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Copyright of Studies in Oral Folk Literature / Estudis de Literatura Oral Popular is the property of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biologie Aujourd'hui is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

What are the respective roles of the mother and the father in generation and reproduction? Why the children sometimes look like their mother, sometimes their father and sometimes their both parents and even grandparents? This paper explores how the Ancient Greek tried to develop several theories to answer these fascinating questions, from the Greek atomist philosophers to the Hippocratic and Galenic physicians, through the Aristotelian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to examine the interactions between the cities of the western and northern shores of the Black Sea (from Apollonia to the Bosporan Kingdom) and the sanctuaries and oracles of the Aegean world. Through the networks between these peripheral cities and the religious centers like Delphi, Delos, Samothrace or Claros, over the centuries, the purpose is to question the way that the gifts, the theoriai and the consultation of oracles involved assuming and asserting a common Greek identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ágora: Estudos Clássicos em Debate is the property of Agora: Estudos Classicos em Debate and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The nurse already appears in the Odyssey as a key character in Greek family life, showing all the characteristics that will remain hers throughout Greek Antiquity: she is a slave and has been working in her master's house before the child's birth; she has been chosen specially for the task of nursing and rearing the newborn, as she attends the delivery and is the first one to take the baby in her arms; later on, she takes care of the general education of the child and follows her 'protege' in his/her adult life; sometimes, she carries out the same tasks for her protege's children. While recent research has often focused on her servile status, basing its arguments mostly on literature, this paper is based on iconography. The Greek nurse has the peculiarity of being very often represented as an old woman, even in the company of small children. The analysis of the context of representations of the trophos and of their chronological evolution allows us to reach a conclusion about this peculiar feature that goes beyond a realistic interpretation or a simple 'caricature'. The old age shown by the Greek trophos, and the Greek paidagogos also, is a means to express the ideal of personal renunciation that is expected of them: it seems that the Greek trophos was not so much attached to her functions of nursing and educating as to the child itself, acting as a kind of protective daimon for it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Française de Gestion is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The proportion of unemployed youth increased throughout Europe, reaching incredible levels in Spain and Greece, where one in two young a place to work. Romania also join the general trend, the proportion of unemployed youth increased, compared to the fourth quarter of 2013 from 24.3% to 25.7% in the first quarter of 2014. One reason is the work culture, they have young, they have huge monetary expectations, although I can not do anything, and secondly they tend to leave the workplace quickly. Therefore employers to hire young graduates are complicated, but people who have already gone through two or three jobs. An important support is the state intervention in the labor market for the professional integration of young people. One way may be to legislate measures necessary for integration into the labor market for young graduates and at the same time subsidize jobs for young people. Regarding Romania this objective was achieved by amending existing legislation, but also through new regulations, the analysis will be the subject of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section presents abstracts of articles in this issue on citizenship in ancient Athens, Greece, common property in ancient Greece, and public slaves in ancient Greece.

In Roman society, parents often entrusted their newborn to a wet nurse, usually a slave or a lower-class freeborn woman, who normally lived with them. It was advised to choose with care the right person, as milk is not a neutral bodily substance but transmits many properties, physical and moral. Soranus devotes an entire chapter to the meticulous inspection of the nurse's milk and temper. The nurse's character must be checked as thoroughly as her physical health. The mind of the newborn, compared with wax, is from the start and forever impressed positively or negatively. Mnesitheus and others even advise choosing a woman resembling physically the mother, or a handsome person; Favorinus and others reject violently the recourse to wet nursing as immoral; submitting the child to the pernicious influence of a foreign non-kin person implies the destruction of family ties. Wet nurses had to follow a specific diet and to accept giving up their sexual life, which would corrupt the milk in case of a new pregnancy. Roman upper-class families attributed different qualities to nurses according to their ethnic origin: Egyptians were allegedly fond of children, Thracians robust and devoted, Spartans tough. The best were the Greeks, because they would teach Greek language - and culture - to their nurslings. The nurse's social function was extensive. Her role did not stop at the weaning period. Much evidence shows that she was a lifelong companion. In positive circumstances, she could construct non-kin relationships and became, through connections not of blood but of milk, a member of an extended family. Funerary inscriptions and literary sources show that some nurses were rewarded by freedom. Breast-feeding also created milk-ties between the nurslings, who could gain social elevation thanks to this bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]