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Salinispirillum sp. LH 10-3-1 was newly isolated from the alkali lake water samples collected in Inner Mongolia. In this study, a gene coding for D-lactate dehydrogenase from the strain LH 10-3-1 (SaLDH) was cloned and characterized. The recombinant enzyme was a tetramer with a native molecular mass of 146.2 kDa. The optimal conditions for SaLDH to reduce pyruvate and oxidize D-lactic acid were pH 8.0 and pH 5.0, at 25 °C. Cu2+ and Ca2+ slightly promoted the oxidation and reduction activities of SaLDH, respectively. To improve the stability of SaLDH, the enzyme was immobilized on Cu3(PO4)2-based inorganic hybrid nanoflowers. The results showed that the reduction activity of the hybrid nanoflowers disappeared, and the optimum temperature, specific activity, thermostability, and storage stability of the immobilized SaLDH were significantly improved. In addition, the biotransformation of D-lactic acid to pyruvate catalyzed by SaLDH and the hybrid nanoflowers was investigated. The maximum conversion of D-lactic acid catalyzed by the immobilized SaLDH was 25.7% higher than by free enzymes, and the immobilized SaLDH could maintain 84% of its initial activity after six cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of modern communication technology, it has become a core problem in the field of communication to find new ways to effectively modulate signals and to classify and recognize the results of automatic modulation. To further improve the communication quality and system processing efficiency, this study combines two different neural network algorithms to optimize the traditional signal automatic modulation classification method. In this paper, the basic technology involved in the communication process, including automatic signal modulation technology and signal classification technology, is discussed. Then, combining parallel convolution and simple cyclic unit network, three different connection paths of automatic signal modulation classification model are constructed. The performance test results show that the classification model can achieve a stable training and verification state when the two networks are connected. After 20 and 29 iterations, the loss values are 0.13 and 0.18, respectively. In addition, when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is 25dB, the classification accuracy of parallel convolutional neural network and simple cyclic unit network model is as high as 0.99. Finally, the classification models of parallel convolutional neural networks and simple cyclic unit networks have stable correct classification probabilities when Doppler shift conditions are introduced as interference in practical application environment. In summary, the neural network fusion classification model designed can significantly improve the shortcomings of traditional automatic modulation classification methods, and further improve the classification accuracy of modulated signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work presented an electrochemical anode method with different electrolyte concentrations and heat posttreatment to control the stoichiometry and structure of Cu2−xS electrocatalysts. X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize the composition and morphology, whereas the electrocatalytic activity was evaluated by linear scanning voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results showed that the electrochemical method successfully synthesized thin flake‐shaped Cu7S4, which exhibited optimal performance at the electrolyte concentration of 0.45 mol L1 with maximum turnover frequency of 0.786 s−1, maximum mass activity of 0.539 A g−1, minimum charge transfer resistance of 0.156 Ω cm−2, and minimum overpotential of 154 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. In the Cu7S4 structure, Cu2+ and S2− were coordinated in a CuS4 tetrahedral structure, whereas Cu+ and S2− were coordinated in a CuS3 triangular structure. Heat posttreatment could change the stoichiometry from 1.75 to 1.8 and improve the electrochemical performance. In the Cu9S5 structure, the CuS3 triangular structure had disappeared. Under the same conditions, the overvoltage was only 128 mV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical simulation model of a natural ventilation greenhouse is helpful for improving the production and quality of greenhouse crops in tropical areas. Field experiments show that the mean coefficient of variation of indoor light intensity in four seasons was lower than 10.0%. The highest indoor temperature reached 39.3 °C during summer, while the average indoor temperature ranged from 24 °C to 26 °C in the other three seasons. The average relative humidity in the greenhouse ranged from 76% to 87% annually, which was higher and more stable than that in the external environment. A three-dimensional steady-state numerical model of the greenhouse was established based on computational fluid dynamics. Under natural ventilation conditions, the maximum error between the simulated value and the measured value of the temperature in each measuring point was 5.90%. And the average relative error between the simulated and measured values was 3.0% in the range of 0.7−1.5 m of crop cultivation height. Finally, a numerical simulation of adding side windows and expanding the vents was carried out. The results show that these methods can homogenize the airflow distribution in the greenhouse and improve the utilization efficiency of natural ventilation without more mechanical system operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of Cu2O crystal planes was be controlled by adding surfactant to the NaCl solution in this manuscript. The structure and composition of the synthesized Cu2O particles were characterized by X‑ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and specific surface area test method (BET). The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by degrading methyl orange (MO) solution under magnetic stirring. The results shown that the synthesized Cu2O particle was spherical self-assembly structure when the surfactant was CTAB, and behaved higher degradation performance. Under dark conditions, the adsorption efficiency of 100 mg L–1 MO solution reached 67.08% in the first 1 min by 0.33 g L–1 CTAB-Cu2O, and after 15 min, the adsorption degradation efficiency of MO had reached 99.17%. The maximum adsorption capacity of CTAB-Cu2O was 297.28 mg g–1. The adsorption kinetics obeyed pseudo-second-order kinetics and followed the Freundlich isotherm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: As the third generation new battery, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has increased from 3.8% in 2009 to 25.8% currently certified, which fully shows that they have great research value and development prospect. As one of the main components of high‐efficiency PSCs, hole transport materials (HTMs) play an important role in extracting and transporting holes and inhibiting charge recombination. However, commonly used HTMs require doping, and the hygroscopicity and corrosiveness of the dopants will destroy the stability of PSCs and hinder their commercialization. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop dopant‐free HTMs. In this review, the dopant‐free HTMs in recent six years are reviewed and summarized systematically, including organic small molecules, polymers and cross‐linkable materials. We focus on the design of the molecular cores and discuss their structure–property correlation, conductivity, and photovoltaic performance. Finally, how to design an ideal HTM is summarized. We hope that this review can provide reference for the development of low‐cost and dopant‐free HTMs to prepare efficient and stable PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimum phenylalanine (Phe) requirement for hybrid grouper (Epinephelusfuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinepheluslanceolatus ♂) juveniles was determined through an 8-week growth trial. A total of seven isoenergetic (340 kcal per 100 g of dry matter), isonitrogenous, and isolipidic diets were made, containing 8.2 (Phe 8.2), 9.2 (Phe 9.2), 10.1 (Phe 10.1), 11.2 (Phe 11.2), 13.3 (Phe 13.3), 15.2 (Phe 15.2), and 17.3 g/kg (Phe 17.3), respectively. Triplicate tanks of juvenile fish (about 16.7 g/fish) were fed each experimental diet twice daily until apparent satiation. The results indicated that different dietary Phe levels significantly influenced weight gain percentage (WG), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), as well as, productive protein value (PPV). Fish fed Phe 8.2 had the lowest WG or PPV among all experimental treatments. Furthermore, the optimal dietary Phe level increased fold height, width, enterocyte, and microvillus height of fish. The Phe 10.1 group exhibited higher growth hormone (GH) expression in the pituitary compared to other groups. Expression of hepatic insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and growth hormone receptor 1 (GHR1) displayed a similar pattern of variation to that of GH. The Phe 13.3 group had lower expression of S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and target of rapamycin (TOR) than other groups. In addition, fish fed Phe 10.1 had lower levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in the head kidney, and Cu/Zn-superoxide (Cu/ZnSOD) dismutases in the midgut compared to fish fed other Phe levels. Generally, optimal Phe content in the diet of hybrid grouper was estimated to be 12.7 g/kg of dry matter (27.3 g/kg of dietary protein), and at this level, the feed utilization, gut micromorphology, and immunity of fish were also elevated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of dietary protein-to-energy ratios on the growth, immunological response, antioxidative capacity, liver and intestinal histology, and growth-related gene expression of hybrid yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ♀ × Pelteobagrus vachelli ♂). Eight diets were formulated to form different protein/energy ratios of 84, 88, 90, 93, 95, 96, 99, and 103 mg/kcal (P/E84, P/E88, P/E90, P/E93, P/E95, P/E96, P/E99, and P/E103), respectively. These diets contain different levels of gross energy (GE), ranging from 4.13 to 4.76 kcal g-1. Seven hundred and twenty healthy fish (17.15 ± 0.02 g) were randomly dispersed into 24 rectangular fiberglass tanks with 8 treatments in triplicate groups. The fish fed a P/E ratio of 95 mg/kcal demonstrated the best growth and feed utilization. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in percent weight gain (WG%) and specific growth rate (SGR) was seen as the dietary P/E ratio ameliorated from P/E84 to P/E95, followed by a decreased pattern in these parameters. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and daily feed intake (DFI) were significantly impacted by dietary P/E ratios (P < 0.05). Additionally, an optimum P/E ratio improved intestinal morphology. However, low or high P/E ratio diets can cause oxidative stress, impaired liver function, and significantly reduced nonspecific immunity. The expression of target of rapamycin (TOR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) genes in the liver was considerably influenced by dietary protein-to-energy ratios (P < 0.05). Based on the statistical analysis of WG% against the dietary P/E ratio, the optimal P/E ratio for the studied species was estimated to be 92.92 mg/kcal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, SnO2-Sb2O3/GAC particle electrodes were prepared using the dip-calcination method. The particle electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), thermogravimetric test and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), which proved that the metal oxide was successfully loaded on the granular activated carbon and exhibited high electrocatalytic activity and thermal stability. The effects of initial pH, electrolytic voltage, electrolyte concentration, initial phenol concentration and particle electrode dosage on the performance of the three-dimensional (3D) electrocatalytic oxidation in phenol degradation were investigated. The results showed that under the optimal conditions, the removal rates of phenol and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were 99.65% and 67.16%, respectively. Finally, it was found that the novel particle electrodes had the ability of stable operation, maintaining high-efficiency operation no less than 15 times, which further highlights their robustness and durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration of information for aircraft wake vortex enables us to obtain new knowledge of wake turbulence separation standards. Traditional manual methods cannot work satisfactorily for the identification of great number of wake vortex data with high accuracy. Fortunately, the LiDAR intensity data can be explained by integrating LiDAR products with the strategies of computer vision. To overcome the limitation of traditional manual methods, this paper is aimed at developing an automatic method to identify a given set of wake vortices from various aircrafts. The main innovation works are outlined as follows. (1) From the wake vortex data that consists of various aircrafts measured by Wind3D 6000 LiDAR, a grayscale dataset of wake flow is constructed to boost the deep learning model for identifying aircraft wake vortex. (2) Following this, we propose a new method for the identification of aircraft wake vortex by modifying the VGG16 network, providing binary classifications of uncertain behavior patterns for wake vortices. To evaluate the proposed identification model, performance evaluation was conducted on our dataset, where experimental results revealed the values of 0.984, 0.951, 0.959, and 0.955 in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reduce the wake separation between a ARJ21 aircraft and its front aircraft and to improve the airspace capacity and airport operation efficiency, theoretical analysis and experimental verification were carried out based on the actual detection of aircraft wake vortex data by airport wind lidar combined with the domestic aircraft ARJ21 aerodynamic response model. The aerodynamic force and moment of a ARJ21 aircraft under the action of different front aircraft wake were obtained. The results show that the ARJ21 is in no bump state when follows a B747 with an interval of 9.3km, and the rolling moment coefficient is less than the limit range. When follows a A320 or B737 with an interval of 6km, the ARJ21 is in the state of no turbulence, and the rolling moment coefficient is less than the limit range. The results show that the wake separation of a ARJ21 aircraft has a certain reduction space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration of information for aircraft wake vortex enables us to obtain new knowledge of wake turbulence separation standards. Traditional manual methods cannot work satisfactorily for the identification of great number of wake vortex data with high accuracy. Fortunately, the LiDAR intensity data can be explained by integrating LiDAR products with the strategies of computer vision. To overcome the limitation of traditional manual methods, this paper is aimed at developing an automatic method to identify a given set of wake vortices from various aircrafts. The main innovation works are outlined as follows. (1) From the wake vortex data that consists of various aircrafts measured by Wind3D 6000 LiDAR, a grayscale dataset of wake flow is constructed to boost the deep learning model for identifying aircraft wake vortex. (2) Following this, we propose a new method for the identification of aircraft wake vortex by modifying the VGG16 network, providing binary classifications of uncertain behavior patterns for wake vortices. To evaluate the proposed identification model, performance evaluation was conducted on our dataset, where experimental results revealed the values of 0.984, 0.951, 0.959, and 0.955 in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish coloration, evolved from selection and adaptation, is a prominent feature of remarkable aquaculture merits. Fish possess more pigment cell types than any other vertebrates and are an excellent model for the study of mechanisms underlying skin coloration and pigmentation at levels from molecular genetics to system biology. How to effectively improve skin colour in ornamental and aquaculture fish has long been a focus on selective breeding programmes. In this review article, we introduce different types of chromatophore and early development of pigmentation, describe cellular mechanisms related to morphological and physiological changes of body colour and demonstrate applications of single‐sex control and molecular marker–assisted breeding in body colour selection. We also reviewed genes that have been found involving in neural crest migration and development, as well as those involved in melanin‐based coloration and other types of pigmentation, and explored how to use transgenic technology for enhancing fish body colour. The applications of genome editing and other omics technologies in relation to fish coloration are also illustrated. Finally, we present our perspectives about future fish coloration research and practice in aquaculture. Taken together, this review is expected to provide an update on cellular and molecular mechanisms in fish coloration and pigmentation, which will likely promote body colour–based molecular breeding programmes in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non‐coding RNAs that play important roles in many biological processes. The function of miRNAs in skin colour differentiation and pigmentation has been reported in many animals. However, the researches about their molecular mechanisms of regulating the formation of different skin colour of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) are deficient. In this study, we detected the temporal and spatial expression levels of ccr‐miR‐196a (hereinafter referred to as miR‐196a) and then predicted its target mRNA of microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor a (mitfa), which is a key regulatory transcript factor in the melanogenesis pathway, with bioinformatics and dual‐luciferase reporter methods. Furthermore, we silenced the miR‐196a in vivo with an antagomir to detect whether the miR‐196a would affect the expression levels of mitfa mRNA and its downstream genes including tyrosinase (tyr), tyrosinase‐related protein 1 (tyrp1) and dopachrome tautomerase (dct). The results revealed that mitfa and its downstream genes' mRNA expressions all significantly increased in the treatment group compared with the control group. We presumed that miR‐196a might regulate the pigmentation of koi carp through targeting the mitfa. The finding provided the fundamental information regarding miRNA–mRNA interaction on different skin colour pigmentation in koi carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the weak generalization of traditional event recognition methods, the limitation of dependence on field knowledge of expert, the longer train time of deep neural network, and the problem of gradient dispersion, the neural network joint model, Conv-RDBiGRU, integrated residual structure was proposed. Firstly, text corpus is preprocessed by word segmentation and stop words processing and uses word embedding to form the matrix of word vectors. Then, local semantic features are extracted through convolution operation, and deep context semantic features are extracted through RDBiGRU. Finally, the learned features are activated by softmax function and the recognition results are output. The novelty of work is that we integrate residual structure into recurrent neural network and combine these methods and field of application. The simulation results show that this method improves precision and recall of Chinese emergency event recognition, and the F-value is better than other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) by manual preparation has been applied to treat diseases for thousands of years. However, this method still endures safety risks and challenges the psychological endurance and acceptance of doctors, patients and donors. Population evidence showed the washed microbiota preparation with microfiltration based on an automatic purification system followed by repeated centrifugation plus suspension for three times significantly reduced FMT-related adverse events. This washing preparation makes delivering a precise dose of the enriched microbiota feasible, instead of using the weight of stool. Intraperitoneal injection in mice with the fecal microbiota supernatant obtained after repeated centrifugation plus suspension for three times induced less toxic reaction than that by the first centrifugation following the microfiltration. The toxic reactions that include death, the change in the level of peripheral white blood cells, and the proliferation of germinal center in secondary lymphoid follicles in spleen were noted. The metagenomic next-generation sequencing (NGS) indicated the increasing types and amount of viruses could be washed out during the washing process. Metabolomics analysis indicated metabolites with pro-inflammatory effects in the fecal microbiota supernatant such as leukotriene B4, corticosterone, and prostaglandin G2 could be removed by repeated washing. Near-infrared absorption spectroscopy could be served as a rapid detection method to control the quality of the washing-process. In conclusion, this study for the first time provides evidence linking clinical findings and animal experiments to support that washed microbiota transplantation (WMT) is safer, more precise and more quality-controllable than the crude FMT by manual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ∼22 nucleotide non-coding RNA molecules that act as crucial roles in plenty of biological processes. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of miRNAs to regulate skin color differentiation and pigmentation in fish have not been fully understood. Herein, we revealed that miR-206, a skin-enriched miRNA, regulates melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r , a key regulator of melanogenesis) expression by binding to its 3'-untranslated (UTR) region through bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assay in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The analysis of spatial and temporal expression patterns suggested that miR-206 is a potential regulator in the skin pigmentation process. Then, we silenced it in vivo with an antagomir method. The result showed a substantial increase of Mc1r mRNA expression and protein level, and also its downstream genes: tyrosinase (Tyr) and dopachrome tautomerase (Dct) that encoding key enzymes involved in melanin synthesis. Moreover, we constructed the miRNA-206 sponge lentivirus vector to transfect koi carp melanocytes in vitro , further checked the functions of melanocytes using Cck-8 and Transwell assays. As a result, inhibition of miR-206 significantly up-regulated Mc1r mRNA expression and protein level and accelerated the melanocyte proliferation and migration ability compared with the scrambled-sequence negative control group (miR-NC). Overall, these findings provide the evidence that miR-206 plays a regulatory role in the skin color pigmentation through targeting the Mc1r gene and would facilitate understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying miRNA-mediated skin color pigmentation in koi carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioma is a primary cerebral neoplasm that originates from glial tissue and spreads to the central nervous system. Long noncoding RNAs are known to play a role in glioma cells by regulating cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism by which long intergenic non-protein coding RNA (LINC) 01138 affects glycolysis and proliferation in glioma cells via the microRNA (miR)-375/specificity protein 1 (SP1) axis. LINC01138 expression was assessed in glioma tissues and cells using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and the association between LINC01138 and patient clinicopathological features was analyzed. Glucose uptake, lactic acid secretion, cell proliferation, and glycolysis-related enzyme levels were detected following LINC01138 silencing using CCK-8, EDU assay and western blot analysis. miR-375 and SP1 expression levels were also assessed, and the distribution of LINC01138 in the nucleus and cytoplasm was investigated using subcellular fractionation localization. Furthermore, the binding relationships between LINC01138 and miR-375, and between miR-375 and SP1 were assessed via dual-luciferase experiment, RIP and RNA pull-down assays. Finally, xenograft transplantation models were used to verify the in vitro results. LINC01138 was highly expressed in glioma, which was independent of patient sex or age but was significantly related to tumor diameter, the World Health Organization tumor grade and lymph node metastasis. Silencing LINC01138 significantly reduced glioma glycolysis and cell proliferation. Moreover, LINC01138 acted as a competing endogenous RNA to sponge miR-375 and promote SP1 expression. miR-375 inhibition significantly reversed the effect of LINC01138 silencing. In addition, silencing LINC01138 significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo. The present study demonstrated that silencing LINC01138 inhibited aerobic glycolysis and thus reduced glioma cell proliferation, potentially by modulating the miR-375/SP1 axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cover image is based on the Review Article Fish pigmentation and coloration: molecular mechanisms and aquaculture perspectives by Zaijie Dong et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12583. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) expression, and its relationship with lymphatic metastasis in colorectal cancer. Tumor tissues from 60 patients, divided into two groups according to lymphatic metastasis, were immunohistochemically stained to detect the DNA-PK expression including Ku70, Ku80 and PKcs proteins. Positivity of both Ku70 and Ku80 in colorectal cancer was negatively correlated with lymphatic metastasis with an r value of −0.57 and −0.38, respectively. Similar correlation was found between Ku expression, especially Ku70, and long-term survival. PKcs, however, displayed no significant correlation. Statistical analysis failed to detect any correlation between DNAPK expression, and clinical characteristics, such as age, sex, tumor location, tumor thickness and distant metastasis ( P > 0.05). DNA-PK expression, especially Ku70 expression, is negatively correlated with lymphatic metastasis, and the survival of patients with colorectal cancer. Ku70 expression may be a potential indicator for the preoperative evaluation, and prognosis in colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timely and accurate fault location for a 35-kVhigh-reliability distribution network is one of the key technologies to improve the safety and efficiency of distribution network operations. A novel fault location method of 35-kV high-reliability distribution network is proposed in this paper. First, the distributed multipoint fault location model is established based on the power structure of a 35-kV high-reliability distribution network. The distribution of voltage and current traveling waves along the lines is comprehensively considered in this model. Secondly, we analyze the influence of noise interference, analog-digital conversion frequency, and conversion bits on the location accuracy. The simulation method of noise and analog-digital conversion is proposed based on simulated samples. Then, a wavelet filter is used to reduce the influence of noise on the calibration of the traveling wave arrival time, and matrix modulus of S transform is used to identify the arrival time for the wave. Finally, the simulation model of a 35-kV high-reliability distribution network is established to analyze the location accuracy in the case of single-phase to ground via resistance, two-phase short-circuit to ground via resistance, and three-phase short-circuit faults. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method has high location accuracy under the above fault conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive electric field gives rise to droplet non‐coalescence and droplet chains in the electric dehydrator, which severely deteriorates oil–water separation efficiency and even leads to short circuit. To reveal the underlying mechanism of droplet non‐coalescence, dynamic behavior of two neutral droplets in silicone oil under a direct current electric field is investigated by using high‐speed photography. The experimental results show that there exists a critical electric field strength above which two droplets will bounce off after the contact. The critical electric field strength of droplet non‐coalescence is affected by the initial separation distance between droplets, the radius of droplet, and the surfactant concentration. Whether the non‐coalescence behavior occurs in the electric field is determined by the competition of electric force and capillary force, which dominates the evolution of tiny connection channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) perform crucial roles in biological process involving complex mechanisms. However, information regarding their abundance, characteristics and potential functions linked to fish skin color is limited. Herein, Illumina sequencing and bioinformatics were conducted on black, white, and red skin of Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Results: A total of 590,415,050 clean reads, 446,614 putative transcripts, 4252 known and 72,907 novel lncRNAs were simultaneously obtained, including 92 significant differentially expressed lncRNAs and 722 mRNAs. Ccr_lnc5622441 and Ccr_lnc765201 were up-regulated in black and red skin, Ccr_lnc14074601 and Ccr_lnc2382951 were up-regulated in white skin, and premelanosome protein a (Pmela), Pmelb and tyrosinase (Tyr) were up-regulated in black skin. The expression patterns of 18 randomly selected differentially expressed genes were validated using the quantitative real-time PCR method. Moreover, 70 lncRNAs acting on 107 target mRNAs in cis and 79 lncRNAs acting on 41,625 target mRNAs in trans were investigated. The resulting co-expression networks revealed that a single lncRNA can connect with numerous mRNAs, and vice versa. To further reveal their potential functions, Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were analyzed, and membrane, pigment cell development, cAMP signaling, melanogenesis and tyrosine metabolism appear to affect skin pigmentation. Additionally, three lncRNAs (Ccr_lnc142711, Ccr_lnc17214525 and Ccr_lnc14830101) and three mRNAs (Asip, Mitf and Tyr) involved in the melanogenesis pathway were investigated in terms of potential functions in embryogenesis and different tissues. Conclusions: The findings broaden our understanding of lncRNAs and skin color genetics, and provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying lncRNA-mediated pigmentation and differentiation in Koi carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]