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O estudo examina o saneamento em propriedades rurais de Ribeirão Corrente, São Paulo, com o objetivo de identificar lacunas para a sustentabilidade hídrica. Empregando uma abordagem quantitativa com dados da Secretaria de Agricultura, a pesquisa registra boas práticas, avalia a conscientização ambiental e sugere recomendações. Os dados evidenciam preocupações quanto ao tratamento de esgoto, principalmente a notável presença de fossas comuns. Embora haja diversidade na gestão de resíduos, observa-se uma falta de separação para reciclagem. Destaca-se a conscientização positiva sobre a tríplice lavagem de embalagens de agrotóxicos. A prática de queimadas é pouco frequente, mas a ocorrência de incêndios apresenta desafios, ressaltando a necessidade de estratégias preventivas eficazes. Em resumo, o estudo enfatiza a importância do monitoramento da sustentabilidade hídrica, fornecendo dados para recomendações específicas com o intuito de aprimorar as condições de vida nas áreas rurais investigadas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physical activity (PA) tends to decline throughout life, especially from adolescence onwards. Encouraging PA during this phase can promote a healthier lifestyle with long-lasting effects. However, quilombola adolescents face greater vulnerabilities, exacerbated by discrimination, which can negatively impact their health outlook and behaviors. Objective: To describe the practice of physical activity and associated factors among adolescents who live in rural quilombola and non-quilombola communities in a municipality in the southwest of Bahia. Method: The practice of physical activity was described using the median and interquartile range, and non-parametric methods were used to assess their difference. Results: It was found that 45.3% of non-quilombolas and 46.7% of quilombolas were active, and the domains that contributed most were leisure and displacement. For both strata, physical activity was higher among boys, those who worked, and who reported the existence of public venues. It was higher among non-quilombolas who attended school and knew public programs. Conclusion: Less than half of the rural adolescents surveyed were active. The importance of public venues and programs to encourage the practice of physical activity and the need for intervention strategies aimed at girls was highlighted. In this context, the school presents itself as an environment that can encourage healthy behaviors, such as regular physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship that different actors involved in family farming, residing in a Quilombola community in the municipality of Paulistana - Piauí, establish with agricultural activities. Thus, a field study was conducted to carry out interviews with a semi-structured questionnaire, containing objective and subjective questions. The majority (76.47%) of respondents were female, aged between 18 and 30 years old, most of whom had incomplete primary education and had an income of up to 1 minimum wage. 84.22% of respondents confirmed that their children contribute to agricultural activities. 7 teenagers were identified, between 12 and 18 years old. 70.58% of adolescents reported carrying out agricultural and non-agricultural activities on the family property. Regarding the intention to stay or escape from the rural environment, 64.70% stated that they intend to migrate to the urban area of the city, in order to study or seek better job opportunities. 92.31% of women responded that they felt valued by society and entities linked to family farming. In turn, 87.5% of the elderly reported having a health problem, including back pain and high blood pressure. Therefore, the number of children carrying out agricultural activities in the rural community is significant and, due to the lack of work and study opportunities, there is a high proportion of young people who do not wish to remain in the community. Furthermore, women play an important role in the context of family farming, actively participating in the various activities within the property and the rural community, just as the elderly farming population demonstrates health problems related to their work activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to make a small revision of the literature on rural domestic animals and wild ones in Brazilian cities from the perspective of an anthropology of human-animal relations. To this, we add some new ethnographic data, collected individually or together, which aim to cast a light on the idea of a city set apart from the 'natural world', as if there were no entanglements and intersections between humans and the wild fauna in contemporary cities. We want to believe that the animal life is also part of the urban landscapes, and that we build together these landscapes with multiple more-than-humans ecologies in an urban context. In this sense, the cities present themselves as the lace of an oykos of interactions and living with the urban fauna (domesticated, tamed or wild), and also with the flora (also domesticated, tamed and wild), along with other organisms in an ecological context that produces plural environments, instead of cities that onli mean the place of the anthropos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a systematic review from 2012 to 2022. The objective was to analyze the phenomenon of school failure among 11 to 18-year-old youths residing and studying in rural areas on an international level. The research began with 140 relevant articles in the field. Findings highlight the multiple factors associated with this phenomenon. Some of these factors are personal, familiar, community, and the ones related to schools' infrastructure and material resources. Additionally, the study explores the concepts and definitions employed by previous research to describe the complex phenomenon of school failure, thereby enhancing overall comprehension of the subject. Despite the progress achieved in the research in field, the study also reveals a general lack of understanding regarding pluriculturalism in rural school communities. Consequently, further qualitative research on the topic is needed to address this gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents rural tourism as an opportunity for economic growth in the Junín district, Argentina. It highlights the importance of valuing the natural and cultural heritage of the area and proposes the generation of proposals guided by the Sustainable Development Goals and the training of the local community as tourist hosts. Rural tourism is presented as an alternative to mass tourism and as a way to stimulate the local economy and promote the dispersion of demand over time and territory. Additionally, it is mentioned that cultural tourism can be a driver of development in the 21st century, revaluing heritage features and providing growth opportunities for host communities. In Argentina, rural tourism has developed as an income alternative for owners of agricultural estates. The article also emphasizes the importance of promoting education and professional training in tourism, especially for young people, women, indigenous peoples, and vulnerable individuals. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of promoting sustainable cities and communities, preserving natural heritage, and fostering cultural exchange. The case of Junín, in the province of Buenos Aires, is mentioned as an example of sustainable tourism development. The article concludes with recommendations to improve tourism in the area, including community training and destination valuation. The need to showcase the place with its customs and daily activities, avoiding imitating other tourist destinations, is emphasized. The participation of tourists in local activities and interaction with the community is promoted. The importance of coordination between the tourism and culture sectors to guarantee heritage preservation and improve the host community is highlighted. [Extracted from the article]

Collectivization and collaboration are categories essentially studied as a social dimension in urban contexts, despite the spatial dimension of rural realities. Given this reality of scientific studies, the research goal was to demonstrate collectivization for collaboration in rural lodging spaces from Sítio Hortêncio (Florianópolis, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil) as a research object. The research is a qualitative and descriptive study in view of space as a communicating empirical object. Bibliography and search in primary and secondary data sources, in loco spatial reading, and photographs of the spaces of the research object as support for spatial reading constituted the research procedures and instruments. First, collected data was approached by Semiotic of Peirce, followed by Benjamin Montage Theory. The semiotic and the montage theory presented themselves as unusual as methodological approaches for the Hospitality industry; the rural lodging space was an innovative attribute of approach for studies in the Hospitality area; rural lodging spaces revealed possibilities of political actions of collaborative, direct democracy for the empowerment of rural communities in Brazil. Collectivization and collaboration have been explained as urban phenomena. Therefore, the description of rural lodging spaces could legitimize other spaces that are not urban public spaces as support for collectivization and collaboration. The results gave meaning to rural lodging spaces, understood as communicators of collectivization for collaboration in the Brazilian rural territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to investigate the association between the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), region, degree of urbanization and municipal typology. Methods: data from the prevalence of EBF by Brazilian municipality from 2019 to 2021 were extracted from the Food and Nutritional Surveillance System. The prevalence of EBF was classified as poor/fair and good/very good. Data from region, municipal typology and degree of urbanization were extracted from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. To evaluate the results, the Chi-square test was used and the Odds Ratio was estimated. Results: final sample obtained from 223,764 children distributed in 1603 municipalities. The prevalence of EBF in Brazil was 48.7%, considered fair. The Northeast region was associated with an EBF rate classified as poor/fair (p<0.001). There was an association between a high degree of urbanization and the rate of good/very good EBF (p<0.026). There was also an association between urban typology and the rate of EBF of the good/very good type (p<0.011). Conclusion: The results presented reveal differences in the practice of AME according to urbanity and region, which demands health policies and actions that consider the particularities of the territories in which they are inserted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to analyze the relationships between the variables price, consumption and supply of electricity in rural Brazil and the different public pricing policies applied to the sector. To this end, an autoregressive time series model (VAR) and Granger causality are used, with data from the rural electricity sector, from 1996 to 2020, distributed quarterly. Among the contributions, it is observed that the policy of universalization of access to electrification can be considered a success regarding the number of consumer units reached, however, there is a need for a review regarding the pricing policies applied, since there is a bidirectional relationship, in which Production causes Consumption and Consumption causes Production, but Price does not cause Production, but causes Consumption. This is in line with the results of the VAR model which show that an increase in the price of energy in the Rural Zone would reduce its consumption, negatively impacting productivity, since energy is an important input for production and income in the agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the involvement of mothers, fathers, and legal guardians in the active learning of children in primary and secondary schools in a particular scenario: online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador. For this purpose, a 45-question survey was applied to a sample of 6,206 people, segmented according to their geographic areas. In the rural area, the degree of involvement in virtual teaching-learning processes is reflected, in particular, in the establishment of sleep schedules and the acknowledgement by student of criticisms of their activities. For the urban area, children's anger management and the recognition of their strengths in subject matters are evident. In terms of strategies, in rural areas, parents put more pressure on students to carry out school activities, whereas in urban areas, parents talk more with their children when they lose control, paying more attention to their emotions and needs. Thus, the differentiation is summarized in the following expression: in rural areas, mothers, fathers, and guardians focus on discipline, while in urban areas they are oriented towards the academic and emotional spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the relationship between the beliefs and behaviors of the population in the rural town of Paso Hospital in Uruguay regarding the environment. The correlation between educational level and the valuation of environmental issues is highlighted. The need for further research to better understand this relationship and promote participation and communication of environmental impacts is emphasized. Additionally, the inadequate management of household waste in rural areas is identified as a significant challenge that requires environmental education actions. [Extracted from the article]

The rural and urban classification in Costa Rica has been a dichotomous practice that divides urban from the "rest", it divides urban from the agricultural and remote spaces. The Costa Rican institutions, with a need to classify space as urban or rural, have created or modified the methodology to carry this dichotomous practice based on their own needs, their specialization and their benefits. As a result of it, when a comparison of space classification is made into rural or urban (mainly used for districts), the results between institutions are dissimilar and difficult to compare and standardize. A consequence of this is the creation of incoherent public policy and concrete actions where the institutionality does not understand, in the same way, the space typology, its characteristics and its dynamics. This work shows the current differences among some institutions (the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses, the Institute of Rural Development, the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism, and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) in their urban-rural classification of districts and consequently, their understanding of spaces in the urban-rural continuum and the socio-cultural characteristics of its inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Community of Las Terrazas ir one of the areas of the Sierra del Rosario Biosphere Reserve, with the greatest tourist activity. There are studies on the fungi present in various ecosystems. Exposure to airborne bioparticles of fungal origin has been less studied, despite the fact that there may be high concentrations and diversity of these bioaerosols. Therefore, the objective of this work was to identify fungal spores and hyphae fragments in the air of the recreational area of Lake El Palmar, Artemisa, Cuba. Outdoor air sampling was done on December 6th, 2019 at six random points with a non-viable Zefon Bio-Pump volumetric device. After identification, the concentration of spores and hyphal fragments was determined. Spore abundance and frequency values were used to classify species ordered by the Olmstead-Tukey test. The concentrations of spores were between 2760 - 15880 spores/m3 and those of hyphal fragments between 106 - 427 hyphae/m3, the highest values were detected in areas of vast vegetation. Fifteen genera and five spore types were identified, most of them reported in the literature as allergenic. In addition, they can be found as phytopathogens or plant endophytes, so it is suggested to collect viable fungi to determine their pathogenic properties in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to describe the situations of violence in the everyday life of people with disabilities living in the rural context. Method: a cross-sectional study conducted by applying a questionnaire answered by 44 individuals with disabilities from southern Brazil. The data were analyzed according to relative frequency with a comparison between groups and significance level below 5%. Results: it was revealed that 43% of the participants were victims of some type of violence, 63% were male, 79% were white-skinned, and 79% had some physical disability. Psychological and physical violence was reported in 68% and 58% of the cases, respectively. The types of violence were as follows: insults, threats and jostling. Conclusion: out of fear and guilt, the people with disabilities living in the rural context did not seek help most of the times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a preliminary incursion of a work in progress about a protected natural area south of Porto Alegre (RS), the Lami José Lutzenberger Biological Reserve (REBIOLJL). The field was conducted in two different short periods of time by one author and a longer period by the two other authors. The aim of this paper is to think about the interactions between the domestic and the wild fauna in the scope of the REBIOLJL area and its borders from the perspective of a more-than-human landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an overview of the perceptions of men living in a rural territory of northern Minas Gerais, Brazil, about their masculinity and the interferences of work in the search for health services offered by a family health strategy team. The method prioritized was hermeneutics-dialectics with participant observation, records in a field diary and 41 individual interviews. Data analysis showed that rural work and the hegemonic masculinity model direct these men to the role of financial provider of families. Most workers only seek primary health care services when they present acute conditions that interfere in the execution of work, considering the basic health unit as a female space. The ways in which masculinities and health services are placed in this territory give rise to feelings of distancing rural workers from health care practices. One of the major challenges is the development of actions that bring this public closer to the health team and vice versa, thus contributing to access, reception and linking care to the male population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to analyze the perceptions of people with physical disabilities living in the rural context about the welcoming provided by the Family Health Strategy teams. Method: qualitative study, developed in six cities in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, whose participants were 13 people with physical disabilities. The production of information took place from January to May 2019 through semi-structured interviews, analyzed by thematic modality. Results: welcoming was related to fondness, affection, relationship of trust, dialogue and closeness with professionals, as well as resolvability of demands or referral to other services. Nevertheless, they listed difficulties regarding the availability of medications, exams, medical care and scheduling of care. Conclusion: despite the efforts of the professionals working in the teams to welcome people with physical disabilities living in the rural context and meet their demands, the centralization of care in biological issues and the limitations of accessibility and access to health services are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Education, as in many other areas, we need the past time and its experiences to bring us a rationality that the pressure of the present often does not allow us to reach. Between the four walls of a classroom, teachers and students were forced to confine, during the pandemic - COVID-19, endeavouring conditions to enjoy distance learning, making the space of their homes the virtual environment from school. Primary education was the one that suffered the most, due to being more attached to conventional methodologies and now feels obliged to "follow" this whole context, which came to determine re(i)novations in waterfall. We present a historical overview of pedagogical trends and reforms in primary education in Portugal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explores the perspective of integrating the goals that the recent enactment of Chile's National Policy for Rural Development (PNDR in Spanish) seeks at a local level in planning instruments for rural communities in Chile. For this purpose, it reviews, classifies, and above all analyzes the contents of each Communal Development Plan (PLADECO in Spanish) of a total of 30 rural communes in the country. From north to south, the PLADECOs of these rural communes are evaluated based on their content, considering their empirical grounds, goals, concepts and governance, as well as their prevailing rural development areas and their interaction with the regulatory-institutional framework at a regional and sectoral level. The results provide important evidence on the limited proximity current PLADECOs have with the contents of the PNDR (a policy that integrates elements of the new rurality and/or rural territorial development), especially from the point of view of their ties with other normative and indicative planning instruments, sectoral policies and their interaction with institutional actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a longitudinal analysis based on social metabolism and environmental conflict and an extensive review of technicians, scientists and statisticians documents, it has been demonstrated that in period 1990-2017 pineapple production oriented to mains wolrd markets has presented a significantly growth in the Atlantic/Caribbean region of Costa Rica. This growth has required large quantities of pesticides, whose residues are filtered into environment and cause contamination and damage to people's health. Thus, it is possible to afirme that pineapple's production system is responsable of environmental conflicts between communities, corporations and State beacuse local population interprets that this type of agriculture attents against health and social reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Descriptive, analytical and documentary research that analyzed the prevalence and factors associated with motorcycle accidents according to the area of occurrence. The data came from prehospital care records. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed, and the associated factors were analyzed using binary logistic regression, adopting a significance of 5% and 95% confidence. The sample totaled 1,039 victims. Most of the records occurred in the urban area, involving the male, where the victim was the driver of the vehicle, had not ingested alcohol and used the helmet. Most of the attendances were performed by the Emergency Mobile Attendance Service, at the end of the week and at night shift. The mean score of the Glasgow Coma Scale for the urban area was slightly higher than the rural one, with a significant difference. The mean time between the request for care and the arrival at the place of occurrence, as well as between the request for care and hospital admission were significant, being prevalent for rural areas. In the bivariate analysis of the association of traffic accidents by motorcycle with the occurrence zone, the variables that showed a significant association were: Glasgow coma scale, time between request and arrival of the service, time between request of service and admission hospital, sex, alcohol intake, helmet use, other party involved, period of occurrence, accident turn, type of care and discharge type of the victim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to describe the conceptions of Community Health Workers about disabled persons who live in rural contexts. Method: descriptive-exploratory research, with a qualitative approach, performed in four municipalities in the northwest region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It had the participation of thirteen Community Health Workers. Data collection took place between January and February 2018 through semi-structured interviews, analyzed by thematic modality. Results: the conceptions of these professionals are especially anchored in the words "difficulty", "attention", "care", "contempt" and "access". Moreover, they reveal the poor knowledge about disabled persons living in the rural setting, by ignoring the different types of disabilities or pointing out conditions that do not fit their conception. Conclusion: we should highlight the urgent need for instrumentalization of these health professionals on the theme, in order to provide health care based on integrality and equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to evaluate the situation of Food Security of families with children of primary schools in the rural areas of the Vale do Paraíba Paulista. Methods: a cross-sectional and analytical study, in which it was applied a socioeconomic and demographic questionnaire, questions about the kitchen gardens and orchards plantation's in the houses, and Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistic and the hypothesis tests followed a significance level of 5%. Results: the participants were 98 mothers of children from 4 months to 6 years old, living in the countryside. It was verified that 51% of the families were in Food Insecurity, predominating the light form. It was found association between Food Insecurity and the variables: educated mothers, monthly income of the families and the receiving of social benefit. Conclusion: a considerable number of children assessed who live in the countryside are in Food Insecurity situation; the associated factors relate to the social vulnerability of families. It is necessary to take actions that in fact will improve the access to food and living situation of these families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to determine the risk profile of school desertion according to socioeconomic, institutional, academic, and individual conditions in students at different campuses of a Colombian university. A cross-sectional study was carried out with a random sample of 1897 students. The QVA-r Academic Experiences Questionnaire and the Family APGAR were administered to students. A multiple correspondence analysis was performed using the mixed classification to obtain the typologies from the coordinates of the variables in each factor. According to the profiles obtained, the one that contains the students with the highest risk of desertion includes students with a lack of adaptation and low adaptation to university life, belonging to single-parent families and reporting severe or moderate family dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy for rural areas must be based on creative solutions that use this resource as a means of improving quality of life for the most isolated populations, and not as an end in themselves, as set out in the 2030 agenda of the United Nations and in several of its SDG's (Sustainable Development Goals). Some proposals and solutions in protected areas have taught us that through a better understanding of the requirements, ecosystem realities, and available technological solutions that are culturally acceptable and that involve the communities in their maintenance, the private sector can be interested in being part of these solutions, taking advantage of derived co-benefits. These energy solutions must be less carbon intensive, resilient and adaptable to climate phenomena, and generated from the abundant renewable natural resources that occur in certain regions, such as wind, sun, water and biomass. In this way, energy solutions can be implemented to advance towards universal coverage of energy services in Colombia, especially in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of influence of the use of ethno-digital resources in the teaching-learning process of mathematics in students of the third grade of secondary education in rural areas of the province of Huánuco is analyzed, oriented to the achievement of their mathematical competences. The study is contextualized in the modality of participatory action research, through the design of concurrent execution. The implementation of the teaching strategy is carried out during six weeks of classes. The experience made allows observing that the teachinglearning process of contextualized and interactive mathematics mediated by the environment and digital resources, generate high motivation and commitment of students with their learning; the same, which is evident in the efficiency shown in the process of concept construction, modeling process and solving mathematical problems. It is concluded that the convergence of ethnic and digital technology, energizes the didactic process and favor the achievement of significant learning of the topics of mathematics by students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El compromiso ético de las y los profesionales de los servicios sociales es fundamental para evitar la vulneración de los derechos de las personas usuarias, pero apenas hay estudios sobre ética en los servicios sociales en el ámbito rural. Por ello, este artículo pretende aproximarse a la realidad de estos profesionales de lo social. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan una gran brecha entre la teoría que manejan las profesionales y la praxis, ya que se tiende a teorizar demasiado pero no a aplicarlo en la práctica. Al mismo tiempo, se encuentra una incongruencia entre lo que explican las y los profesionales y lo que realmente hacen, pues aseguran que la ética es muy importante en la intervención, pero en la práctica actúan principalmente por intuición, sin reflexionar suficientemente y sin prestar la atención necesaria a los aspectos relacionados con la ética profesional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adolescent stage stands out for being a fundamental stage in the strengthening of the personality, attending to psychosocial factors that influence, as well as the acquisition of habits that will settle in adulthood. The objectives, the description of levels of self-concept and practice of physical activity in adolescents of compulsory secondary education in rural areas is discussed, as well as the possible relationships between them. Participated 452 participants age between 14 and 17 years (M = 14.88; DT = 0.83). It was used ad hoc test for the registration of socio-demographic aspects and variables related to physical activity, and the self-concept questionnaire form-5 (AF-5). As main conclusions, the dimensions of self-concept more valued are the family and social, and the men have a higher rating in the general self-concept, emotional and physical significantly unlike women, these are more physically active than men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the study of violence in young couples has caught the attention of the scientific community. However there are new types of violence as well as population that are not frequently considered in research. Therefore, the objective of this research is to analyze the prevalence and co-occurrence of face-to-face violence (off-line violence) and violence through electronic means (on-line violence) in relationships between young people coming from rural areas. A quantitative study was conducted, with a non-experimental, transversal and ex post facto design. The sample consisted of 231 students from rural areas belonging to a public university in Guerrero (Mexico); 86 men and 145 women, aged between 18 and 27 years, who answered the scales Violence in Adolescents Dating Relationships Inventory (VADRI) and the Cyber Dating Abuse Questionnaire (CDAQ). The results point out the existence of violence of different types in men and women, a greater frequency in men of both violence suffered and committed, as well as the co-ocurrence of different types of off-line and on-line in both sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research evaluated the management models of rural drinking water and basic sanitation projects. 200 projects were collected from the governorate, mayor and regional environmental authority. 42 projects formulated and executed were selected, they were used as input to carry out an integral qualitative analysis of 14 variables. According to the results, they did not take into account variables such as technological changes, sectorization and type of communities. Variables such as geographic information systems, socioeconomic evaluation, citizen participation and coverage were partially taken into account and variables that were taken into account were technological appropriation, technical regulation of the potable water sector and basic sanitation 2000, governability. The projects evaluated tend to partially comply with the minimum requirements established by law and do not comply with parameters that, although not mandatory, are important to meet the changing needs of communities in basic sanitation and potable water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term sustainability is important for the comprehension of how Environmental Education and practices of Permaculture can be used as tools of education. Permaculture is characterized as a system for planning and creation, in a harmonic manner, of productive, sustainable and ecologic environments. The goal of this paper is to evaluate permaculture's practices efficiency as a tool of environmental education and mechanism of integration between the human being and the environment. The project was developed in a school of municipal education system located in the rural part of Ituiutaba, State of Minas Gerais, involving 40 people directly. Students and staff participated taking to school plants that are part of their everyday life, in other words, that have cultural value for their community. The integration between students, staff and the remaining residents was noticed mainly when everyone got involved in developing the vegetable garden, showing the aggregating potential through joint actions that such activities allow. The unity and estimation of one's own living place bring the feeling of belonging and the improvement of ambiance, important aspects for the improvement of people's, that live far from urban centers, life quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present investigation was to determine the effect of an early stimulation program to implement and evaluate an early stimulation program in38 rural preschoolers with 36 to 78 months, a quasi-experimental study with control group, with pre-post treatment measures, the evaluation was developed with the Questionnaire for children's neuropsychological maturity (CUMANIN). Control and experimental groups were randomly assigned. At the pre-treatment level, it was found that 53% presented degrees of neuropsychological immaturity, no significant differences were found between the groups. The post treatment evaluation showed significant differences that indicate that the experimental group had a better performance than the control group. In the intragroup analysis, the experimental group had improvements at the pre-and post-treatment level associated to the implementation of the program, also significant differences were found at intragroup level in the control group, possibly associated to a reactive effect of the test. The evaluation of the program in the present study showed favorable results in its implementation. Early stimulation experiences may influence the maturational development of children; it is suggested to implement early stimulation programs in disadvantaged children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to identify culinary practices associated with bean consumption in families from one rural population Jesus of Atenas) and one urban (La Union of Tres Rios) of Costa Rica. The study was developed in 2005, in a sample of 475 families that usually prepare and eat beans 223 rural and 252 urban). In this families, the person responsible for the preparation of food was interviewed. The study showed a per capita beans consumption of 37.5 g/person/day (g/p/d) of raw weight. This consumption differs by geographic condition, being higher in rural area 46.8 + 25 g/p/d) than in urban areas (37.5 + 23 g/p/d) (F= 18.031, p= 0.000). The factors that were associated with consumption are different by area; in the rural area the factors were some characteristics of the person preparing bean, some preparation practices and the reasons manifested for consumption, whereas in urban areas the associated factors were only related to preparation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparation and conservation practices of beans in Costa Rican families. The objective of this work was to identify the culinary and preservation practices for beans in a population rural (Jesus of Atenas) and an urban (La Union of Tres Rios) of Costa Rica. The study was developed in 2005, in a sample 475 families that prepare and consume beans (223 rural and 252 urban). In each of these homes, the person responsible for food preparation was interviewed and it is the key informant. The soaking beans before cooking was used mostly in the rural area (x2=14.435, p<0,001) and cooking methods employed in this area differ significantly from those used in the urban area (x2=28.535, p<0,001). In the rural area the most used cooking methods were conventional cooking and pressure cooking, but in the urban area the most common method was pressure cooking. The beans preservation methods applied to cooked beans do not different by area, the most common method found was refrigeration (x2=3.722, p=0.293). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, reference is made to the work, both in private and in public environments, of the peasant women of the peasant movements of Santiago del Estero, Argentina. The research shows that the form of work organization of rural women within their homes and their participation in a social movement can change their perspective about the work inside and outside home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was performed to identify factors that determine the monthly current income, others than the agricultural ones, of households in rural Chiapas. An econometric model was developed, where the logarithm of income was the dependent variable and, as the explanatory: sex of head of household, age, age squared, household head completed primary education, head of household with complete secondary head of household with complete high school, household members, employed earners and years of schooling of head of household. The results indicate that both the model and all estimated coefficients were significant and with the expected signs, showing a direct relationship between the dependent variable with sex, age, elementary, middle and high school complete earners employed and the years of study, and inversely related to age squared and household members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Con datos sobre empleo masculino procedentes de una encuesta de hogares de Ghana, el autor comprueba empíricamente un modelo teórico que contempla la segmentación del mercado en un sector asalariado (fundamentalmente formal), otro independiente y otro familiar (fundamentalmente informales), así como la dependencia del capital familiar para la actividad independiente. Los datos muestran muy poca movilidad entre los sectores (mayor entre los trabajadores familiares y menor entre los independientes). Según los resultados, el ingreso asalariado no proporciona liquidez para la actividad independiente, y a este freno a la movilidad se suman las dificultades de transferencia de competencias entre los sectores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A life skills-based approach allows the development of psychosocial skills in adolescents, particularly, cognitive and social skills that play a fundamental role. This concept gives rise to the objective of the present study, which is to strengthen, through the implementation of two psychoeducational intervention programs, cognitive skills such as self-efficacy and coping, as well as social skills, in middle school adolescents in a rural area. It is based on a quantitative methodology with a pre-experimental design of correlational descriptive scope involving 96 adolescents. The results showed an improvement in social skills; additionally, an association was found between advanced social skills and self-efficacy, as well as between active coping and social skills. No changes in self-efficacy and coping were observed. We conclude that the program was effective in improving teenagers' social skills; however, more time is required for the improvement of cognitive abilities, given the conditions in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Con datos de encuestas CHIP y RUMCI de 1995 a 2008, se analiza cómo afecta el problema de la baja remuneración a los trabajadores de la China urbana, locales y migrantes. La tasa de baja remuneración (inferior a dos tercios del salario horario mediano) es elevada, se mantuvo relativamente estable para los locales entre 1995 y 2008 y disminuyó para los migrantes entre 2002 y 2007, aunque siguió siendo comparativamente muy superior. Tras investigar los determinantes del problema y sus consecuencias en el bienestar, los autores abogan por subvenciones a la formación, reforzar el cumplimiento del salario mínimo y promover la negociación salarial en las empresas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introdução: Câncer é o nome dado a uma doença que possui como característica o crescimento desordenado de células que invadem tecidos e órgãos, podendo espalhar-se para outras regiões do corpo. Dividindo-se rapidamente, estas células tendem a serem agressivas e incontroláveis, determinando a formação de tumores ouneoplasias malignas. Dentre os variados tipos encontra-se o câncer de boca que é aquele que afeta os lábios e o interior da cavidade oral, gengivas, mucosa bucal, palato duro, língua e região abaixo da língua. O câncer de lábio é o mais comum em pessoas brancas e ocorre mais frequentemente no lábio inferior. Os fatores de risco que podem levar ao câncer são idade superior a 40 anos, consumo de cigarro e álcool, má higiene bucal e o uso de próteses dentarias1. Seus sintomas são aparecimento de feridas que não cicatrizam, manchas esbranquiçadas ou avermelhadas no lábio e ulcerações superficiais, indolores podendo ou não sangrar2. Quando o diagnóstico é realizado precocemente o câncer de boca na maioria das vezes pode ser curado. Os programas e capacitações são uma oportunidade potencial para educar a população sobre a doença e sobre os exames anuais da cavidade bucal, o esclarecimento sobre a doença a população facilita seu acesso aos serviços de saúde, tornando essa relação serviços e indivíduos mais próximos, onde trabalham profissionais preparados e que tornarão possível o diagnóstico e tratamento precoce3. Para que isso seja possível as Agentes Comunitárias de Saúde (ACS) possuem um papel importantíssimo. São atribuições das ACS, trabalhar, orientar e cadastrar as famílias em base geográfica definida, orientar as famílias quanto a utilização dos serviços de saúde, acompanhar por meio de visita domiciliar todas as famílias e indivíduos sob sua responsabilidade, desenvolver atividades de promoção de saúde, de prevenção de doenças e agravos, por meio de ações educativas individuais e coletivas nos domicílios e na comunidade4. Objetivo: Identificar conhecimentos e práticas das Agentes Comunitárias de Saúde no meio rural sobre o câncer de boca. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, que tem por finalidade o estudo da história, das relações, representações, crenças, percepções e opiniões, produtos das interpretações que os humanos fazem a respeito de como vivem, constroem seus artefatos e a si mesmos, sentem e pensam5. Embora já tenham sido usadas para estudos de grandes dimensões, as abordagens qualitativas se conformam melhor à investigação de grupos e segmentos delimitados e focalizados, de histórias sociais sob a ótica dos atores e de relações5. O presente trabalho tem como local de estudo as comunidades do meio rural nos munícipios de Palmitos e São João do Oeste, situado no meio oeste de Santa Catarina, e foi desenvolvido no ano de 2015. A população em estudo são as Agentes Comunitárias de Saúde dessas regiões, num total de vinte ACS. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada, as quais foram transcritas e analisadas seguindo a análise temática, que se compõe de três etapas: pré-análise, exploração do material, tratamento dos resultados obtidos e interpretação5. O presente trabalho foi submetido á avaliação e aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina- UDESC. Aos participantes foi explicado aos o propósito, os objetivos e procedimentos da pesquisa, e após anuência dos mesmos, solicitamos sua assinatura no Termo de Consentimento Livre e esclarecido (TCLE). Resultados: Quando questionadas sobre os sinais que levam a suspeita que o paciente está com CA de Boca, em sua maioria as ACS relataram inicialmente não saberem sobre o assunto, porém citaram os sinais de feridas, feridas que não cicatrizam, manchas avermelhadas e esbranquiçadas e dor, como forma de suspeita desse CA. Os riscos para esse tipo de CA citados pelas ACS foram cigarro, não possuir uma boa higiene, álcool, prótese mal adaptada, alimentação e bebidas, em especial o chimarrão em temperaturas elevadas e não ir regularmente ao dentista. Contudo algumas ACS informaram não saberem quais eram os riscos. Em relação ao tratamento prestado as pessoas com CA de boca, relataram não saberem como o tratamento era prestado pelo município, entretanto acreditam que o tratamento por sua vez é bom, que a partir do momento que é descoberto as pessoas são encaminhadas para a Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) para que se tenha a confirmação e se inicie o tratamento adequado. Em relação as orientações dadas pelas ACS sobre prevenção do CA de boca durante as visitas domiciliares, relataram realizar esse trabalho fornecendo informações como: procurar regularmente o dentista para avaliação bucal, evitar o uso de álcool e cigarro, realizar uma boa higiene bucal, quando surgir feridas na boca ou lábio procurar urgentemente a UBS. Quando questionadas sobre capacitações sobre o assunto a maioria relatou nunca ter recebido nenhum tipo de capacitação, as que receberam mencionam que participaram de alguma capacitação mais a muito tempo atrás, ou que tiveram algum tipo de conversa sobre o assunto entre a equipe. Conclusão: Verificou-se que apesar das ACS responderem as questões solicitadas com certo grau de conhecimento, não explanaram de forma abrangente os sintomas, riscos e prevenção sobre o CA de boca, podendo ser uma condição preocupante pois essas restrições no conhecimento dificultam a identificação das situações de riscos presentes na população, sendo de fundamental importância que as ACS saibam tais questões para a prevenção e promoção em saúde no meio rural, para que os diagnósticos e tratamentos precoces possam ser realizados. Outra questão observada no estudo foi em relação as poucas capacitações dos ACS a respeito da temática. Ressaltando que o enfermeiro tem um papel fundamental em propiciar educação permanente, que é uma prática de ensino-aprendizagem, voltada aos enfrentados dos problemas do dia-a-dia do trabalho. Trata-se de uma condição de extrema importância para a melhoria e qualidade dos serviços prestados a comunidade em todos os ambientes de trabalho, incluir o ACS nesse processo de educação permanente para que esse trabalhador esteja apto a orientar as famílias de sua área rural. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]