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The renowned horticultural artist and plant breeder Luther Burbank worked with many species of plants. During his 50-year career, he introduced more than 800 cultivars, including more than 150 accessions of plums (Prunus spp.) in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Burbank preferred using wide, interspecific crosses to create a vast range of phenotypic variation and then artificially select from the extremes. Although a great artist, Burbank was a substandard scientist because he was derelict in pedigree note-taking. Although many of his introductions are extinct, hobbyists, enthusiasts, and international collections retain nearly a third of the economically viable cultivars he bred. For a century, many of his hybridizations remained inscrutable mysteries until modern genomic and computational tools developed their resolution and statistical power. Today, genotyping by sequencing (GBS) is a useful tool for pedigree reconstruction in the absence of reliable records. GBS can inform principal component analyses, identity by descent (IBD) kinship, and phylogenetic admixture, revealing complex relationships among taxa. In this study, whole genome sequencing was performed on 53 Prunus taxa used by Burbank in his breeding experiments in the most comprehensive genetic survey of his work to date. Exact parent-offspring relationships between this population may be impossible to discern due to years of back crossing, sibling mating, and open pollination. However, the proportion of genomic similarity among these taxa provides information on the relatedness of the genotypes in Burbank's Prunus experiments, defining four primary lineages within his breeding population. These lineages comprised primarily P. salicina and P. simonii but also have influences from P. americana, P. cerasifera, P. domestica, and P. rivularis. The prevalence of P. simonii in Burbank's Prunus introductions appears to have been vastly underreported, indicating that some of the seedstock founders of his breeding population could have been P. salicina × P. simonii hybrids at the inception of his career. This research has implications for pedigree reconstruction and prioritizing conservation in collections curation for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fruit appearance of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is accession-specific and one of the main criteria for consumer choice. Consequently, fruit appearance is an important selection criterion in the breeding of new cultivars. It is also used for the description of older varieties or landraces. In commercial apple production, sorting devices are used to classify large numbers of fruit from a few cultivars. In contrast, the description of fruit from germplasm collections or breeding programs is based on only a few fruit from many accessions and is mostly performed visually by pomology experts. Such visual ratings are laborious, often difficult to compare and remain subjective. Results: Here we report on a morphometric device, the FruitPhenoBox, for automated fruit weighing and appearance description using computer-based analysis of five images per fruit. Recording of approximately 100 fruit from each of 15 apple cultivars using the FruitPhenoBox was rapid, with an average handling and recording time of less than eleven seconds per fruit. Comparison of fruit images from the 15 apple cultivars identified significant differences in shape index, fruit width, height and weight. Fruit shape was characteristic for each cultivar, while fruit color showed larger variation within sample sets. Assessing a subset of 20 randomly selected fruit per cultivar, fruit height, width and weight were described with a relative margin of error of 2.6%, 2.2%, and 6.2%, respectively, calculated from the mean value of all available fruit. Conclusions: The FruitPhenoBox allows for the rapid and consistent description of fruit appearance from individual apple accessions. By relating the relative margin of error for fruit width, height and weight description with different sample sizes, it was possible to determine an appropriate fruit sample size to efficiently and accurately describe the recorded traits. Therefore, the FruitPhenoBox is a useful tool for breeding and the description of apple germplasm collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out between 2020 and 2021 on local pear genotypes grown in the Malatya region (Türkiye), especially in the yard of Apple-Pear Germplasm of Malatya Turgut Özal University. In the study, phenological, pomological, and phytochemical characteristics of nine pear genotypes were analyzed. The following dates were identified for the selected characteristics: the bud swell between March 9 and 27, the bud bursts between March 14 and April 1, the start of flowering between March 28 and April 7, full bloom between April 2 and 11, the end of flowering between April 6 and 15, harvest between August 10 and November 13, defoliation between December 3 and 17, and the number of days from full bloom to harvest ranged between 128 and 216 days. The following results were obtained: fruit weights were 46.3-202.6 g, fruit lengths were 44.8-91.2 mm, fruit diameters were 43.8-76.2 mm, fruit flesh firmness were 2.4-9.62 kg/cm2, fruit volume was 45.5-204.3 ml, and fruit color values were 21.3-77.1 as L value, -2.49-0.1 as a value, and -2.03-54 as b value. The water-soluble dry matter content of the genotypes ranged between 10.3-15.9, pH values ranged between 3.99-5.37, total phenolic content ranged between 167-992 mg GAE/1000g, and total antioxidant activities ranged from 284 to 1454 mg TEAC/1000 g. Aliseydi from the summer pear genotypes and Parlak and Armut1 genotypes from the autumn genotypes were important. It is thought that Biber, Dudunun and Efendi genotypes from winter genotypes may be important materials for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in Muş province and its districts between 2020-2022. In the study, phenological, pomological and chemical properties of local pear cultivars grown in Muş ecological conditions were obtained. In the region where 42 different local pear varieties determined as a result of the studies were grown, the superior local varieties within the scope of the study were determined by using the "Weighed Rating" method. In order to compare these local varieties with each other, 24 local pear cultivars were selected with superior characteristics in terms of fruit weight, eating quality, external appearance, rustiness, water-soluble dry matter content and fruit flesh hardness as a result of the weighted grading made in 2020. These 24 selected varieties were compared according to the weighted grading results in 2021 and finally 13 local pear varieties were determined as promising. Among the promising local pear cultivars, Güz Armudu-1, Paşa Armudu-2 and Sulu Armut cultivars received the highest scores, respectively. It is aimed to increase the quality of the promising local pear varieties, thus to protect genetic resources and to reveal genotypes that may be candidates for registration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apple (Malus ×domestica L. Borkh.) growers need tools to predict the efficacy of chemical thinners that are applied to induce fruitlet abscission to aid in crop load management decisions. Recently, reflectance spectroscopy-based models to predict fruitlet abscission rates were developed. Using spectroscopy, persisting fruitlets had lower reflectance in the red-light (~600 nm) and near infrared (~950 nm) regions than abscising fruitlets. The goal of this study was to better understand how reflectance models distinguished between fruitlets that ultimately persisted or abscised. Individual models for the difference and ratio of each combination of wavelengths were developed to identify key wavelengths for abscission prediction from reflectance models. Accuracy for wavelength difference and ratio models was improved for all model prediction dates when reflectance (R) from R640-675 was subtracted from or divided by R675-696. This spectra region indicates differences in chlorophyll content between persisting and abscising fruitlets. Calculation of the chlorophyll concentration index (R522-579:R640-700) from nondestructively measured spectra supported this result. Chlorophyll concentration index was higher for fruitlets that ultimately persisted than abscised fruitlets (P < 0.01) for all measurement dates -1 to 9 days after thinner (DAT) in both years, except -1 DAT in 2021 (P = 0.468). Plant water index (R950-970:R890-900) was lower for persisting than abscising fruitlets for 3 to 9 DAT in 2021 (P < 0.001) and on -1 (P < 0.01) and 9 DAT (P < 0.001) in 2022. The relationship of fruit size and plant pigment (anthocyanins or chlorophyll) content in fruitlets to reflectance spectra between persisting and abscising fruitlets was also followed. Fruitlet persistence or abscission was predicted from developed models for destructively sampled fruitlets using measured reflectance spectra. Whole-fruit chlorophyll content was numerically higher in fruitlets predicted to persist than abscise for all collection dates. Higher total chlorophyll was correlated to a larger fruit size in persisting than abscising fruitlets. This higher chlorophyll content led to a lower reflectance of red light and was a key factor in model development. These results indicate that chlorophyll and water content can distinguish physiological parameters between persisting and abscising fruitlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical thinning, the most common and cost-effective thinning method, is conducted during early apple fruit development over a 3- to 4-week period using multiple applications of plant growth regulators. It is critical to provide apple growers with tools to assess the efficacy of chemical thinners quickly and accurately because visible responses are not apparent for up to 2 weeks after application. The objective of this study was to build a model to predict apple fruitlet abscission following a chemical thinner application with in situ reflectance data obtained with a portable visible and near infrared (Vis/NIR) spectrophotometer. Developed models were compared with the currently available fruitlet growth model (FGM). 'Honeycrisp' fruitlet diameter and reflectance were measured on dates around a chemical thinner application across a 2-year period. After June drop, measured fruitlets were determined to have either persisted or abscised. Random forest, partial least squares regression, and XGBoost classification models were used to predict fruitlet abscission from reflectance data. Each classification model was developed with 2021, 2022, and combined 2021 + 2022 data. For each dataset, 5-fold cross validation was used to assess three model performance metrics: 1) overall accuracy, 2) recall, and 3) specificity. Datasets tested were either unbalanced, majority class downsampled, or minority class up-sampled with synthetic minority oversampling technique. In both years, the FGM reliably estimated chemical thinner efficacy 9 days after application. Before this time point, the FGM had low prediction accuracy of the minority class in both years--persisting fruitlets in 2021 and abscising fruitlets in 2022. For reflectance spectroscopy, the developed random forest models that were balanced with synthetic minority over-sampling technique were found to be the best combination in predicting chemical thinner efficacy. The combined 2021 + 2022 dataset overall model accuracy ranged from 84% the day before to 93% at 9 days after thinner application. These results show that Vis/NIR is a promising tool to predict chemical thinner efficacy. This technology had high prediction accuracies over a range of fruitlet abscission potential and two growing seasons. Further development and testing of the model over cultivars, chemical thinner timings, and growing regions would facilitate commercialization of the technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the fruit quality characteristics and biochemical properties of Mondial Gala, Jeromine, and Granny Smith cultivars grafted on M9 full-dwarf clonal rootstock and Granny Smith, Fuji, Galaxy Gala, Red Chief, and Scarlett Spur cultivars grafted on MM 106 semi-dwarf clonal rootstock grown in Ordu (Türkiye) ecological conditions. During the research, fruit weight, fruit dimensional characteristics, fruit firmness, color characteristics, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, pH, vitamin C, total phenolic, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity of the cultivars were investigated. In the study, it was determined that, fruit weight, fruit firmness, SSC and Vitamin C 185.40 g (Mondial Gala/M9)- 284.03 g (Scarlet Spur/MM 106), 69.73 N (Galaxy Gala/MM 106)-84.47 N (Granny Smith/M9), 8.29% (Scarlett Spur/MM 106)-14.27% (Fuji/MM 106), 58.00 mg (Scarlet Spur/MM 106)-112.33 mg (Granny Smith/M9), respectively. In addition, it was determined that Granny Smith, Red Chief, Mondial Gala, and Jeromine cultivars stand out in terms of bioactive compounds that positively affect human health compared to other cultivars. As a result, it has been revealed that apple cultivars grafted on M9 and MM 106 clone rootstocks examined in the study can be grown in high quality in Ordu ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in the application area of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Agricultural Research and Application Center in order to determine the adaptation abilities of Heritage, Tulameen, Canby raspberry varieties in Bilecik conditions between 2020-2021. In terms of average fruit weights, there was no statistical difference between the varieties in the two years of the experiment. When the average fruit weight and fruit width were examined in both years, the best result was obtained from the Heritage variety. The highest fruit length was found in Tulameen (19.30 mm) in 2020, and in Heritage (19.62 mm) in 2021. In 2021, the highest amount of watersoluble dry matter was determined in Heritage (11.35%), pH Tulameen (3.77), and titratable acid content in Canby (4.03%). When the results obtained in the two years of the experiment were evaluated, it was determined that the Heritage variety was at the forefront. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out between 2019-2021 in order to examine the phenological, yield and pomological properties of 'Chandler' cultivar grafted on Kaman-1 and Serr cultivars and Keles genotype used as seedling rootstock. Bud swelling, bud break, leafing, receptivity dates in male and female blooming were recorded as phenological trait of the trees. Fruit weight, fruit size, kernel percent and kernel rottenness-shrinkage ratio were evaluated as pomological properties of fruits. In study leafing, male and female blooming in trees grafted on Keles occurred later than in trees grafted on other rootstocks. The effect of rootstocks was found to be significant in 'Chandler' cultivar and higher values were obtained from trees grafted on Kaman-1 and Serr rootstock. The effect of rootstocks on yield was significant, higher values were obtained from the trees grafted on Kaman-1 and Serr rootstock. In the study, the effects of rootstocks on fruit quality characteristics such as kernel weight, kernel percent, shell thickness and kernel rottenness found to be significant differences. It was determined that Serr and Keles rootstocks gave better results, especially in terms of high kernel percent and low kernel rottennes, which are considered to be economically important parameters in nuts. When the study results were evaluated in general, it was concluded that the performance of Serr rootstock was better than the other rootstocks used in the study in terms of yield and fruit quality parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a new blackcurrant cultivar called Danjianghei, developed in China, which has large fruit size, high yield, good quality, and resistance to disease. It is suitable for cultivation in certain parts of Heilongjiang Province. The article provides information on the origin, description, and cultivation recommendations for Danjianghei. The study found that Danjianghei had a higher average yield and larger berries compared to other cultivars, making it a potential substitute in China and other berry-producing areas worldwide. The cultivar is available for research and commercialization purposes. [Extracted from the article]

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is grown across a wide geographical area and has been cultivated in Azerbaijan for more than three thousand years. The purpose of the study was to characterize the apricot varieties and forms collected from the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. Fourty-four apricot varieties and forms were studied according to 10 (phenological, pomological, morphological) parameters. A wide variation was found between yield, total soluble solids and fruit weight among varieties and forms. Fruits of the most of apricot varieties and forms were small, only two of them—Hampa and Limon Erik 2—had a fruit weight more than 50 g. In general, the fruits had yellow skin and flesh with high total soluble solids (TSS). Five varieties are characterized by orange, two by white, and three by yellowish-green skin ground color (SGC). A high correlation was found between several morphological and pomological features. Maximum Pearson correlation indices were found between bud break season and blossom season, fruit weight and fruit length, blossom season and harvest season. Fruits that were longer and wider had high fruit weight. The results of the PC (principal component) analysis revealed the first four components (PC1 - PC4) explained by 87.49% of the variance observed between varieties and forms. The presented study shows that the more attractive and yellow-skinned Azerbaijani apricot varieties and forms are suitable to produce dried apricots. Data from statistical analysis can be used to select different varieties and forms for apricot breeding programs. The research will provide a solid basis for the effective management and sustainable use of apricot germplasms for future breeding programs in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosaceae family is characterized by the large number of genus and species which are of great importance for horticulture. The main goal of this research was to analyze pomological traits in order to determine biodiversity existence between five genotypes (G) of genus Rosa belonging to four different taxons (G1 - Rosa canina L., G2 - Rosa corymbifera Borkh., G3 - Rosa canina L. var. squarrosa A. Rau Rosa squarrosa (A. Rau) Boreau, G4 - Rosa subcanina (Christ.) Vuk., G5 - Rosa corymbifera Borkh) in continental part of Croatia during two years. Genotype had significant effect on all pomological traits, while year and interaction between year and genotype affected the majority of pomological traits. Multivariate discriminant analysis successfully explained 77.48% of total variability. It achieved separation of genotypes G5 and G1 from genotypes G2 and G4 using canonical axis 1 (Can1) (46.74% of total variability mostly influenced fruit length, width, volume, surface, and shape index). Likewise, genotype G2 was separated from genotype G3 by the Can2 axis (30.74% of total variability mostly influenced by fruit mass). Since genotypes G2 and G5 were of the same species (Rosa corymbifera), their separation by Can1 axis indicates notable effect of ecological factors on pomological traits, which was not the case for Rosa canina genotypes (G1 and G3) where no separation occurred, indicating major effect of hereditary factors on studied pomological traits on this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iran has a rich genetic diversity of Prunus spp. This study was conducted to evaluate the phenological, morphological, pomological and sensorial traits on three natural plum and apricot hybrids including P. armeniaca × P. salicina (Bavanat) and P. cerasifera × P. armeniaca (Shiraz and Shahriar) during 2018-2020. According to UPOV (International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants) descriptor, all hybrids were characterized by medium growth vigor and a bearing type of spurs and long shoots. Fruit skin color ranged from purple to dark red with the predominant skin color being red. The beginning of the flowering period was affected by year and temperature, however they were classified as very early-flowering genotypes. The highest fruit weight, fruit dimensions and total soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio (TSS/TA) were found in Bavanat. The principal component analysis revealed that the most important fruit characters, including yield, fruit dimensions, fruit flesh fresh weight, fruit weight/stone weight, TSS, TA, TSS/TA and pH were the most effective traits for differentiating the studied genotypes. Shahriar had the highest panel test scores and was more attractive for consumers. Its fruits were sourer and smaller than the two other genotypes while it had the highest yield, fruit number and antioxidant activity. According to genotype-by-trait (GT) biplot analysis, Shiraz was closer to the ideal genotype. However, each of these three genotypes, due to their fruit-bearing capacity and specific traits, are interesting as valuable genetic resources for breeding programs to improve plum or apricot pomological traits coordinated to yield performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flowering plant family Annonaceae includes important commercially grown tropical crops, but development of promising species is hindered by a lack of genomic resources to build breeding programs. Annonaceae are part of the magnoliids, an ancient lineage of angiosperms for which evolutionary relationships with other major clades remain unclear. To provide resources to breeders and evolutionary researchers, we report a chromosome‐level genome assembly of the soursop (Annona muricata). We assembled the genome using 444.32 Gb of DNA sequences (676× sequencing depth) from PacBio and Illumina short‐reads, in combination with 10× Genomics and Bionano data (v1). A total of 949 scaffolds were assembled to a final size of 656.77 Mb, with a scaffold N50 of 3.43 Mb (v1), and then further improved to seven pseudo‐chromosomes using Hi‐C sequencing data (v2; scaffold N50: 93.2 Mb, total size in chromosomes: 639.6 Mb). Heterozygosity was very low (0.06%), while repeat sequences accounted for 54.87% of the genome, and 23,375 protein‐coding genes with an average of 4.79 exons per gene were annotated using de novo, RNA‐seq and homology‐based approaches. Reconstruction of the historical population size showed a slow continuous contraction, probably related to Cenozoic climate changes. The soursop is the first genome assembled in Annonaceae, supporting further studies of floral evolution in magnoliids, providing an essential resource for delineating relationships of ancient angiosperm lineages. Both genome‐assisted improvement and conservation efforts will be strengthened by the availability of the soursop genome. As a community resource, this assembly will further strengthen the role of Annonaceae as model species for research on the ecology, evolution and domestication potential of tropical species in pomology and agroforestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jean Baptiste van Mons (1765-1842), a Belgian horticulturist, physician, and pharmacist, probably the most famous pomologist of his time, studied the active principle of many plants, particularly Rhus radicans (poison ivy). He gave a detailed description of the plant, of the poison it contained and its effects on the human body, and the chemical analysis and properties of its active principle. Van Mons is particularly known for the extensive research he carried on the development of new varieties of fruit trees, and the theory that rules this process. He run a large tree nursery and developed some basic principles on the proper way to develop a commercial variety of a tree. The fundamental one was that a natural (wild) species of a tree did not vary through its seedlings in the environment where it originated; as long as it remained there it could only reproduce itself or as a sub-species; its purpose was not to produce better fruit but to assure the maintenance of the species; this it achieved by remaining in a state of dynamic equilibrium with its environment. Van Mons carried on the synthesis of a variety of organic and inorganic compounds, among them the fulminates and was one the first scientists supporting the new chemistry of Lavoisier and Franklin's electrical theory, carrying on a large number of experiments to prove their validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coruh Valley located in Northeastern part of Turkey is accepted one of the 34 hotspots for plant biodiversity area by International Union for Conservation of Nature. In this study, 22 seed propagated summer apple genotypes were evaluated using a number of phenological, morphological, and biochemical markers. Phenological, morphological, and sensory traits were highly differed among genotypes. Harvest dates of genotypes were found quite variable ranging from 9 July to 8 August. Fruit weight were found between 81.3 and 125.4 g. Round, conic, and oblate were the common fruit shapes of genotypes. Fruit firmness and stalk length recorded in the range of 3.10–6.11 kg/cm2 and 4.0–8.0 mm, respectively. High total phenols and antioxidant capacity were found for genotypes CVE 16 and CVE2. This study could help promote the commercialization of promising summer apple genotypes, which are rich in bioactive compounds for use in for nutraceutical purposes. CVE2 and CVE16 genotypes displayed superior traits as summer apple genetic resources, and they could be important for future breeding activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus genus includes a wide number of species that have been long cultivated and well adapted in Tunisia. It is represented by small number of plantations and considered as underutilized in Tunisia. Our goal was to genetically characterize Tunisian lime genotypes to obtain data useful for gene conservation and breeding purposes. The survey of genotypes was conducted in the Cap Bon region, where citrus cultivation is the most spread. Sixteen quantitative and 19 qualitative parameters were evaluated. The observed accessions belonged to three different species: Citrus limetta, Citrus latifolia (limes Byrsa), and Citrus limettioides (limes of Palestine) according to Tanaka classification. Principal component analysis confirmed these classifications. Four-cell analysis (FCA) was used to determine the most threatened genotypes. Quantitative traits were evaluated and allowed the discrimination between genotypes. Many quantitative traits of fruit and juice were highly positively and significantly correlated. Phenotypic diversity was determined using Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H'). The highest value of diversity index was observed for both vesicle thickness and thickness of segment walls (H' = 0.98). Intermediate values were observed for both fruit axis (H'= 0.49) and pulp firmness (H' = 0.43). However, fruit shape (H' = 0.24), shape of fruit apex (H' = 0.24), and vesicle length (H' = 0.33) presented the lowest values of diversity index. Current findings will be useful to conserve threatened genotypes ex situ and on farm and also will guide strategic conservation on Citrus genetic resources for future breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conduted to determine the adaptability of four blackberry varieties (Jumbo, Chester, Arphe, Boata) to the ecological conditions of Konya province in 2017-2018. For this purpose, phenological, pomological, chemical and plant properties of blackberry varietes were investigated. According to the research results; The first flowering took place on May 20 (Jumbo), 23 May (Chester), June 3 (Arphe), June 15 (Boata). The first harvest dates was July 5 (Jumbo and Chester), July 15 (Boata), July 22 (Arphe) and the last harvest dates are July 26 (Boata), 17 August (Arphe), 10 September (Jumbo), 16 September (Chester). On the other hand, after September 16 new fruits were produced by the Chester cultivar but could not be harvested owing to the fact that they did not mature. In terms of fruit weight, the highest values was determined in Jumbo (3.60 g) followed by Chester (2.82 g), Arphe (1.19 g), Boata (0.72 g) cultivars, respectively. According to the research results, it can be said that Chester and Jumbo varieties are superior to other varieties and can be recommended for the Konya ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some important morphological such as fruit weight, fruit external color, fruit shape, the number of berry per cluster, cluster color, plant crown habit, harvest date and biochemical characteristics including sugars, organic acids, total phenolics, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity of thirteen wild grown Caucasian whortleberry sampled from Coruh valley, in northeastern Turkey, were determined. Antioxidant capacity was measured as FRAP assay (ferric reducing antioxidant power). Significantly differences were found among genotypes for most of the selected morphological and biochemical features. The genotypes had in general black fruit color and round shape. Harvest date varied from 2 August to 12 August. Fruit weight ranged from 0.37 to 1.08 g. Genotypes had only fructose and glucose in their fruits as sugars. Citric acid was dominant organic acids and was found between 8.87 and 11.20 g per kg of fresh fruits and followed by tartaric acid (2.85-3.30 g/kg). Fruits of genotypes exhibited very high total phenolic content, which ranged from 3740 to 5541 μg per g on a fresh weight basis. Total anthocyanin contents were between 81 and 172 μg of delphinidin-3-glucoside equivalent in per g fresh fruit indicating great diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study estimated almond nut weight using flower, nut and kernel characteristics of almond’s cultivars and genotypes by multivariate analysis. The nut traits had heritability from 20.73 to 80.60%, while the kernel traits heritability ranged from 35.16 to 88.23%. Although the nut related traits influenced the nut weight significantly, but kernel weight had the most standardized beta (0.712). The most important variables which affect nut weight, were kernel weight, kernel thickness, kernel length and the nut width respectively. Nut weight estimation using kernel characteristics had the most R2 (0.993). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some horticultural characteristics and bioactive contents of some local apple genotypes grown in Bolu province located in western black sea region were investigated. Along with the horticultural characteristics (fruit weight, width etc.), the phenolic spectrum and organic acids as bioactive content were determined. Among major phenolic compounds, catechin, chlorgenic acid, gallic acid, phloridzin and ratine content varied between 10.84- 5.16 mg 100 ml-1; 25.16-7.17 mg 100 ml-1; 7.35- 1.42 mg 100 ml-1; 6.12-1.18 mg 100 ml-1 and 5.16-1.01 mg 100 ml-1, respectively. The dominant organic acids were malic acid and fumaric acid among the organic acids. When the apple genotypes were evaluated overall in terms of horticultural properties and bioctive contents; it is suggested that 14BL02, 14BL09, 14BL06 and 14BL01 genotypes displayed superior properties and they may create a significant genetic resource to be use them in breeding activities in apple in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carriedout on 5 local pear cultivars grown in and around İlkadım county (Samsun province of Turkey) in 2017. These cultivarscalled as Sarıca and Orak, and three Çörtük cultivars that have different characteristics in the region. In thesecultivars, fruit weight varied from7.6 g (Çörtük-2) to 33.0 g (Orak); fruit width from 31.55 mm (Çörtük-2) to 37.56 mm (Orak); fruit length from 36.98 mm (Çörtük-2) to 54.64 mm (Çörtük-3); fruit diameter from 31.36 mm (Çörtük-2) to 39.04 mm (Orak); fruit flesh firmness from 2.06 kg (Orak) to 7.77 kg (Sarıca); total soluble solid content from9.9% (Orak) to 14.7% (Çörtük-3); pH value in fruit juice ranged from 4.77 (Sarıca) to 5.39 (Orak) and titratable acidity from 2.10 % (Orak) to 5.19% (Çörtük-2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to investigate pomological properties of local apple genotypes in Tokat province, in 2015 and 2016. Some properties of 23 local apple genotypes from survey studies were determined. In the genotypes analysed; the pomological properties were ranged as; 83.31-249.78 g for fruit weight, 57.67-85.50 mm for fruit diameterand 47.93-67.23 mm for fruit length, 13.89-28.02 libre fo fruit flash hardness, 9.9-16.8 % for soluble solid content (TSS), 2.88-5.30 for pH and 0.20-1.41 % for titratable acidity. L *, a * and b * values of fruit Shell color were recorded in L * value 39.49-76.02, a * value -21.85-31.53 and b * value 19.40-46.66. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in Çaykara county (Trabzon province, Turkey) and in its 25 districts during 2012-2013 years. In the research, pomological characteristics of localpeargenotypesgrown for many years were examined. 169 local pear genotypes were determined in the research. According to weighted-ranked method done based on fruit weight, rustiness, eating quality and appearance, 97 local pear genotypes were selected superior genotypes in 2012. In the study genotypes according to the first year harvest dates were divided into 3 groups as summer, autumn and winter seasons. Total 34 local pear genotypes (18 summer, 9 autumn and 7 winter seasons) were determined as promising according to weighted-ranked method in 2013. In the promising summer, autumn and winter genotypes, fruit weight were between 81.3 g-148.7 g, 88.5 g-155.7 g and 69.9 g-221.4 g,respectively; fruit width were between 49.9 mm-62.2 mm, 53,0 mm-65.4 mm and 49.3 mm-68.6 mm, respectively; fruit length were between 45.8 mm-78.5 mm, 54.3 mm-86.7 mm and 52.1 mm-91.1mm, respectively; fruit firmness were between 5.0 kg/cm2-9.8 kg/cm2, 6.8 kg/cm2-13.9 kg/cm2 and 4.8 kg/cm2-8.6 kg/cm, respectively; soluble solid contents were between 10.0 %- 14.4 %, 9.7 %-12.8 % and 11.3% -16.6 %, respectively; titrable acid contents were between 0.69 %-4.38 %, 1.43%- 7.63 % and 2.25%-16.0 %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, fruit weight, fruit firmness, external fruit color, soluble solid content, pH, titratable acidity, vitamin C, total phenolics, total anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity of eight wild bilberry grown in Coruh valley in northeastern Turkey were determined. The blueberry cv. 'Bluecrop' was also studied to make comparison with bilberry genotypes. Antioxidant activity of bilberry and blueberry fruits were comparatively assessed by FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay. Significantly higher contents of phenolics and anthocyanins were found in bilberry fruits comparted with blueberry fruits. However, blueberry cv. 'Bluecrop' exhibited higher fruit weight and vitamin C content than bilberry fruits. Total phenolic and total anthocyanin content was 327 mg gallic acid equivalent and 142 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent in 100 g fresh fruit in cv. 'Bluecrop', while it was between 492-563 mg gallic acid equaivalent and 307-342 mg of cyanidin-3- glucoside equivalent in 100 g fresh fruits of bilberry accessions. Moreover, wild accessions had approximately 2-3 folds higher antioxidant capacity than cv. 'Bluecrop'. The obtained results suggest the possibility of improving the bioactive and antioxidant properties of bilberry cultivars by using wild ones in cross breedings. It was also concluded that genotypes significantly affect the bioactive content of fruits and consequently the possibility of using wild bilberry fruits as a potential source of natural antioxidants in food industry is worth to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the patent related to the Korean grape cultivar ‘Black Star' developed from KSVS and is owned by GARES.It is now cultivated in commercial vineyards located in northern regions, such as Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces in the Republic of Korea. Black Star' is a vigorous cultivar.

The article presents the discussion on developing the new triploid red seedless grape Red Dream, a cultivar producing seedless grapes of excellent quality. Topics include consumer interest in high-quality seedless grapes being significantly increased; and Red Dream being a cultivar selected from a progeny obtained from a cross between the two most widely cultivated grape cultivars in Korea.

In the present study; some physical and chemical properties of hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) genotypes growing in Uşak province. Fruit samples were taken from 15 hawthorn genotypes growing in the region. As physical properties of genotypes; fruit width and height, fruit weight, number of cores and core weight were determined. Biochemical contents of genotypes; PH, acidity, total phenolic substance, antioxidant capacity (DPPH) and total anthocyanin contents were investigated. The fruit weights, fruit size and fruit width were found to be between 0.96-4.03 g, 10.48-17.43 mm and 12.53-19.94 mm in the examined genotypes, respectively. The study; total phenolics, antioxidant capacity (DPPH) and total anthocyanin contents of hawthorn genotypes were determined as 960.00-3626.00 mg GA/g. 2.38-6.12 µg cy-3-glk/g and 19.24-59.24%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey ranked third place in the world for chestnut production after China and Bolivia and the country has unique chestnut populations including valuable and diverse seed propagated chestnut genotypes. In this study, chestnuts (Castanea sativa) were collected during the 2016 harvest season from Northeastern part of Turkey from promising 12 different seedling origin genotypes. Tree growth habit, nut weight, kernel ratio, kernel color, moisture, crude protein, crude fat, dietary fiber, total polyphenols, antioxidant activity and fatty acid content of fruits belongs to 12 genotypes were determined. The results showed that, the majority of genotypes had semi upright tree growth habit. The nut weight and kernel ratio were between 5.05 g (K-10) and 10.10 g (K-5) and 71.10% (K-1) and 82.44% (K-3) among genotypes. The total crude fat content ranged from 0.87% (K-7) to 2.61% (K-1) while the crude protein ranged from 4.80% (K-7) to 7.65% (K-1). The dietary fiber content made up no more than 3.61% of the remaining portion of the kernel. It was found that total polyphenols was between 1.66 and 2.70 g GAE/kg and antioxidant activity was between 5.80 and 9.07 µmol Trolox equivalent/g dry weight basis. Oleic and linoleic acid were the major fatty acids in all chestnut fruits and followed by palmitic and linolenic acid. The results showed that there was enough variations among seed propagated chestnut genotypes for most of the searched parameters and this highlights the importance of conserving the genotypes, as their high levels of heterogeneity allow them to respond to abiotic and biotic stresses and adapt to low-input farming systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was carried out to study pomochemical properties of twenty superior genotypes of apricot (Prunusarmeniaca L) during two consecutive growing seasons (2013-2014) in the Khalkhal valley, south of Ardabil province (Iran). Physical parameters (weight, flesh, skin and color) and chemical parameters (total soluble solids content and acidity) were evaluated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis Ward Method. The results indicated a high variability in the set of the evaluated apricot genotypes based on bud break season, fruit and pit weight, harvest season, fruit yield, total soluble solids (TSS), and total acidity. Most of the genotypes had a relatively small fruit size; only four had a fruit weight >39 g. In general, fruits had yellowish skin ground color and cream flesh color. There was a high correlation between fruit and pit weight(r = 0.575), but fruit weight was not correlated with TSS content and acidity. There was a high negative correlation between the TSS and total acidity (r = -0.954). Bud break season was highly correlated with harvest season (r = 0.857). The results indicated the presence of great genetic variability among local genotypes, and there was promising genotypes with appropriate pomological and phenological characteristics. Genotypes such as BG2, KG1, SG6 and EG1 deserve to be exploited for the future apricot conservation and breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was carried out in northern Tunisia in order to evaluate the performances of the secondary olive varieties (Baroimi, Beldi, Dokhar, Rkhami, Kessi, Gerboui, Zarrazi, Zalmati, Zarzane, Chamchali, Toimsi, Gemri, Dhahbia, Besbassi, Gtar et Oueslati) of ten years old. cultivated intensively under deficit irrigation regimes (64%ETc). Results were compared to those obtained for the main olive varieties, i.e., Chetoui and Chemlali cultivated in the same area and elsewhere. It appeared that olive varieties Chemlali. Zarzane and Doukhar are the most vigorous, with average canopy volumes >15%. annual shoot growth ranging between 25 and 35% and soil cover > 20%. This latest should be considered for each variety individually when estimating the crop water needs because it varies greatly with cultivars. The seasonal recovery of 64% ETc was suitable for most varieties, although some of them showed some fruit diameter shrinkage during the stage 2, this was seen for Sayali (-20.7%). Dhahbia (-3%) and Chemlali (-8%), that's why water distribution was re-adjusted after flowering. On The basis of the WUE, varieties were classified. The cultivars Barouni and Zarrazi provided WUEfruit >1 mm/m3. while the cvs., Souilili. Chemchali. Beldi. Chetoui. Zarzane. Rklianii and Dhahbia had WUEproducnoil kg/m3. Results relative to oil analysis, showed values of oil content varying between 8.5% (Rkliami) and 20.9% (Barouni) following the cultivar. with values exceeding 15% for Barouni. Sayali and Chetoui. The two latest presented high levels of oleic acid (70%) which is higher than that recorded for the Chetoui cv.. (62%), which is widespread in northern Tunisia. Values of the Palmitic acid (C16:0) ranged between 12.36% (Rkhami) and 20.71% (Chemlali). The high level is considered as a default. To conclude, we can say that the choice of varieties is primordial to get harmonious orchard. Some varieties like Chetoui which is known for its severe alternate bearing and low yield may be substituted by more performant local cultivars, which are well adapted to the predilection local conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine physical and some chemical characteristics of native loquat genotypes grown in Central District of Trabzon Province, this study was carried out during 2014 and 2015. In accordance with this purpose, 78 loquat genotypes growing in district were investigated and 10 genotypes were selected promising. The research findings; 40.43 g (61 TRB 75)-44.33 g (61 TRB 36) fruit weight, 39.20 mm (61 TRB 75)-45.20 mm (61 TRB 45) fruit width, 38.72 mm (61 TRB 58)-43.63 mm (61TRB 50) fruit length, 3.23 (61 TRB 52)-4.65 (61 TRB 58) pH, % 0.80 (61 TRB 36)-% 1.27 (61 TRB 41) titratable acidity and % 8.05 (61 TRB 50)-% 11.88 (61 TRB 36) soluble solid content were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of quality of old apple varieties was made in order to preserve and use these germplasm in the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The characterization was done for ten old varieties of apples selected on the basis of good characteristics of sensory analysis. The following parameters were considered: fruit weight, fruit length and width, stalk length and width, fruit flesh firmness; soluble solids content and total dry matter content of the fruit juice; pH, titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C, total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant potential evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Statistical analysis was performed separately for sensory, pomological and biochemical characterization (in two consecutive years) by analysis of variance. Only traits such as weight, width and height of the fruit were the biggest in 'Vinjugara' which had a low content of titratable acidity whereby it could be singled out as an acceptable variety for consumers. 'Ðedovaca' had the highest content of phenols (1711.8 mg GAE/100 g of fruit weight), which is in complete relationship with good free radical scavenging activity (11.1 mg of fresh fruit/ml). 'Kolacara' and 'Gospoinjaca' were distinguished as particularly interesting for good nutritional characteristics, primarily the content of phenols, flavonoids and free radical scavenging ability, but also for suitable storage characteristics, °Brix content and firmness. Due to favourable pomological and biochemical characteristics these varieties were recommended to be included in the breeding program that will result in the enrichment of germplasm of the apples from these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, some pomological characteristics of genotypes previously selected were evaluated by principal component analysis. In the evaluation, it was determined that genotypes originated from Adilcevaz had higher nut weight, kernel weight and oil content, and lower protein ratios. On the other hand, Başçiftlik (Tokat) origin genotypes had lower nut weight, kernel weight and oil content, higher protein ratios. In the most genotypes from Ankara, fruit shape index was determined to be lower (more rounded nut), whereas kernel and nut color values were higher (darker). The genotypes originated from Ermenek were found to have longer shaped fruits, and lighter kernel and nut color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two main aims of this investigation were to predict kernel ratio (KR) and kernel weight (KW) from some walnut characteristics, respectively. For these aims, a total of 112 Walnut genotypes growing in nature were collected at Darende District of Malatya province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkiye. The walnut characteristics evaluated were nut length (NL), nut width (NW), nut height (NH), nut weight (NWe), shell thickness (ST), kernel ratio (KR) and kernel weight (KW), respectively. Independent variables were subjected to factor analysis based on principal component extraction method and VARIMAX rotation. On the basis of jointly using factor scores in multiple regression, KR (81.3% R² and 80.6% adjusted R²) and KW (94.7% R² and 94.5% adjusted R²) characteristics were predicted by using four factor scores with a big accuracy without multicollinearity problem. Consequently, the present results revealed that, walnuts of heavier KW and NWe in the prediction of KR would be expected to produce those of higher KR, and walnuts of higher values in NH, NW, NWe, ST, NL, and KR in the prediction of KW would be expected to produce those of heavier KW. The knowledge may help walnut breeders to improve new selection strategies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted on 34 walnut genotypes selected as promising as a result of selection study carried out in centre and villages of Tuzluca district, Iğdır. Some measurement and analysis were performed in order to determine some physical and chemical properties of genotypes selected in the study. Nut weight, kernel weight, kernel ratio, and shell thickness of selected genotypes varied in a range of 8.14-13.94 g, 4.01-6.49 g, 34.84- 53.91%, and 1.23-2.46 mm, respectively. For the genotypes, following values were recorded; oil rate as 50.52- 66.68%, protein rate 6.59-26.57%, ash rate 0.98-4.00%, and moisture rate 2.55-6.98%. Contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na from macro elements and Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn from micro elements were determined in walnut samples. Averagely 1.83% N, 335.76 mg 100g-1 P, 493.49 mg 100g-1 K, 260.79 mg 100g-1 Ca, 234.40 mg 100g-1 Mg, 12.71 mg 100g-1 Na, 12.47 mg 100g-1 Fe, 2.88 mg 100g-1 Cu, 2.58 mg 100g-1 Zn, and 3.35 mg 100g-1 Mn were found in genotypes. According to results of study, it is observed that Tuzluca region hosts valuable walnut genotypes and nutritious walnuts are found among these genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was carried out in northern Tunisia on a varietal olive (Olea europaea L.) collection, with the aim to evaluate the ability of these varieties to valorize water and to classify them following their water use efficiencies for shoot and fruit growth (WUEshoot and WUE fr, mm of fruit increase/m3 I+P) and for olive production (kg/m3 I+P). Growth parameters as well as the productions per tree were determined during 3 campaigns on 29 olives varieties accounting for 3 trees per cultivar. Results showed important differences between water use efficiencies. Those relative to fruits WUEfr ranged between 0.20 and 6.22 mm/m3 following the cultivar, with averages of 1.0 mm/m3 in 2010, 4.2 mm/m3 in 2012 and 3.3 mm/m3 in 2013. Values of up to 2 mm/m3 were obtained for cultivars Barouni and Madurel and of less than 1 mm/m3 were observed for „Koroneiki‟, „Arbequina‟, „Chemlali‟ and „Coratina‟. Average WUEp for olive production were equal to 1.49 kg/m3 in 2010, 2.02 kg/m3 in 2012 and 3.28 kg/m3 in 2013, with maximums observed for „Chemlali‟ (2.11 kg/m3 in 2010 and 10.06 kg/m3 in 2012) and „Galega‟ (7.74 kg/m3) and the minimums recorded for „Arbequina‟ in 2010 (0.72 kg/m3), „Manzanille‟ in 2012 (0.03 kg/m3) and „Sayali‟ in 2013 (0.59 kg/m3). To conclude, we can say that varieties valorize water differently. Values of WUE for fruit growth and olive production can be used indicatively to guide orchardists to choice the suitable cultivars when planting the olive trees, depending on their objective. Values of WUEfr are usefull for table olive orchards, while WUEp are more suitable for oil olive plantations. Values of WUEshoot are suitable for producing cuttings for nurseries. Particular attention should be given to soil coverage, which is determinent in ETc computation and which was found to be correlated to WUE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine promising walnut genotypes in 2013 and 2015 years, in Iğdır central district and its villages. In the study, fruit samples were collected from 102 walnut trees and 21 of them were selected as promising walnut genotypes according to weighted ranked method. Promising genotypes averagely changed between fruit weight of 10.04-15.77g, kernel weight of 5.57-7.46 g, kernel ratio of 42.87-59.62% and shell thickness of 1.25-3.10 mm. In addition, their flowering habits were determined as protandrous 11, protogynous 9 and homogamous 1 in selected genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of this study was to determine pomological and some biochemical properties of 5 local and 2 foreign origin apples. In the study of the phenolic substances, cafeic 2.89 mg/kg and 8.18 mg/kg, Klorogenic acid ranged between 29.15 mg/kg and 194.45 mg/kg, epicatechin ranged between 24.51 mg/kg and 107.37 mg/kg,; benzoic acid ranged between 6.71 mg/kg and 25.16 mg/kg. Of the organic acids; malic acid ranged between 1882.70 mg/kg and 7106.05 mg/kg, okzalic acid ranged between 4.70 mg/kg and 7.95 mg/kg, citric acid ranged between 24.10 mg/kg and 55.55 mg/kg tartaric acid ranged between 84.00 mg/kg and 382.55 mg/kg. According to macro and micro element analysis, the highest potassium and iron contents were observed in Uzun Yumra and Gelin Elması. In terms of pomological properties, average fruit height ranged between 53.93 mm and 65.82 mm, average fruit length ranged between, 64.86 mm and 76.56 mm, average fruit weight ranged between 96.99 g and 184.25 g. The tickest stalk tickness and longest stalk length were observed in Starking Delicious whereas the thinnest stalk thickness and shortest stalk length were observed in Kızıl Ahmedi. Brix ranged between %11.27 and %14.23 and fruit hardness ranged between 14.29 libre and 19.41 libre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research has been planned; to determine some tree and fruit characteristics of native apple genotypes grown in Kumru district of Ordu province. The research was performed during 2010-2011-2012 years and was investigated 27 native apple genotypes. In this genotypes; 71.41-245.99 g fruit weight, 61.01-95.59 mm fruit diameter, 6.94-12.64 pound fruit flash firmness, 9.40-13.60% soluble solid content, 2.83-4.11 pH, 0.22-2.01% titratable acidity were found. From the full flowering time to the harvest time was between 74-163 days. In the investigated apple genotypes, alternate bearing was determined in 13 apple genotypes as absent, 11 apple genotypes as existent and 3 apple genotypes as partial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Black Eye (Vitis amurensis), a Korean variety of grape. It mentions that the variety is a cross breed between Muscat Bailey (V. labrusca) and Korean wild grape (V. amurensis). It cites the attributes of Black Eye seedling including being high disease resistance and high strength of fruit attachment.

The quality of the nine old apple cultivars ('Gelber Bellefleur', 'Carević', 'Čelenka', 'Crvena jesenska rebrača', 'Paradija', 'Paulaner Weinapfel', 'Perovnjača', 'Winter Banana' and 'Zuccalmaggio') was studied. The cultivars 'Gelber Bellefleur', 'Crvena jesenska rebrača', 'Paulaner Weinapfel' and 'Winter banana' had the highest fruit mass, and 'Carević', 'Čelenka', 'Paradija' and 'Zuccalmaggio' the lowest. The cultivar 'Gelber Bellefleur' had the highest fruit height and cultivar 'Čelenka' the smallest. The cultivar 'Perovnjača' had the highest fruit width, and cultivar 'Zuccalmaggio' the lowest. The cultivar 'Paradija' had the highest shape index and cultivar 'Perovnjača' the smallest. Among the red-coloured cultivars, the cultivars 'Carević' and 'Crvena jesenska rebrača' had significantly higher L and a-values, while the cultivar 'Čelenka' had significantly higher Chroma and Hue angles. Hue angle in this cultivar was 72% higher than in 'Crvena jesenska rebrača' and 51% higher than in 'Carević', showing intensive red coloration of this cultivar. Among the yellow-coloured cultivars, 'Winter Banana' had the highest L-value. There were no significant differences in a-values among the cultivars 'Gelber Bellefleur', 'Paradija', and 'Zuccalmagio', which had the highest values. The cultivar 'Paulaner Weinapfel' had the highest b- and Chroma values, and there were no significant differences among cultivars in Hue angle. The cultivar 'Zuccalmaggio' had the highest firmness and 'Paulaner Weinapfel' the lowest. The cultivar 'Crvena jesenska rebrača' had the highest SSC, and 'Perovnjača' the smallest. The cultivar 'Perovnjača' had the highest TA, and there was a significant difference compared to 'Čelenka'. The cultivars 'Crvena jesenska rebrača', 'Paradija', 'Winter Banana', 'Paulaner Weinapfel' and 'Zuccalmagio' had the lowest TA and there were no significant differences among them. The cultivar 'Crvena jesenska rebrača' had the highest SSC/TA ratio, and 'Perovnjača' the lowest. There were no significant differences in seed number per fruit among cultivars. The main disadvantage of these cultivars is the small fruit size, which is an important trait for fresh consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate improving the fruit size in these cultivars by pruning, fertilizing and thinning before their reintroduction into production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to characterize the major orange cultivars from Tunisia and to study the genetic diversity within this fruit tree species. This work was conducted in the framework of the activities of the fruit tree network in the Tunisian National Gene Bank. The pomological diversity of 28 Tunisian sweet orange cultivars was analyzed based on 18 qualitative and quantitative traits. Different regions of Tunisia, where orange cultivation is prominent, were investigated. Principal components analysis conducted on quantitative traits showed an important degree of variability of about 94% for the three first principal components. Factorial analysis of correspondence was conducted for qualitative data and it showed 69% of the total diversity for the three first factors. A dendrogram was constructed based on average distances. Results showed that the geographic origin was not the determinant criteria for cultivar segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Outstanding Fruit Cultivar Award is a medal presented annually by the Fruit Breeding Working Group of the American Society for Horticultural Science (ASHS) for noteworthy new fruits released over the previous 35 years. Since 1987, 38 cultivars have been recognized with medals presented at the Annual Conference of the Society. The awards celebrate the progress achieved by fruit breeders and their contributions to the world's fruit industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten wild growing sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) genotypes from South-East Serbia with different fruit skin color were analyzed for its phenological, morphological and chemical traits. Agronomic evaluation of germplasm accessions revealed considerable diversity among different accessions for all the characters studied. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among all genotypes for almost all examined properties. Cluster analysis showed adequate grouping of wild sweet cherry genotypes according to pomological characterization and distinguished them into two distinct groups. The first group had two subgroups and consisted of seven genotypes, while the second one included only three accessions. Despite of the significant differences among genotypes, the total concentration of phenols made a clear separation between the clusters. The level of genetic diversity in these wild sweet cherry genotypes is very high and therefore these trees are useful sources of variability for attributes studied and can be employed in further breeding programs or conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serbia with different fruit skin color were analyzed for its phenological, morphological and chemical traits. Agronomic evaluation of germplasm accessions revealed considerable diversity among different accessions for all the characters studied. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among all genotypes for almost all examined properties. Cluster analysis showed adequate grouping of wild sweet cherry genotypes according to pomological characterization and distinguished them into two distinct groups. The first group had two subgroups and consisted of seven genotypes, while the second one included only three accessions. Despite of the significant differences among genotypes, the total concentration of phenols made a clear separation between the clusters. The level of genetic diversity in these wild sweet cherry genotypes is very high and therefore these trees are useful sources of variability for attributes studied and can be employed in further breeding programs or conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several fruit characteristics of five loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.) cultivars/selections grown in Dörtyol, Hatay, Turkey were investigated in 2008. The cultivars/selections included 'Baduna 5′, Güzelyurt 1, 'Hafif Çukurgöbek', 'Ottaviani,' and Type 1. The characteristics evaluated included fruit weight, width, length, seed number and weight, flesh/seed ratio, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, acidity, total phenolic (TP) content, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), determined by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The analyses were conducted by three replicates, with 30 fruits in each replicate. The results indicated that there were significant differences among the cultivars, for all the traits tested. For example, 'Hafif Çukurgöbek' and 'Ottaviani' had smaller fruits than others, although 'Hafif Çukurgöbek' had heavier seeds. The flesh/seed ratio was the highest in Type 1, while 'Hafif Çukurgöbek' had the highest pH and high soluble solids. 'Baduna 5′ and 'Hafif Çukurgöbek' had the highest acidity. The TP ranged from 129 ('Baduna 5') to 578 ('Hafif Çukurgöbek') mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/kg fresh fruit (fw). 'Hafif Çukurgöbek' also had the highest FRAP mean (12.1 mmol Trolox Equivalent (TE)/kg fw). The results suggest that loquat cultivars have a variable range of TP content and a relatively high total antioxidant capacity, which is crucial for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Analysis of differentiation among local and introduced plum cultivars using morphological, pomological and RAPD markers revealed considerable genetic diversity. The phenotypic analysis shows that pomological and tree growth traits were permitted to evaluate morphological variability of plum cultivars. Ten arbitrary primers used to assay 27 cultivars revealed 143 RAPD markers. The percentage of polymorphic bands (97.28) and the resolving power (Rp) (82) showed the efficiency of used primers. The revealed RAPD markers permit to distinguish all considered cultivars and resolve homonymy problem. Cluster and principal component analysis were performed to assess patterns of diversity among cultivars and showed unstructured genetic diversity. In fact, the cultivars distribution occurs undependably of their geographic origin. The overall distribution pattern of molecular variation suggests that about 94.79% of the total variance was accounted within group component of variance. The remaining 5.21% of the variation was hierarchically structured between components due to differentiation among groups. A significant correlation (r =0.30; P =0.00) was verified between morphological descriptors distance and distance generated by molecular data. These results proved the importance of both morphological and RAPD markers to elucidate in part denomination problems and elucidate relationships among cultivars. Wide phenotypic and molecular diversity found in local plum germplasm indicates a considerable potential for improving this crop. The combined analysis of phenotypic and molecular markers was a valuable tool for assessing the genetic diversity in plums. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: These days, the strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.), which is a comparatively under-utilized fruit tree species, has attracted attention because of many different possible commercial usages such as for processed and fresh fruit production and ornamental, the pharmaceutical and chemical industrial applications. They are disappearing from the natural flora for many reasons such as their being cut down for fire-wood and structuring on natural vegetation. A selection program was carried out with the aim of selecting strawberry tree genotypes of high quality from the native strawberry tree population grown in the Central Black Sea Region of Turkey. A total of 51 genotypes were evaluated in the program, in 2003 and 2004. The aims of the selection program were focused on fruit pomological characteristics such as fruit weight, total soluble solid, acidity, fruit taste, stoniness, juiciness, roughness and appearance. The data regarding pomological characteristics was evaluated by the Weighted Rankit method. The highest overall score for the characteristics tested was from genotype 57A01 followed by 57A15, 57GÇ08, 57A22 and 57A07, respectively. Their fruit weight was 11.08, 6.17, 6.30, 6.95 and 8.06g, respectively. TSS contents and acidity of them varied from 21.4 to 30.0% and 0.80 to 1.59%, respectively. Phenological characteristics such as first bloom, fruit set and harvest date and some other fruit, flower and leaf characteristics of selected A. unedo genotypes were also determined. Vitamin C content of the samples varied from 97.83 to 280.00mg/100g. Finally, five superior strawberry tree genotypes were selected from the samples we studied for extensive cultivation and thus they were also saved from extinction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]