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The TFAHP-FAHP algorithm model constructed in this article can preferably avoid subjective assumptions caused by human factor. The new energy vehicle power battery is a core component for improving the performance of electric vehicles, and constitutes one of the most valuable parts of the invention patent for new energy vehicles. Patent pledge financing is a brand new form with great potential. However, as a result of the imperfect system of the patent pledge financing, banks and other financial institutions are exposed to an increased risk in the process of the patent pledge financing, which seriously limits the development of the patent pledge financing for power battery. In view of the above issues, this paper uses the SPSS reliability and validity tests in order to develop a relatively complete and accurate index system. TFAHP algorithm model and fuzzy comprehensive are combined to determine the final correction coefficient. In this study, the income method is used to determine the pledge valuation value of a new energy vehicle power battery patent portfolio, and the AHP algorithm method is used to determine the weight of the value of the invention patent portfolio within the patent portfolio. As a result, in this paper, the pledge value of the patent portfolio is multiplied by a proportion of the invention patent portfolio's value, and then multiplied by a correction coefficient to obtain the final new energy vehicle power battery invention patent portfolio pledge value. Using this reference value, technology-based energy companies can pledge financing for new energy vehicle power battery invention patent portfolios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In almost every country, patents need to be renewed multiple times after they are granted. A patentee assesses the value of the patent and then pays a renewal fee to keep it active for another stipulated period. The factors that characterize the value of a patent is subjective. This paper aims to address the research gap of building an accurate model for predicting the renewal life (often considered as a substitute for the patent value) of Indian patents, and identification of significant factors that influence the renewal life. This study uses an extensive data set collected from the Indian Patent Office for all granted patents filed between 1995 and 2005. The popular statistical and machine learning algorithms do not result in accurate predictive models, because the patent renewal life distribution (at least for the Indian patents) shows unusual spikes at the two extreme values, which makes the modeling task more challenging. We propose a new two-stage hybrid model by combining an efficient multi-class classifier and a binomial regression model for predicting the complex renewal data distribution. We conducted a comparative analysis of the proposed model with several state-of-the-art machine learning and statistical models. The results show that the proposed hybrid model gives 90% accuracy as compared to the best competitor which gives only 40% accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of entrepreneurs' inventor identity and entrepreneur patent participation on enterprise performance using the panel data of 358 firms from the Science and Technology Innovation Board in China from 2014–2019. The methodology applied in this study is ordinary least square (OLS) regression. Inventor identity (a dummy variable) and patent participation (measured by Entrepreneur Degree Centrality and Entrepreneur Betweenness Centrality) are independent variables. The dependent variable enterprise performance is split into patent quantity, speed, and quality. The results show that an entrepreneur's inventor identity positively affects the patent quantity and quality but slows the patent speed. Entrepreneur Degree Centrality negatively affects the patent quantity and quality but increases the patent speed. Entrepreneur Betweenness Centrality positively affects the patent quantity and quality, and there is a U-shape association between Entrepreneur Betweenness Centrality and patent speed. The findings suggest that entrepreneurs who are inventors can actively improve the patent quantity and quality. Still, an entrepreneur's full participation in patent may negatively affect the patent quantity and quality. Entrepreneurs should participate in a patent in a direction-oriented or node-controlled way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patent monetisation is an important source of revenues worldwide. This activity is increasingly carried out by patent assertion entities (PAE), which are at the origin of about 40% of infringement actions filed in the United States. This paper uses an original database of US patents reporting PAE patent acquisitions. We document two key empirical facts about the presence of PAEs in the market for patents. First, PAEs build large patent portfolios and contribute significantly to patent transfers in the US. Second, their impact on follow-on innovation is, on average, negative. With a series of dynamic diff-in-diffs analyses, we estimate a significant post-transfer drop in forward citations received by patents acquired by PAEs. This drop is not immediate but takes some years to materialise. Heterogeneity tests show that our results are driven by acquisitions of old and highly cited patents, as well as by patent acquisitions by large patent aggregators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many science, technology and innovation (STI) resources are attached with several different labels. To assign automatically the resulting labels to an interested instance, many approaches with good performance on the benchmark datasets have been proposed for multilabel classification task in the literature. Furthermore, several open-source tools implementing these approaches have also been developed. However, the characteristics of real-world multilabel patent and publication datasets are not completely in line with those of benchmark ones. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to evaluate comprehensively seven multi-label classification methods on real-world datasets. Three real-world datasets (Biological-Sciences, Health-Sciences, and USPTO) from SciGraph and USPTO database are constructed. Seven multilabel classification methods with tuned parameters (dependency-LDA, MLkNN, LabelPowerset, RAkEL, TextCNN, TexRNN, and TextRCNN) are comprehensively compared on these three real-world datasets. To evaluate the performance, the study adopts three classification-based metrics: Macro-F1, Micro-F1, and Hamming Loss. The TextCNN and TextRCNN models show obvious superiority on small-scale datasets with more complex hierarchical structure of labels and more balanced documentlabel distribution in terms of macro-F1, micro-F1 and Hamming Loss. The MLkNN method works better on the larger-scale dataset with more unbalanced document-label distribution. Three real-world datasets differ in the following aspects: statement, data quality, and purposes. Additionally, open-source tools designed for multi-label classification also have intrinsic differences in their approaches for data processing and feature selection, which in turn impacts the performance of a multi-label classification approach. In the near future, we will enhance experimental precision and reinforce the validity of conclusions by employing more rigorous control over variables through introducing expanded parameter settings. The observed Macro F1 and Micro F1 scores on real-world datasets typically fall short of those achieved on benchmark datasets, underscoring the complexity of real-world multi-label classification tasks. Approaches leveraging deep learning techniques offer promising solutions by accommodating the hierarchical relationships and interdependencies among labels. With ongoing enhancements in deep learning algorithms and large-scale models, it is expected that the efficacy of multi-label classification tasks will be significantly improved, reaching a level of practical utility in the foreseeable future. (1) Seven multi-label classification methods are comprehensively compared on three real-world datasets. (2) The TextCNN and TextRCNN models perform better on small-scale datasets with more complex hierarchical structure of labels and more balanced document-label distribution. (3) The MLkNN method works better on the larger-scale dataset with more unbalanced document-label distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does international R&D collaboration produce patents of higher technological value? Applied to the case of Siemens, this paper utilizes the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) and Google Patents statistics to identify patterns within invention and co-invention. For example, sole patenting by headquarters or subsidiaries is juxtaposed with co-invented patent filings, vertical versus horizontal co-patented applications and internal versus external. The paper compares the effect of different forms of co-invention on the technological value of patent filings, proxied by forward external citations. The results are based on 2013 and 2019 Siemens PCT data and confirm the positive effect of international co-invention, vis-à-vis sole patenting, on the technological value of patents. Patent applications co-invented by foreign subsidiaries, or vertically collaborated applications, create higher technological value, while headquarters or single subsidiaries generate fewer forward citations. Moreover, co-patenting by subsidiaries with external partners creates higher technological value than sole patenting by headquarters. Siemens has recognized the value of partnerships with outside inventors and leveraged these relationships in order to generate higher technological value. We contribute by building a unique and detailed classification of co-patenting patterns, and the paper develops a strong case for cross-country co-patenting, especially with external partners. From a managerial perspective, international co-patenting involving external partners has strategic value and must be fostered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces justice-centered reflective practice, an approach that emerged out of our practitioner research in the Independent School Teaching Residency program. This ongoing and imperfect praxis is simultaneously a stance, a lens, a pedagogy, an orientation, and a way of understanding and mobilizing our individual and collective identities as teacher educators. Mediated by joy, imagination, vulnerability, and uncertainty, six foundational principles guide our work: justice-centered reflective practice is (1) purposeful and systematic, (2) iterative and cyclical, (3), critically reflective, (4) agentive, (5) done in community, and (6) loving and hopeful. Here we detail these principles and illustrate how they manifest in our work as teacher educators in how we structure the program and enact our pedagogy. We seek to continue a scholarly conversation among critical teacher educators about how we enact liberatory values and aspirations in the context of institutions and policy environments that often constrain our collective work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has produced controversies, and its mode of concrete social existence is strongly assembled in multiple ways of world-making that mobilize particular human-non-human relations. This paper analyzes the ways in which the people of the Andean valleys of northwestern Argentina understand and live the pandemic, in the partial coexistence of ways of understanding the body, the person, and wellbeing. On the one hand, we identify the so-called traditional way of life, which implies a relational sociality; on the other hand, the Pentecostal way of life, which promotes an interpretative current under an apocalyptic key. In sum, we are interested in thinking about the coexistence and assembly between ways of living suffering and well-being in the context of the pandemic, associated with expanded and relational socialities and with ways of imagining and living the "end of the world" as a specific manifestation of the Pentecostal tradition. Thus, the article proposes to overcome the perspective of COVID-19 as a given and universal phenomenon that produces different interpretations or cultural fictions, and consider it as a component in a wide network of human and non-human agencies, forming a scenario of epistemic plurality. Resumen: La pandemia de COVID-19 ha producido controversias variadas y su modo de existencia social se encuentra fuertemente ensamblado en múltiples formas de hacer mundo que movilizan particulares relaciones entre humanos-no humanos. Este trabajo analiza los modos en que la gente de los valles andinos del noroeste argentino entiende y vive la pandemia, teniendo en cuenta las formas de entender el cuerpo, la persona y el bienestar. Considera tanto el modo de vida identificado como tradicional, que implica una socialidad relacional, y el del pentecostalismo, que fomenta una corriente interpretativa bajo una clave apocalíptica. En suma, se propone pensar la convivencia y ensamblaje entre formas de vivir el padecimiento y el bienestar en el contexto de la pandemia, asociados con socialidades ampliadas y relacionales y con modos de imaginar y vivir el "fin del mundo" como manifestación específica de la tradición pentecostal. De este modo, se entiende al COVID-19 más que como un fenómeno dado y universal que produce diferentes interpretaciones o ficciones culturales, como un componente en una red amplia de agenciamientos entre humanos y no humanos, conformando un escenario de pluralidad epistémica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on bilingual mathematics education has proposed that as children "language mathematics" they use multiple sources of meaning. In this paper, we focus on lexical inventions—bilingual children's made up words that are not formally defined or used but follow the phonology and morphology of a language—as a source of meaning. Consistent with tenets from translanguaging, we recognize lexical inventions as a creative language practice defying idealized language norms. A raciolinguistic theoretical perspective informs our interpretation of children, teachers, and researchers as listening subjects. The purpose of this paper is to explore how mathematical lexical inventions can prompt a translanguaging space where children, teachers, and researchers resist listening subject positions that predispose them to listen for predetermined language practices. Drawing on two lesson transcripts, one from a fourth-grade English-immersion classroom in Colombia and one from a third-grade Spanish-immersion classroom in the United States, we used moment analysis in translanguaging spaces to identify spontaneous and critical moments where lexical inventions prompted mathematical explorations. We argue for adopting listening subject positions as learners of transgressive language practices that are part of interactions between children and mathematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continual development necessitates innovation. One must discover seeds of innovation and then concentrate resources on these seeds. To do so, one must recognize technology trends and then adopt and execute appropriate innovation strategies. This study used advanced change point detection method to investigate leading indicators that represent changes in technology trends. We examine patents, papers, and newspaper articles in Japan and US for 55 technologies. Results suggest that patents can be more appropriate as leading indicators than either papers or newspapers. This result can contribute to appropriate innovation strategies for planning and updating, and can provide tools that are useful to decision-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Technology trend analysis of connected vehicles. As official public records of inventions, patents provide an understanding of technological trends across the competitive landscape of various industries. However, traditional manual analysis methods have become increasingly inadequate due to the rapid expansion of patent information and its unstructured nature. This paper contributes an original approach to enhance the understanding of patent data, with connected vehicle (CV) patents serving as the case study. Using free, open-source natural language processing (NLP) libraries, the author introduces a novel metric to quantify the alignment of classifications by a subject matter expert (SME) and using machine learning (ML) methods. The metric is a composite index that includes a purity factor, evaluating the average ML conformity across SME classifications, and a dispersion factor, assessing the distribution of ML assigned topics across these classifications. This dual-factor approach, labeled the H-index, quantifies the alignment of ML models with SME understanding in the range of zero to unity. The workflow utilizes an exhaustive combination of state-of-the-art tokenizers, normalizers, vectorizers, and topic modelers to identify the best NLP pipeline for ML model optimization. The study offers manifold visualizations to provide an intuitive understanding of the areas where ML models align or diverge from SME classifications. The H-indices reveal that although ML models demonstrate considerable promise in patent analysis, the need for further advancements remain, especially in the domain of patent analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, I first analyze the extension of hermeneutical interpretation in the Heideggerian sense to products of contemporary technology which are components of our "lifeworld". Products of technology, such as airplanes, laptops, cellular phones, washing machines, or vacuum cleaners might be compared with what Heidegger calls the "Ready-to-hand" (das Zuhandene) with regard to utilitarian objects such as a hammer, planer, needle and door handle in Being and Time. Our life with our equipment, which represents the "Ready-to-hand" in Heidegger's sense of the word, is determined by temporalization (Zeitigung) which cannot be separated and isolated from the wholeness of things in the world. In the second part of my paper, I explore the positive achievement of material hermeneutics (Don Ihde) with regard to its extension to technoscience and the discussion of how such hermeneutics can contribute to the preservation of our threatened lifeworld, but also to explore the possibilities of how technical inventions, medical innovations could improve our way of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a typical representative of the public key cryptosystem, RSA has attracted a great deal of cryptanalysis since its invention, among which a famous attack is the small private exponent attack. It is well-known that the best theoretical upper bound for the private exponent d that can be attacked is d ≤ N 0.292 , where N is a RSA modulus. However, this bound may not be achieved in practical attacks since the lattice constructed by Coppersmith method may have a large enough dimension and the lattice-based reduction algorithms cannot work so well in both efficiency and quality. In this paper, we propose a new practical attack based on the binary search for the most significant bits (MSBs) of prime divisors of N and the Herrmann-May's attack in 2010. The idea of binary search is inspired by the discovery of phenomena called "multivalued-continuous phenomena", which can significantly accelerate our attack. Together with several carefully selected parameters according to our exact and effective numerical estimations, we can improve the upper bound of d that can be practically achieved. More specifically, without the binary search method, we successfully attack RSA with a 1024-bit-modulus N when d ≤ N 0.285 . Moreover, by our new method, we can implement a successful attack for a 1024-bit-modulus RSA when d ≤ N 0.292 and for a 2048-bit-modulus RSA when d ≤ N 0.287 in about a month. We believe our method can provide some inspiration to practical attacks on RSA with mainstream-size moduli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between environmental regulation and innovation has long been a key issue of scholarly interest. The Porter hypothesis posits that environmental regulations can effectively promote innovation. However, with the rapid development of the Internet, the relationship between environmental regulation and innovation has changed. Through a theoretical analysis, this paper finds that the development of the Internet can not only directly promote innovation but also inhibit innovation through environmental regulations. This paper uses Chinese city-level data from 2014 to 2016 to empirically test the relationship among the Internet, environmental regulation, and innovation. The study finds that (1) the increase in the Internet level and in the intensity of environmental regulations promotes innovation, and the results remain stable after the replacement of the Internet level metrics, (2) the increase in the Internet level inhibits the positive effect of environmental regulations on innovation, but its inhibitory effect is lower than the promotion effect of the Internet on innovation, and (3) the Internet and environmental regulations have a significant promotion effect on the application and acquisition of three types of patents, including invention patents, utility model patents and design patents, with the application and acquisition of utility model patents having the greatest promotion effect, and (4) the analysis of heterogeneity shows that environmental regulation has a greater effect on innovation in eastern and provincial capital cities, and the Internet has a greater effect on innovation in western and nonprovincial capital cities. Finally, this article puts forward policy recommendations based on three aspects: strengthening Internet construction, implementing environmental regulations and policies based on local conditions, and increasing support for R&D and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By going through a history of electronic visuality, from fluorescence glows in European laboratories in the nineteenth century to the computer screen in the twentieth century, this paper discusses technical image operations in the interaction between media machines and media people. Examining this set of apparatus from the evolution of a neglected technical object – the vacuum tube, it traces the history of the screen and the temporal-spatial composition of electronic graphics in television, radar, and early computer systems. In doing so, it outlines the entangled history of analog and digital displays and demonstrates the impossibility of neglecting the role of the human observer in the technical invention of visuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article is a dialogue about a forthcoming article to be published in "Academy of Management Review." Thomas Zellweger and Todd Zenger response to comments posed by Anastasia Sergeeva, Akhil Bhardwaj, and Dimo Dimov (2022) about their forthcoming article, discussing whether entrepreneurs can be considered as scientists. Zellweger and Zenger support their entrepreneurs as scientists theory citing pragmatism. They respond directly to comments posed by Sergeeva, Bhardwai and Dimov in their article with a discussion of the creation versus discovery debate.

Facing the problem of increasing waste, scientists, foundations, and companies around the globe resulted in ideas and invented technologies to slow down the process. Sources of waste range from industrial waste (e.g., construction and demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ashes) to municipal solid waste (e.g., food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles). Modern solutions do not focus only on technological aspects of waste management but also on sociological ones. Thanks to the Internet and social media platforms, scientists can influence ecological consciousness and awareness on a much larger scale. This research was conducted using the search keywords related to modern technologies for waste management. This paper presents a spectrum of selected modern solutions that changed in recent years and how they have impacted waste management. It also discusses challenges and future directions of waste management in the context of the circular economy. The use of modern solutions in waste management allows to achieve selected goals of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This general review paper presents a condensed view of recent inventions in the Additive Manufacturing (AM) field. It outlines factors affecting the development and commercialization of inventions via research collaboration and discusses breakthroughs in materials and AM technologies and their integration with emerging technologies. The paper explores the impact of AM across various sectors, including the aerospace, automotive, healthcare, food, and construction industries, since the 1970s. It also addresses challenges and future directions, such as hybrid manufacturing and bio-printing, along with socio-economic and environmental implications. This collaborative study provides a concise understanding of the latest inventions in AM, offering valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and decision makers in diverse industries and institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution and urban innovation are two important issues that have accompanied China's economic growth in the past decade. Based on the quasi-natural experiment of central heating in northern China in winter, this paper uses regression discontinuity design (RDD) to isolate the causal relationship between air pollution and urban innovation in China by matching urban data with multiple micro databases. Further, the possible influencing mechanism is discussed from the perspective of human capital. The results show that—air pollution significantly inhibits urban innovation—specifically, a 1% increase in air pollution significantly reduces urban innovation by 1.463%; compared with non-invention patents, air pollution has a more obvious inhibitory effect on invention patents with higher innovation capacity requirements and technology content. In terms of the impact mechanism, air pollution may undermine urban innovation by impairing healthy human capital and increasing the emigration of high-level human capital from cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains that when there is great uncertainty about which elements of knowledge must be combined to make an invention, the likelihood of invention increases markedly—by many orders of magnitude—when there are numerous diverse research organizations, rather than just a few. The paper examines the possibility that competition (antitrust) policy toward mergers would be improved if enforcement efforts placed more emphasis on protecting the diversity that is provided by numerous research rivals in a market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 2022, the ICJ pronounced its judgments on the merits in Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v Colombia). While the judgment makes interesting contributions to the law of the sea jurisprudence, the Court's problematic finding on jurisdiction ratione temporis is the subject of this paper. Applying what it refers to as 'continuity' and 'connexity' criteria, it found that Colombia's withdrawal from the Pact of Bogotá would not prevent it from considering facts submitted by Nicaragua which arose after the Pact ceased to be in force for Colombia. An in-depth analysis of the jurisprudence the judgment referred to reveals that the Court was building on convoluted cases, some of which have conflated questions of jurisdiction and admissibility. Based on the Court's jurisprudence, this paper argues for a more systematic approach to dealing with preliminary issues arising from new claims and submissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the determinants of technological novelty at the local level and, in particular, with the impact of the local endowment of key enabling technologies (KETs). Looking at local innovations as recombinations of pre-existing knowledge, we argue that the local endowment of KETs facilitates regions introducing inventions with novel technological origins, either in absolute or in relative terms. We test for this argument by focusing on a sample of 1,255 EU (NUTS3) regions over the 2000–2014 period and propose an original instrumental variable strategy that allows us to maintain the local endowment of KETs as exogenous. The results confirm our main hypotheses. In particular, a 1% increase in KETs increases by ∼1.8% the number of novel patents generated at the local level. KETs therefore appear to be 'enabling' of technological innovations that are unique in recombination across the board. However, KETs promote 'new-to-the-region' innovations more than 'new-to-the-world' innovations, representing a policy leverage to which regions could resort in targeting the local replication of technological advancements already present at the global frontier for some time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the contributions of industry leaders, smaller corporations, and independent inventors to the international technological specialization of Great Britain in the interwar years. For the first time, we compare directly the contribution of these sources and combine the Chandlerian and "sources of invention" perspectives. The analysis is based on a novel dataset of more than 8,000 patents granted in the USA to British inventions. Our findings show the extent to which Britain integrated inventions generated by independent inventors with those of corporate inventors, i.e., industry leaders and smaller corporations, in both engineering- and science-based fields. This research highlights specificities of a former leader's transition from the technological paradigm of the first phase of capitalism to that of the second phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invention and innovation education and its associated practices (e.g., problem-finding, problem-defining, learning from failure, iterative problem-solving, innovation-focused curricula, collaboration, and maker spaces) are moving from the periphery to the center of education at an ever-increasing pace. Although the research and literature on invention and innovation education, collectively termed as Invention Education (IvE) in this research, is on the rise, to our knowledge no attempt has been made to systematically review the literature available on the topic. To address this gap, we identify, collect, and systematically review scientific literature on IvE. We conduct Bibliometrix-based and targeted analysis to identify the topics, sources, authors, and articles most cited, as well as prominent countries publishing IvE literature. Another objective of this research is to uncover the intellectual, conceptual, and social structures of IvE. A third objective is to identify the progress made and the challenges being faced in furthering IvE and propose future directions. Our review shows that the field has seen substantial growth, especially in recent years particularly in the United States. Research shows IvE’s importance in nurturing a well-rounded, innovative, and skilled future workforce, emphasizing creativity, critical thinking, collaboration, adaptability, and problem-solving skills. Although with a plethora of curricula and K-20 programs in United States, followed by South Korea, and China, IvE lacks unifying conceptualization, definitions and frameworks. The lack of commonly accepted terms and theoretical bases, and difficulties integrating invention into STEM coursework, are compounded by barriers like resource limitations, curriculum constraints, and the need for teacher training and support. The review underscores the need for IvE to address and dismantle inventor stereotypes and cultivate a diverse and inclusive generation of innovators. It points to the impact of gender and stereotypes on participation in IvE programs and the importance of promoting equity and access to IvE opportunities for all students. The article concludes with a discussion of challenges and future research directions to address them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invention education offers an exciting combination of knowledge and skill-based learning that is intertwined with important social and emotional competencies, especially for youth engaged in structured programs. KID Museum in Bethesda, Maryland, is an experiential museum and K-12 makerspace whose offerings include a suite of invention programs implemented through formal curricula, field trips, and out-of-school time opportunities. KID Museum’s Mind of a Maker learning framework is a promising pedagogical model for conceptualizing the broad range of learning outcomes targeted in these programs. By comparing to other frameworks developed separately but concurrently, the Mind of a Maker offers insights into the underlying values and learning theories that shape invention education and can contribute to a field-wide understanding of this area of experiential learning. This article explores constructs that promote an inventive mindset that may be reproducible in other learning contexts, as well as the ways in which framework outcomes are integrated into the design, reach, and evaluation of KID Museum’s invention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study how sourcing of applied and basic knowledge is related to the likelihood and speed at which inventions become innovations as well as their profitability. By using a patent database with unique commercialization information, we reveal that inventions strongly based on applied knowledge lead to innovations more quickly, while inventions embedding basic knowledge lead to more profitable innovations. Sourcing both applied and basic knowledge (i.e., their combination effect) is negatively related to innovation speed. Explanations include the notion that inventions based on applied knowledge follow more established technological trajectories. Hence, such inventions relatively easily turn into innovations, but due to hard competitive pressure, profits are modest. Conversely, inventions embedding basic knowledge likely depart from conventional technological trajectories and market logic and are more difficult and/or riskier to transform into innovations. However, if such innovations are launched, the gains could be significant because of their improved performance and distinctiveness. Finally, recombining applied and basic knowledge may become too complex to handle, thus hampering innovation speed. From a managerial perspective, managers who seek to innovate quickly should exploit inventions embodying applied knowledge; however, those who seek increased profitability should exploit inventions embodying basic knowledge even if this may be more difficult and riskier. From a policy perspective, actions aiming to lessen the risks associated with commercializing inventions based on basic knowledge should be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Collingridge dilemma, technology is easy to control when its consequences are not yet manifest; once they appear, the technology is difficult to control. This article examines the development of keyboard layout design from the perspective of the Collingridge dilemma. For this purpose, unlike related studies that focus on a limited period of time, the history of keyboard development is explored from the invention of the typewriter and the QWERTY to brain–computer interfaces. Today, there is no mechanical problem of the typewriter for which the QWERTY was designed. On the other hand, better layouts have been designed for various situations so far, that can be easily implemented especially on virtual keyboards, but QWERTY has not been replaced. The present study shows how various factors as heterogeneous engineering have shaped QWERTY, prevented the prevalence of superior layouts, and led to Lock-in. Then, unlike other studies related to the Collingridge dilemma, which provide a qualitative description of it, a quantitative description is proposed that helps to better understand the Collingridge dilemma and Lock-in. Finally, the case study of the QWERTY keyboard illustrates that the theory of human-technology co-construction can provide a more comprehensive explanation of technology development, while the Collingridge dilemma can better provide some details of technology development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses how a recent idiom of innovation governance, 'responsible innovation', is enacted in practice, how this shapes innovation processes, and what aspects of innovation are left untouched. Within this idiom, funders typically focus on one point in an innovation system: researchers in projects. However, the more transformational aspirations of responsible innovation are circumscribed by this context. Adopting a mode of critique that assembles, this article considers some alternative approaches to governing the shared trajectories of science, technology, and society. Using the idea of institutional invention to focus innovation governance on four inflection points—agendas, calls, spaces, evaluation—would allow funding organizations and researchers to look 'beyond the project', developing new methods to unpack and reflect on assumed purposes of science, technology, and innovation, and to potentially reconfigure the institutions that condition scientific practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We model the spatial characteristics of technological knowledge flows in the UK. Using a novel and highly accurate dataset of inventor locations, we test for localisation of knowledge spillovers in citations between UK patent applications from 1982 to 2015. We apply continuous distance localisation tests separately to patent citations in 313 technologies and find that spillovers are localised in far fewer technologies and at shorter distances than previous studies have suggested. Only 30% of technologies in the UK display localisation, knowledge spillovers decay rapidly at distances between 30 and 80 km, and spillovers within technologies are twice as frequently localised as spillovers between technologies. Our results suggest that technological and geographical proximity are important determinants of knowledge spillovers in the UK and that close physical proximity is particularly relevant for industrial sectors that are more reliant on tacit knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin‐inspired electronics with high mechanical tolerance and reliable electrical performance may greatly advance applications in consumer wearable electronics, medical devices, robotics, and displays. In this emerging research field of skin‐inspired electronics, we advocate the approach of inventing new electronic materials through molecular engineering and developing compatible fabrication processes to achieve stretchable, self‐healing electronic materials and devices. We highlight two demonstrations of stretchable and self‐healable display by our developed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cybercrime is a type of crime that steals information from an owner and uses it for criminal purposes. There are other types of theft related to this crime, including identity theft, data theft, and deep fakes. This study provides a detailed analysis of cybercrime. The world has become more advanced in communication, especially after the invention of the internet, which provides a feasible environment for online dealings such as e-shopping, internet banking, and online payments. Although progress has been made to enhance innovation and development, there is a high risk of cybercrime worldwide. It has had a significant impact on digital platforms, adding both positives and negatives to global networking systems. Internet technology has been used by a few people for criminal activities, such as unauthorized access to networks and scams. These criminal activities or offences related to the internet, referred to as cybercrimes, are discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The interconnectedness of the ancient European, Eurasian and Chinese worlds is not doubted, but just what was exchanged and how the transmission of ideas took place is a question very much under investigation. This paper examines peculiarities of equid harnessing and draught across this vast area as a case in point to consider such issues as diffusion and independent invention, especially in relation to the emergence of single draught vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New 4.0 technologies are spreading in the economy and society. Yet, empirical evidence lags behind conceptual reflections in the analysis of these technologies, their antecedents and the degree of continuity and/or originality with respect to ICTs (i.e. 3.0 technologies). To fill this gap, this paper proposes a large-scale analysis of the full spectrum of 4.0 technologies based on an original and methodologically innovative database of 4.0 inventions in European countries, over the period 2000–2015. The analysis highlights that 4.0 technologies do not overlap in full with 3.0 technologies. Rather, they are the outcome of recombination processes involving substantially diverse and distant technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Federal funding for biomedical research at U.S. universities increases universities' research funding from non-federal sources. Most previous research on the relationship between research and development (R&D) expenditures and patenting has considered aggregate R&D expenditures or funding contributed from a single source. However, the dynamic relationships between federal and non-federal R&D funding may confound single-source funding estimates. This paper uses a novel dataset with university patents for drug and medical inventions, non-self-citations to those patents in subsequent drug and medical inventions' patent applications, and R&D expenditures by funding source for 16 U.S. research universities, with a panel vector autoregression (PVAR) methodology to account for endogeneity and dynamic effects. Results confirm prior research findings showing that increases in federal research funding yield subsequent increases in non-federal funding. This subsequent receipt of non-federal research funding significantly decreases universities' number of patents filed. Results also suggest that federal R&D funding may contribute to universities' patenting more useful (or more broadly used) inventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicle technology is a crucial technology for achieving sustainable energy transformation, which is of great significance to climate change and promotes sustainable development. This paper attempts to study the transnational R&D cooperation of electric vehicles. According to the authorized data of transnational co-patents from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), a social network analysis method is employed, and a detailed study of transnational co-patent networks in electric vehicles is conducted, including the construction of network, the analysis of nationality distribution of co-patent inventors, the analysis of structural characteristics and important nodes of network in different stages from the perspective of inventors and countries. The research results show that the cooperative groups formed by inventors are independent of each other and have not yet formed a large network; the degree of transnational cooperation in developed countries far exceeds that in developing countries; the US and Germany are the dual-core in the transnational co-patent networks; the breadth and intensity of transnational cooperation are strengthening, and the regional borders are less and less restrictive. As for the existing problems, authoritative inventors could organize large international R&D cooperation institutions to gather dispersed inventors together and connect them into a large inventors' network; developing countries are encouraged to seek partners through the network, actively participate in transnational R&D cooperation, and developed countries are encouraged to hold global technological innovation events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the analysis of the effects of inventor networks on country and regional innovation. We use data from an OECD inventor database that spans more than forty years to build collaboration networks in which the network nodes are countries and regions, and linkages are patents produced by inventors from different regions and countries. We first investigate the network that includes all inventors and then analyze the network focusing on women inventors. We argue that both country and regional-level network centrality positively affect country and regional innovation (with stronger effects at the country level), and centrality in collaborations that involve women has an additional positive impact. We also find that women inventors' share in the pool of inventors is positively associated with innovation quality both at the county and regional levels. Furthermore, our findings indicate that in the network of women inventors, countries and regions that are in cohesive clusters (formed by repeated interactions between interconnected actors) show stronger innovation performance. Our study also highlights important nuances between country-level and region-level effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Prudentia Iuris is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Crime fiction was introduced to the Greek reading public at an early period, first through the translation of works of Émile Gaboriau (1878) and later through the works of Arthur Conan Doyle from 1905 onward. Their effect can be seen in the first Greek crime fiction novel, by an anonymous writer, serialized in 1913 in the periodical Hellas, entitled Sherlock Holmes Saving Mr. Venizelos, who was the Greek Prime Minister of the time. The novel, that takes place in London, is a hybrid of a political and a crime fiction novel, using Doyle's forensic methods and electrical devices for its resolution. In this paper we will try to see how far this Greek by-product of the Holmes tradition follows the scientific approach of the original Doyle works, using his forensic methods as well as technological inventions of the time to solve the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Anuario de Historia Regional y de las Fronteras is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A series of pyrotechnic compositions based on aromatic compounds and/or their salts in combination with pyrotechnic oxidizers possess a distinct feature: when being pressed into a tube and ignited, they burn, emitting a loud whistling noise. Such pyrotechnic effects have been known for over 100 years and are widely used for military and civil applications. The presented paper includes variable examples of pyrotechnic whistle compositions, their properties, and application examples. Additional information is provided on historical facts associated with the invention of the pyrotechnic whistles and the current state of knowledge of the whistling mechanism from both chemical and physical standpoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent manufacturing systems are constantly evolving in diversity and complexity. The rise of numeric era, ruled by the keywords industry 4.0 or industry of the future imposes to companies to invent new processes and solve an ever increasing quantity of problems. Paradoxically, even if techniques of inventive problem-solving progress in diversity, their ability to face this world-wide challenge do not grow accordingly. However, thanks to Natural Languages Processing (NLP), actors of invention can now count on information contents as an assistant through its textual data. Patent texts are of particular interest since they are an important and constantly renewed source of inventive information. This situation leads to the difficulty, for scientists and engineers, to permanently manage new masses of information from recent domains well beyond their reading capacity. Our research, based on the combination of the theory of inventive problem-solving (also known as TRIZ) and NLP, has made it possible to extract quickly and in a relevant way from patent texts, concepts that contain information useful for formulating an inventive problem. In this paper, we present our methodology for the automatic extraction of inventive information from patent texts and measure our technique to a classical human-led information gathering. Our results show a significant reduction of experts time solicitation, for an increase of 36% in the extraction of useful information. A case study applied to microplastics harvesting from the ocean illustrates our point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pixo: Revista de Arquitetura Cidade e Contemporaneidade is the property of Pixo Revista de Arquitetura Cidade e Contemporaneidade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 1912, Horii Duplication opened a branch office in Keijō, or present-day Seoul, aiming to sell what the company optimistically described as "a great invention of the East," its patented tōshaban (K. tŭngsap'an) duplicator. The tŭngsap'an was, indeed, a remarkably accessible technology. It was simple and inexpensive to operate; it could reproduce images, roman letters, and East Asian scripts; and it was capable of generating duplicates on any type of paper using readily available ink. Tŭngsap'an technology was deeply implicated in Japanese expansionism from its inception, and in Korea, its role in enabling knowledge production, surveillance, and other forms of political control furthered the reach of the colonial state. Even so, tŭngsap'an duplication was widespread beyond official use, and its unique combination of affordances led colonial authorities to view the tŭngsap'an as both a tool for and a target of state surveillance, especially as independence activists utilized tŭngsap'an duplication in fluid and interactive ways to further resistance efforts. The paradoxes that tŭngsap'an duplication embodied make it a unique site of textual practice, and a rich vantage point from which to study how arrangements of power in colonial Korea were enacted, experienced, navigated, and contested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]