine how a feeding plan characterized by different levels of tomato pomace (TP) supplementation influences the carcass characteristics, the chemical, physical and sensorial characteristics of rabbit meat. 144 weaned crossbred rabbits were divided into three groups of 48 each. The first group was fed a basal diet without TP, while the other two groups were fed the basal diet after replacing part of the diet with TP at 3% and 6%, respectively. There was a significant difference between the experimental groups in terms of live and carcass weights. The meat of rabbits fed on a 6% TP diet exhibited higher yellowness (b*) and Chroma values when compared to others. The saturated fatty acid content in the longissimus dorsi muscle and perirenal fat decreased significantly with increasing TP inclusion, while polyunsaturated fatty acids increased. Furthermore, our results indicate that a diet integrated with 6% TP could influence positively the overall preference of cooked meat. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Body condition is a useful measure of the nutritional status and performance in ungulates. The most widely used indicators of body condition are based on fat reserves, mainly those surrounding the kidneys. To estimate the body condition in large herbivores, researchers often collect and pool the data from both kidneys and their perirenal fat in order to compensate for potential differences between the body condition indicators obtained from the left and right kidneys. Since these differences do not seem to be properly established in wildlife, we checked for the potential differences between the body condition indicators, derived from both kidneys, in wild ungulates. In the present study, we used red deer Cervus elaphus, both under experimental and field conditions, as a model to analyse the patterns of response of the body condition indicators, calculated from left and right kidneys, to supplementary feeding, sex, age class and season. By considering two analytical approaches – kidney fat index and fat weight (including kidney weight as a covariate) – we consistently obtained similar statistical results and the same ecological interpretations by using left, right and average indicators for all the factors tested. In the experimental study, supplementary feeding had a significant effect on all the body condition indicators of red deer hinds. Under field circumstances, the condition indicators were statistically higher in females than in males and they increased with age. Sex related differences were significant in the winter. Taking into account our results, we hypothesize that information from only one kidney will be enough to assess the body condition in red deer and probably in other wild ungulates. However, a standardized sample (i.e. always using the same kidney and associated fat) should be used, while a better understanding regarding possible asymmetries in the amount of the energy reserves on each side of the animals’ bodies has not been reached. Our study has clear implications concerning wildlife monitoring since it represents a considerable reduction of time and effort, both in the field (collecting the samples) and in the laboratory (processing and weighing the samples) when evaluating the body condition of individuals and populations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We sought to investigate the effects of telmisartan on high-fat diet-induced hypertension and to explore the possible underlying mechanisms. Rats receiving high-fat diet were randomly divided into two groups, the tel-misartan group (n = 9) and the high-fat diet group (n = 10). The control group consisted of age-matched rats on a regular diet (n = 10). At the end of the treatment, the body weight, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and serum adiponectin levels of all rats were examined, and their visceral fat was extracted and weighed. Our results showed that telmisartan improved insulin resistance and dyslipidemia and increased serum adiponectin levels. Telmisartan also lowered both systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, and decreased the accumulation of perirenal fat associated with high-fat diet. Furthermore, telmisartan increased adiponectin mRNA expression in the perirenal fat. Correlation analysis showed that both systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were positively correlated with perirenal fat. These effects of telmisartan may be mediated through decreases in perire-nal fat and contributed to the improvement of perirenal fat function. Our findings suggested a strong link between perirenal fat and high-fat diet-induced hypertension, and identified telmisartan as a potential drug for the treatment of obesity-related hypertension. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of various raw materials (spirulina, curcuma, tomato pomace, false flax, linseed, chia, perilla seeds) as suitable polyunsaturated fatty acid n-3 (n-3 PUFA) sources, on the lipid traits in the longissimus dorsi muscle and perirenal fat of growing rabbits. The fatty acid (FA) analyses of the diets, carried out by gas chromatography, differed over a wide range on the basis of the highly varied ingredients in 27 experimental formulations. Among the 29 identified FAs, three from feeds were catabolized in the rabbits, five were de novo synthesized and stored chiefly in the muscle. It was possible to linearly characterize the incorporation from the feed to the muscle of 16 FAs. This study has confirmed that the dietary inclusion of various raw materials could be considered as a way of enriching the n-3 PUFA of rabbit meat. A proposal for the prediction of n-3 PUFA from dietary α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) and a 2 panel of another 10 FAs has been made for intramuscular fat (R² = 0.94) and perirenal fat (R² = 0.96). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study was designed to assess whether different grazing managements affect the appearance of organic volatile compounds (VOC) in lamb fat. Forty-two lambs were divided into four groups: 9 lambs were restricted in stall and fed concentrate (S group); 12 lambs grazed from 9am to 5pm (8h group); 10 lambs grazed from 9am to 1pm (4hAM group) and 11 lambs grazed from 1pm to 5pm (4hPM group). After 72days on feed the animals were slaughtered and the perirenal fat subjected to SPME-GC/MS analysis of VOC; the data were analyzed by stepwise discriminant analysis. The 6-methyl-2-heptanone and furanone, 2,5-dimethyl, 4-hydroxy-3(2H) allowed discrimination between the 4hAM and the 4hPM animals. These are the first results indicating that the time of the day in which the animals are allowed to graze affects the appearance of VOC in lamb fat. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background. Many interfering factors may reduce the reliability of waist circumference (WC) measurement in estimating the risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with obesity. Therefore, we determined the independent associations of para- and perirenal ultrasonographic fat thickness with the main markers of kidney function.Methods. A cross-sectional study was performed in 151 type-2 diabetic subjects. Para- and perirenal fat thickness was measured from the inner side of the abdominal musculature to the surface of the kidneys. CKD was defined as eGFR < 60 mL min − 1 1.73 m − 2.Results. Using both univariate and multivariate regression analyses, eGFR, renal resistance index and uricaemia were best predicted by para- and perirenal fat thickness even when BMI and waist circumference were further added in the statistical model (r2: 0.366, P = 0.001; r2: 0.529, P = 0.005; r2: 0.310, P = 0.026, respectively), whereas waist circumference and BMI did not contribute independently of para- and perirenal fat thickness. Albuminuria was predicted by waist circumference but not by para- and perirenal fat thickness. In subjects with waist circumference above the diagnostic values of metabolic syndrome (48M/59F), eGFR significantly and progressively declined across tertiles of para- and perirenal fat thickness (87.0 ± 27.9 vs 83.5 ± 26.0 vs 62.3 ± 30.6 mL min − 1 1.73 m − 2, adjusted P < 0.0001) despite comparable waist circumference, and an increasing frequency of CKD was observed across tertiles of subjects with waist circumference both below and above the metabolic syndrome diagnostic values (P < 0.05).Conclusions. Para- and perirenal fat thickness is an independent predictor of kidney dysfunction in type-2 diabetes explaining an important proportion of the variance of eGFR, renal resistance index and uricaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A total of 20 weaned rabbits (33days old) (10 per treatment) were fed one of two diets that included 150g of sunflower meal (SF)/kg of diet or 120g of whole white lupin (WL)/kg of diet for 42days. The WL diet contained less saturated fatty acids (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) but more monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than the SF diet. The WL diet significantly decreased SFA and PUFA content, as well as the PUFA n−6/PUFA n−3 ratio and saturation, atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes in hind leg meat. The fatty acid composition in perirenal fat was similar to that of hind leg meat; however, significantly higher MUFA levels were observed in rabbits fed the WL diet. Thus, feeding rabbits the WL diet affected the fatty acid profile of hind leg meat and perirenal fat in a favourable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(CT) is a contemporary non-invasive imaging technique that gains an increasing importance for in vivo investigations of subcutaneous and visceral fat. The purpose of this investigation was to describe the topography and anatomy imaging features of perirenal fat depots at the level of both kidneys in clinically healthy New Zealand White rabbits that attained slaughter weight. The CT consecutive transverse scans from the last thoracic to the fifth lumbar vertebrae showed that in rabbits, perirenal fat appeared as a homogeneous hypodense structure at the background of denser shadows of lumbar and abdominal muscles, kidneys and abdominal organs. Perirenal fat depot exhibited a soft tissue density with average attenuation of -120.97±4.73 HU. On CT scans, the largest dimensions of the perirenal fat depot were 1.3±0.01 cm at the level of the right kidney's cranial pole; 1.96 cm in the plane where the right renal hilus was visualized; 1.66±0.08 cm at the level of the right kidney's caudal pole; 1.10±0.18 cm in the plane where the left renal hilus was visualized and 1.06±0.15 cm at the level of the left kidney's caudal pole. No subcutaneous fat deposits in the abdominal area were seen. Results obtained in the present study could be used as basic information for various anatomy investigations of rabbits as well as experimental designs for study of obesity in animals and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was evaluated as a tool to discriminate between carcasses of suckling lambs according to the rearing system. Fat samples (39 perirenal and 67 omental) were collected from carcasses of lambs from up to three sheep dairy farms, reared on either ewes milk (EM) or milk replacer (MR). Fatty acid composition of the samples from each fat deposit was first analyzed and, when discriminant-partial least squares regression (PLS) was applied, a perfect discrimination between rearing systems could be established. Additionally, FT-IR spectra of fat samples were obtained and discriminant-PLS and artificial neural network (ANN) based analysis were applied to data sets, the latter using principal component analysis (PCA) or support vector machines (SVM) as processing procedure. Perirenal fat samples were perfectly discriminated from their FT-IR spectra. However, analysis of omental fat showed misclassification rates of 9–13%, with the ANN approach showing a higher discrimination power. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The extracts of Eriobotrta japonica leaves with the 3H-glucose uptaking activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were separated by TLC for two times. On the basis of UV-vis spectral, NMR and MS data, corosolic acid was identified as activity components. Moreover, the effects of corosolic acid on carbohydrate metabolism and differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes was studied. The results showed that 3H-glucose uptaking rate in different concentrations of corosolic acid ( 15µmol/L, 30µmol/L , and 45µmol/L )group were increased to 108.1%, 112.2% , 118.6%, respectively, compared to control group (without corosolic acid) (p<0.01). Corosolic acid suppressed the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and down-regulated the expression of PPAR-γ and C/EBP-α mRNA (p<0.01, vs control group). Corosolic acid promotes the 3H-glucose uptaking, suppresses the differentiation and downregulates the expression of PPAR-γ and C/EBP-α mRNA in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) plays a key role in the metabolic syndrome. Easy detection of VAT could be an important tool to increase understanding of the metabolic syndrome. To study the relationship between the area of the inferior part of the perirenal fat (A1PPF) and anthropometric, imaging and cardiovascular risk factors of metabolic syndrome, seventy two subjects with metabolic syndrome were recruited including 44 men and 28 women (age:26-68 yr). Each subject underwent ultrasound detection of AIPPF, intraabdominal fat thickness and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to calculate abdominal VAT (MRI VAT). Anthropometric and cardiovascular risk factors were also evaluated. AIPPF measured by ultrasonography demonstrated excellent reproducibility. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that AIPPF has the best sensitivity for women, specificity for men and accuracy of the various measures to predict visceral obesity (MRI VAT value > 110 cmz) for both genders. AIPPF was related to MRI VAT, ultrasound measured intraabdominal fat, waist circumference, the ratio of waist and hip circumferences (of men), body mass index and the main cardiovascular risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis suggested that MRI VAT affected AIPPF independent of other investigated obesity indices. This study showed that AIPPF could be applied as an easy and reliable imaging indicator of visceral obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in the metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a sensitive screening method of MGA residues in bovine perirenal fat and muscle based on a competitive microtitration plate enzyme immunoassay is described. The samples were extracted with petroleum ether and purified with octadecyl-silica-cartridges. The detection limit for fat was 0.4ng/g and for muscle tissue 0.05ng/g, much lower than required for reliable detection of positive samples. The mean recovery rates of fortified samples amount to 75%, the mean intraassay variations to 7% and the interassay variation to 13%. Determination limits were validated for fat at 2ng/g and for muscle at 0.1ng/g. The efficiency of the new screening method was successfully demonstrated by the direct comparison to GC-MS and LCMS methods performed at natural positive samples originating from an animal experiment in which the labelled dose (0.5mg per animal and day) with and without a 48h withdrawal period or 3-fold or 10-fold the amount of MGA, respectively, was fed to Holstein Frisian heifers. In conclusion, this new screening method can be used for sensitive determination of MGA residues in adipose tissues even after low treatment doses or longer withdrawal periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In our study, we launched RNA-seq in order to investigate the potential functions of circRNA during brown adipose tissue (BAT) to white adipose tissue (WAT) transformation. As a result, 6610 circRNAs and 61 differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs) were identified. Moreover, 65 miRNAs were detected that could potentially interact with DEcircRNAs. The present study provides a detailed circRNA expression landscape and evidence for circRNA functions in the transformation from BAT to WAT. Adipose tissues are mainly divided into brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT). WAT mainly functions to buffer excess calories, whereas BAT plays a role in the non-shivering thermogenesis to maintain body temperature and energy balance. Moreover, circRNAs play important roles in various biological processes. However, knowledge of the expression profile and function of circRNAs from BAT to WAT remains largely unknown. In this study, a total of 6610 unique circRNAs were identified in the perirenal adipose tissues of 1-day, 30-days, and 1-year goats. Functional annotation revealed that host genes of circRNAs were involved in some BAT-related pathways, such as the thyroid hormone signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and VEGF signaling pathway. Furthermore, a total of 61 DEcircRNAs were detected across three stages. Additionally, five selected circRNAs were validated by RNase R assay, qPCR, and Sanger sequencing. Finally, the circRNA–miRNA network was constructed between the DEcircRNAs and their miRNA binding sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the thermogenesis and energy storage of brown adipose tissue (BAT). However, knowledge of the cellular transition from BAT to white adipose tissue (WAT) and the potential role of lncRNAs in goat adipose tissue remains largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the transformation from BAT to WAT using histological and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene analyses. Brown adipose tissue mainly existed within the goat perirenal fat at 1 day and there was obviously a transition from BAT to WAT from 1 day to 1 year. The RNA libraries constructed from the perirenal adipose tissues of 1 day, 30 days, and 1 year goats were sequenced. A total number of 21,232 lncRNAs from perirenal fat were identified, including 5393 intronic-lncRNAs and 3546 antisense-lncRNAs. Furthermore, a total of 548 differentially expressed lncRNAs were detected across three stages (fold change ≥ 2.0, false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05), and six lncRNAs were validated by qPCR. Furthermore, trans analysis found lncRNAs that were transcribed close to 890 protein-coding genes. Additionally, a coexpression network suggested that 4519 lncRNAs and 5212 mRNAs were potentially in trans-regulatory relationships (r > 0.95 or r < −0.95). In addition, Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses showed that the targeted genes were involved in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acid elongation and metabolism, the citrate cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways. The present study provides a comprehensive catalog of lncRNAs involved in the transformation from BAT to WAT and provides insight into understanding the role of lncRNAs in goat brown adipogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The complexity of partial nephrectomy (PN) is partly anticipated by morphometric tumor-based scores that do not consider patient-related issues such as adherent perinephric fat (APF). Also, the objective is to prospectively assess the predictive factors of APF during PN, its effect on complications, and to correlate it to the histological reality.Methods: A total of 125 consecutive patients undergoing robotic or open PN were prospectively included. The Mayo adhesive probability score (MAP score) was compared to the peroperative presence of APF defined by a score≥2. Adipose tissue was analyzed histologically for fibrosis and inflammatory infiltrate of CD68+macrophages. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate predictive factors of APF, and outcomes were compared using chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests.Results: APF was present in 51 patients (40.8%) and associated with slight longer operating time and increased blood loss. Warm ischemia time, margins, transfusion, and the Clavien-Dindo score were not different. In multivariate analysis, only male sex, age, waist circumference, fat density on computed tomography, and MAP score were significant predictors of APF. A radioclinical score was more predictive of APF than MAP score alone. Histologically, there was no macrophage infiltration but larger adipocytes in APF without significant differences in fibrosis.Conclusions: APF can be accurately predicted using radioclinical data as the MAP score, combined with sex, age, and waist circumference. APF is associated with increased operative time and blood loss without postoperative complications. Histological analysis finds larger adipocytes in APF without inflammatory infiltrate, and no difference in fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]