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Abstract: This paper presents two main contributions: semi-passive replication and Lazy Consensus. The former is a replication technique with parsimonious processing. It is based on the latter; a variant of Consensus allowing the lazy evaluation of proposed values. Semi-passive replication is a replication technique with parsimonious processing. This means that, in the normal case, each request is processed by only one single process. The most significant aspect of semi-passive replication is that it requires a weaker system model than existing techniques of the same family. For semi-passive replication, we give an algorithm based on the Lazy Consensus. Lazy Consensus is a variant of the Consensus problem that allows the lazy evaluation of proposed values, hence the name. The main difference with Consensus is the introduction of an additional property of laziness. This property requires that proposed values are computed only when they are actually needed. We present an algorithm based on Chandra and Toueg''s Consensus algorithm for asynchronous distributed systems with a failure detector. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A method of assessing the damaging effects of non-surgical instrumentation was developed. To test the technique, the effect of cavitational activity in the water supply of an ultrasonic scaler was investigated in an in vivo situation. Using a replication technique for the scanning electron microscope, it was shown that the water supply of the ultrasonic scaler caused superficial disruption of the surface of the gingiva, distant from the area of damage caused by mechanical contact. The results indicated that further investigations of this phenomenon using the technique were required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]