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The present study was conducted at Atreypuramu, East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India during June-August, 2022 with the preparation of paper sweet variants followed by fuzzy logic sensory analysis. Initially, polished/milled Jaya variety rice soaked, ground with water and made into batter. The batter without any coarse particles diluted in separate flat containers. Then, a thin cotton cloth was dipped in the diluted batter and spread over the hot curved surface of inverted pot almost maintained at 120-135°C. This structures the paper-thin external front of the sweet. The size of produced rice starch edible film was about 41×30 cm2 and thickness in the range of 0.02-0.05 cm. The four paper sweet variants were prepared by rolling the rice starch film stuffed with various fillings including jaggery/sugar and nuts & jaggery/sugar alone. Fuzzy logic sensory study was conducted for analysis of paper sweets and to compare the acceptability of these paper sweet variants. Ranking was assigned to each sample by calculating fuzzy membership unction, normalized fuzzy membership function, normalized fuzzy membership function matrix, judgment membership function matrix, judgment subset and quality ranking subset. Finally, the weightage average was compared with quality ranking of all paper sweet variants. The results concluded that all four samples were quite comparable; however, paper sweet with jaggery and nuts received the best response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Tribal entrepreneurship can be understood as infusing the knowledge of commerce and trade into the tribal groups and thereby exploring their products and known for their economic betterment and social advancement. An accumulating body of research has demonstrated that artificial intelligence (AI) is an indistinguishable feature of the fourth industrial revolution. This study integrates the literature on AI and new technologies to examine the constraining and facilitating forces for developing and scaling-up AI-enabling technologies in Africa. This article proposes an integrated conceptual model to elucidate the range of external drivers encompassing global competitive drivers, and market and industry drivers. The internal drivers include the potential to enhance product development speed, improve quality, drive production cost down, and minimise errors and manual processes in organisations. OBJECTIVES: In this study, socio-economic status of tribal population has been taken as a reference in order to see whether there is any impact of economic wellbeing on their livelihood [1]. The study is an endeavour to examine the role of micro enterprises for social and economic empowerment of tribal community in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh and role of AI. RESULTS: The main results obtained in this paper are the following SEM identified that there is a lower degree of positive impact of "Tribal entrepreneurship" on "Economic Empowerment" and "women Empowerment" and lower degree of negative impact on "Social Empowerment". It is also concluded that Economic Empowerment of tribal entrepreneurs through micro-enterprises has reduced the dependency on private money lenders the most. Women Empowerment of tribal entrepreneurs has helped the women to achieve gender equality and the social Empowerment aids in the development of competency and technical skills through micro-enterprises. CONCLUSION: The tribal communities in Odisha are regarded as the most disadvantageous group of people in terms of their socio-economic status. The present research makes some pivotal contributions to the current AI literature. First, in spite of the growing recognition that development of new industries and new-business development is increasingly predicated on the adoption of new technologies (Krasniqi and Hajrizi Citation2016), there is a paucity of studies examining contemporary challenges faced by developing nations and their inability to capitalise on such ample and obvious opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling surface water quality has become crucial in providing better strategies for managing surface water resources, and adequate findings need accurate and geographically dispersed data. Hydrogeological modeling of these data sets is possible using empirically-based models. The other statistical models are also an alternative approach. In this study, a process with maximum probability is considered with the help of machine learning tools (MLT) to have optimized and valid output. The proposed method combines remote sensing and geographic information systems (RS and GIS) and MLT, which are appropriate for the predicament of neither small, large scale, nor long-term simulations. MLT methods such as VAR and ARIMA are developed in the Python programming with Jupyter notebook and tested according to the data in the spatial prediction for surface water quality parameters such as Tr, pH, Ec, TDS, AL, Ca++, NO−3, So, Cl, F−, Fe, and Mg2+ in the Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India—lower delta part. The delta with susceptible zones was identified using RS and GIS as those areas are prone to direct exposure to surface water contaminants from aquaculture, agricultural runoff, small- and medium-scale businesses, and household trash. Achieving effective surface water management for this ecosystem is critical for regional water management. The geographical information about the concentrations acquired via the RS and GIS was compared to the statistical modeling findings and verified using real-time measurements. MLT modeling seems more realistic than the experimental setting; data from the previous 20 years (2000–2020) were used for modeling, and the predicted values presented in the paper are predicted for the year 2021. The computed R2 value of ranges between 0.75 and 0.96% is recorded with ARIMA, and VAR posted range between 0.56 and 0.75% with the trained and tested data. The findings show the potential for MLT of geographically dispersed hydrogeological data to be used for pollution-free surface water management. From the surface water management perspective, combining RS and GIS and MLT offers an alternate data analysis approach for obtaining quick results utilizing a less laborious process that produces acceptable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the social environment required for enhancing social sustainability in a social housing project in India, with a case study of Ajith Singh nagar, social housing project of Vijayawada of Andhra Pradesh, India. Social sustainability is less thought off out of Three pillars of sustainability (Environment, social and economic). Social sustainability is quality of life in a neighborhood with its social environment. This paper studies the Informal social spaces such as informal meeting places, eating, sitting places, religious places and other activities of informal enterprise and trades which add to sustainable neighborhood environment. These spaces generate psychological comfort, enable to establish social relationships, that creates opportunity for informal interactions and social cohesion. Provision of these places in a neighborhood will address the social sustainability. This research arrives at what social spaces and activities required in a neighborhood by analysing existing housing layout which is otherwise just series of buildings and roads. The interactions between people and their surroundings strengthen community building and social bonding. This paper finds out that adding these places and activities enhance the social interactions and in turn establish social Capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent past, Andhra Pradesh (AP) has experienced increasing trends in surface air mean temperature (SAT at a height of 2 m) because of climate change. In this paper, we attempt to estimate the SAT using the GFDL-ESM2G (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth System Model version 2G), available from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase-5 (CMIP5). This model has a mismatch with the India Meteorological Department (IMD)'s observations during April and May, which are the most heat-prone months in the state. Hence, in addition to the SAT from the model, the present paper considers other parameters, such as mean sea level pressure, surface winds, surface relative humidity, and surface solar radiation downwards, that have influenced the SAT. Since all five meteorological parameters from the GFDL-ESM2G model influence the IMD's SAT, an artificial neural network (ANN) technique has been used to predict the SAT using the above five meteorological parameters as predictors (input) and the IMD's SAT as the predictand (output). The model was developed using 1981–2020 data with different time lags, and results were tested for 2021 and 2022 in addition to the random testing conducted for 1981–2020. The statistical parameters between the IMD observations and the ANN estimations using GFDL-ESM2G predictions as input confirm that the SAT can be estimated accurately as described in the analysis section. The analysis conducted for different regions of AP reveals that the diurnal variations of SAT in the IMD observations and the ANN predictions over three regions (North, Central, and South AP) and overall AP compare well, with root mean square error varying between 0.97 °C and 1.33 °C. Thus, the SAT predictions provided in the GFDL-ESM2G model simulations could be improved statistically by using the ANN technique over the AP region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cement clay interlocking (CCI) hollow bricks have been used as a construction material in many developed and developing countries. Many emerging and underdeveloped nations have utilised cement clay interlocking (CCI) hollow bricks as building materials. In India, Andhra Pradesh local makers prepare these cement clay interlocking (CCI) hollow bricks by simply mixing clay, cement, and sand in a traditional method, without following strict design criteria or rules. Previous research has demonstrated that the mechanical characteristics of CCI hollow bricks gathered from various locations in detailed manner respect to hand books on Civil Engineering as per Indian Standards. Bricks from one region had compressive strengths that were significantly lower than the other region Indian Community Standards. Various methods were employed in this investigation to enhance the mechanical characteristics of CCI bricks. New mix patterns were created with the use of sand, cement, and fly ash in this research paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of fisheries and shrimp has been twice every 10 years for the previous five decades, making it the most rapidly expanding food industry. This growth is due to intensive farming and the conversion of agriculture into aquaculture in many parts of South Asia. Furthermore, intensive aquaculture generates positive economic growth but leads to environmental degradation without proper monitoring. Unfortunately, technical innovation is less in aquaculture than agricultural and manufacturing industries. The advent of remote sensing and soft computing has expanded various opportunities for utilizing and integrating technological advances in civil and environmental disciplines. This paper presents the aquaculture scenario in the western Godavari delta region of Andhra Pradesh and proposes various novel assessment tools to monitor the aquaculture environment. An experimental investigation was carried out on the physicochemical characteristics of the inland aquaculture ponds to evaluate water quality in the aquaculture ponds. Furthermore, to assess the intensity of inland aquaculture, the current work concentrates on the potential application of remote sensing and soft computing approaches. Geospatial models of kriging and inverse distance weighing (IDW) show higher performance in estimating ammonia levels in the intensive aquaculture groundwaters with coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.947 and 0.901, respectively. Teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO) and adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO), two of the five soft computing techniques utilized in the study, perform better than the others. Additionally, it was found that remote sensing-based assessment tools and soft computing prediction models were both trustworthy, accurate, and easy to use. Furthermore, these methods could assist in the real-time evaluation of inland aquaculture waters by stakeholders and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early 2000s, some Indian states started allowing private traders to buy directly from farmers outside the state-regulated market system. The experience of these states can shed light on the impact of market-oriented reforms and the role of public procurement. Using individual-level National Sample Survey Data on agricultural wages and a new dataset on state-level average real farm income per cultivator for 18 major Indian states between 1987–2012, this paper shows, using both a difference-in-difference and a triple difference framework, that marketing reforms alone did not contribute to higher farm incomes and agricultural wages. However, when these reforms were coupled with public procurement at the minimum support price, farm incomes and agricultural wages significantly improved. Our results suggest that market-reforms and public procurement at minimum support prices were complements which together contributed to raising rural incomes in states like Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sesame is an important oil seed crop affected by toxigenic fungal pathogens viz., Alternaria, Fusarium and Aspergillus. Among these, Alternaria sesami is seed borne and most destructive pathogen causing yield loss to an extent of 28.9 per cent. Hence the effect of artificial infection with A. sesami on seed quality of various samples of sesame was investigated during 2017-2018. Methods: A total of 28 samples were collected from different sesame growing areas of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and inoculated with A. sesami. The inoculated and uninoculated seeds were tested for germination and seedling growth by rolled paper towel method. Result: Significant differences in seed germination, seedling length and seedling vigour index were observed among the uninoculated as well as inoculated sesame seed samples. The results indicated that Alternaria sesami caused 15.13% to 49.68%, 12.77% to 46.14% and 28.28% to 72.87% reduction in seed germination, seedling length and vigour index, respectively, of inoculated seed over uninoculated seeds. The per cent reduction was highest in the seed samples of YLM-17 collected from farmers' saved seed samples of Prakasam district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about the collaboration between the Centurion University of Technology and Management (CUTM), Odisha (India), and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim (Norway), initiated in 2017. The main objective of the collaboration was to facilitate students through educators to bridge the gap between higher education and the practical skills needed for assessing and advancing sustainable development in local communities. This paper presents the contribution of nine women interns within the framework of partnership among the universities, government, and social enterprises in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. It analyses the role of women interns in activities and experiences in Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs), in motivating women farmers to join FPOs to benefit in terms of increasing productivity, value addition for better products, and improving market opportunities. The concluding observations section provides three sets of learnings each for the role of women interns and implications for higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the impact of social movements on the Indian state's developmental paradigm. Adopting from Varigonda's (2020) framework, the paper argues that the impact of social movements on state policy and its implementation is primarily determined by three key factors: the collective action repertoires of social movements; the politicization of the Indian state's developmental paradigm; and the openness of state input structures. This framework is tested through a comparative study of two movements that have emerged against two examples of the Indian state's developmental paradigm: a proposed nuclear plant at Kovvada and a proposed thermal plant at Sompeta, both in Andhra Pradesh. The Sompeta agitation was successful in impeding the thermal plant's inception while the movement in Kovvada eventually petered out. The paper demonstrates how the variation in the impact of the two movements can be attributed to the social movement in Sompeta benefitting from stronger collective action repertoires; greater politicization of the state's developmental paradigm; and more open state input structures, vis-à-vis the movement in Kovvada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is concerned with the contemporary relevance of caste to agrarian capitalism and the relations of dependency and allegiance it fosters in a village of Andhra Pradesh. It deploys the method of village study to examine the two‐way interaction between agrarian class and caste relations and the emerging rural‐based informal nonfarm economy. It elaborates the continuation of relations of debt, dependency, and political allegiance fostered by landlordism despite significant diversification to nonfarm by landlords and labour and identifies the crucial role of land inequality and the working of ritual hierarchy in locking Dalit caste in land‐based relations of dependency. The paper highlights the importance of expanding the definition of landlordism as the use of social power for accumulation by embedding it in the motives and values generated by the Hindu social order. While the new wave of literature focuses attention on global capital and commodity chains to understand differentiation of rural population and ruralities, the paper emphasizes the persistent significance of landholding provincial capital in shaping class/caste relations and rural politics and argues for a course correction in thinking about the processes of globalization and new forms of labour control and stresses the continuing significance of the agrarian question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Publicly Funded Health Insurance Schemes (PFHIS) are intended to play a role in achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC). In countries like India, PFHISs have low penetrance and provide limited coverage of services and of family members within households, which can mean that women lose out. Gender inequities in relation to financial risk protection are understudied. Given the emphasis being placed on achieving UHC for all in India, this paper examined intersecting gender inequalities and changes in PFHIS coverage in southern India, where its penetrance is greater and of longer duration. Data and methods: This study used the fourth (NFHS-4, 2015–16) and fifth (NFHS-5, 2019–21) rounds of India's National Family Health Survey for five southern states: namely, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana. The World Health Organization's Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) Plus and Stata were used to analyse PFHIS coverage disaggregated by seven dimensions of inequality. Ratios and differences for binary dimensions; Between Group Variance and Theil Index for unordered dimensions; Absolute and Relative Concentration Index (RCI) for ordered dimensions were computed separately for women and men. Results: Overall, PFHIS coverage increased significantly (p < 0.001) among women and men in Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala from NFHS-4 to NFHS-5. Overall, men had higher PFHIS coverage than women, especially in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana in both surveys. In both absolute and relative terms, PFHIS coverage was concentrated among older women and men across all states; age-related inequalities were higher among women than men in both surveys in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and Telengana. The magnitude of education-related inequalities was twice as high as among women in Telangana (RCINFHS-4: -12.23; RCINFHS-5: -9.98) and Andhra Pradesh (RCINFHS-4: -8.05; RCINFHS-5: -7.84) as compared to men in Telangana (RCINFHS-4: -5.58; RCINFHS-5: -2.30) and Andhra Pradesh (RCINFHS-4: -4.40; RCINFHS-5: -3.12) and these inequalities remained in NFHS-5, suggesting that lower education level women had greater coverage. In the latter survey, a high magnitude of wealth-related inequality was observed in women (RCINFHS-4: -15.78; RCINFHS-5: -14.36) and men (RCINFHS-4: -20.42; RCINFHS-5: -13.84) belonging to Kerala, whereas this inequality has decreased from NFHS-4 to NFHS-5., again suggestive of greater coverage among poorer populations. Caste-related inequalities were higher in women than men in both surveys, the magnitude of inequalities decreased between 2015–16 and 2019–20. Conclusions: We found gender inequalities in self-reported enrolment in southern states with long-standing PFHIS. Inequalities favoured the poor, uneducated and elderly, which is to some extend desirable when rolling out a PFHIS intended for harder to reach populations. However, religion and caste-based inequalities, while reducing, were still prevalent among women. If PFHIS are to truly offer financial risk protection, they must address the intersecting marginalization faced by women and men, while meeting eventual goals of risk pooling, indicated by high coverage and low inequality across population sub-groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic is the most recent—and most severe—crisis to face the microfinance/financial inclusion sector, but it was far from the first. From its earliest years, crises have appeared throughout the modern history of microfinance, and the responses they engendered have included some of the most significant reforms and innovations in the sector. In this paper, we describe selected historical crises—Peru in the 1980s, Grameen in the 1990s, and Andhra Pradesh and others in the 2007–2010 period—through their legacy and impact on the sector's activities and priorities. We then examine some of the pressures on institutions during the pandemic, through interview data with MFI leaders from the Sentinel Project conducted during 2021–22. We argue that the resilience of the sector to the unprecedented pressures of the pandemic can be traced to many of these historical post-crisis reforms—and consider what this means for future crisis responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the link between decentralisation in school management and student achievement levels in secondary schools in India. It employs observational data from two school surveys conducted as part of the Young Lives project in the southern Indian states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh to create a measure of decentralisation as a latent construct. The relationship between decentralisation and students' abilities in mathematics and English is measured using linear mixed effects models. Contrary to the expectations in much literature, we find a negative association between decentralisation and students' scores on Maths and English assessments, even when controlling for a variety of individual and school characteristics. The results from the analysis therefore problematises decentralisation initiatives such as school-based management to improve student achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports child mortality and associated factors among tribal (indigenous) populations from a South Indian district. In India, 104 million people belonged to 705 tribal groups, constituting 8.6% of India's population. Of the 705 tribal groups, 75 were classified as particularly vulnerable tribal groups (PVTG). The present study aims to report the under-five child mortality among the tribal (both PVTG and non-PVTG) population in Visakhapatnam district, a district with a higher concentration of tribes in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Four sub-districts were selected to conduct a cross-sectional study to understand health and health-seeking behavior, including maternal and child health. Socio-demographic details and obstetric history were collected through a pre-tested, interviewer-administered questionnaire from mothers with a child aged up to one year. These 277 mothers gave birth to 632 liveborn children, out of which 56 children died within 12 months. Multiple logistic regression revealed that living in villages with no health facility, woman-headed households, younger age at first childbirth and mother' aged 30 years or above were significantly associated with mothers experiencing child death. Implementation of home-based neonatal care is crucial in the vulnerability context of the tribes due to socioeconomic conditions and remote habitation. Health educational interventions to address early marriages leading to teenage pregnancies are needed immediately. This disaggregated analysis of under-five mortality and associated factors among the tribes highlights the need for population-specific interventions and improving infrastructural facilities like all-weather roads and improved access to quality healthcare services in addition to the overall socio-economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The event of menarche associated with taboos and myths in our traditional society has a negative implication for women's health, particularly their menstrual hygiene. Women having better knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene are less vulnerable to reproductive tract infections. Objectives: 1) To study the Socio-demographic profile of adolescent school girls. 2) To study the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of menstrual hygiene among adolescent school girls. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 122 adolescent girls of two secondary schools situated in the rural field practice area of Kurnool Medical college, Kurnool with the help of a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire. Data were analyzed statistically by simple proportions. Results: Out of 122 respondents, 48 (39.3%) girls were aware about menstruation prior to attainment of menarche. Mother and family members were the first informant regarding menstruation in case of 93 (76.2%) girls. 101 (82.8%) girls believed it as a physiological process. Regarding practices, 119 (97.6%) girls used sanitary pads during menstruation. Conclusions: Menstrual hygiene, a very important risk factor for reproductive tract infections, is a vital aspect of health education for adolescent girls. Trained health personnel, motivated school teachers and knowledgeable parents can play a very important role in transmitting the vital message of correct menstrual hygiene to the adolescent girl of today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Andhra Pradesh Zero Budget Natural Farming project was implemented by India's State of Andhra Pradesh in 2016 and renamed AP Community Managed Natural Farming (APCNF) in 2020. APCNF is recognised as a sucessful example of peasant-led agroecology by social movements, multilateral UN bodies, governments, and researchers. We offer more critical perspectives here, and argue that this agroecology model deepens inequality and dispossession. Despite claims to the contrary, APCNF is locked in an unchanged productivist paradigm controlled by capital in collaboration with the state. By co-opting agroecology, APCNF closes down options for a just transformation of the dominant agri-food regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many years now, a variety of studies have proven the strong relationship between productivity and profitability. However, simply earning a profit does not necessarily mean that the firm is productive. Many highly productive firms face financial losses, whereas less productive ones’ experience significant profits. This paper examines the dynamics of how productivity really matters for profitability. The paper uses a non-parametric index number approach to estimate the productivity, profitability, and price performance of a publicly owned, once world’s largest, bus transport corporation operating in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh to examine these dynamics. The paper finds that when public organizations are constrained from raising the prices of their services, productivity gains may not be adequate to counterbalance the impact of rising prices of major inputs. Moreover, loss-making organizations, even if they are publicly owned, would find it hard to improve both the quality and quantity of their services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River bank filtration (RBF), as one of the sustainable natural treatment techniques, can provide risk-free drinking water supply to rural villages where piped water supply through conventional treatment schemes is very expensive. The main purpose of this paper is to report the results of a RBF production well implemented in a complex hydrogeological setting under the ephemeral Varaha river influenced by the saline coastal aquifer in the Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh (India) for the supply of drinking water to the nearby rural habitats that have no organized water supply. To understand and identify the hydraulics of the river–aquifer exchanged water, particle tracking analysis to determine the travel times of river water path lines, capture zones, the proportion of bank filtrate and river water, and groundwater into RBF production well consequent to pumping were carried out using modular finite difference groundwater flow model (MODFLOW) in conjunction with a particle-tracking model for MODFLOW (MODPATH). The river–aquifer and well field interaction were studied by developing a two-dimensional two-layer groundwater flow model with a partially penetrating well in an unconfined aquifer. The flow modeling simulation results together with MODPATH particle tracking analyses revealed that the installed RBF production well could yield about 61% river water through bank filtration and the remainder from the groundwater. The flow model was also used to optimize the pumping duration from the RBF production well without compromising the water quality of the bank filtrate water. The optimum pumping duration was estimated to be 5 h a day at the rate of 31.2 m3/h from continuous pumping during the monsoon period. The performance and quality of the bank filtrate from the well demonstrated that the RBF technique could also be a potential and viable approach for the supply of safe drinking water from an ephemeral river-induced bank filtrate influenced by the saline coastal aquifer. River bank filtration (RBF), a process to extract river water and groundwater through RBF wells, is one of the sustainable natural treatment techniques successfully providing risk-free drinking water supply in many urban, periurban, and rural areas in different countries. In India, it is gaining popularity, particularly in rural clusters where piped water supply through conventional treatment schemes has a remote chance of being effective. RBF wells are very effective in removing suspended particles, pathogenic compounds, and microorganisms present in the source water. The quantity of RBF water depends on the user requirements; for a town with a series of RBF wells or a small village using a single RBF well, RBF techniques can be employed. For establishing RBF wells in coastal regions, extra care would be required to fix the pumping rate and its duration to avoid mixing of saline with fresh water. The present study demonstrates the successful implementation of a RBF well on an ephemeral river (Varaha river in Andhra Pradesh State, India) in a saline coastal aquifer. The RBF technique can be employed to any other river reach or waterbody in the region where there is a need for potable water supply with minimum water treatment cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: To ascertain the local prevalence of reproductive tract infections. To research the impact of various factors on the prevalence of genital infections. To research the incidence of RTI symptoms during the intervention period. To evaluate the outcomes in light of a preintervention study carried out in 1996-1997. Method: Every married woman between the ages of 15 and 45 was the subject of a cross-sectional community-based study that was conducted at Department of Community Medicine, Narayana Medical College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India from February 2022 to January 2023 and evaluated by questionnaire, laboratory test, and physical examination to identify reproductive tract infections. To conduct the study, approval was requested. The health assistant went to the 412 women who were included in the study population, described how the examination would work, got their permission, and offered them to participate. Result: There were 70 abortions total, of which 12 were induced and 58 were spontaneous. Seven of the induced abortions used dilatation and curettage, two used injections, and three used tablets. 98 (22%) of the women had primary infertility. The variables for RTIs had a p value less than 0.2: housewife, intervention arm, tubectomy, sanitary napkins, husband's agricultural work, respondent's education, socioeconomic level, and husband's education. The intervention arm, the usage of sanitary napkins, the presence of a spouse who serves in the military, and the level of education of the respondent were all STIs factors with a p value less than 0.2. Conclusion: A comprehensive community-based intervention approach reduced reproductive tract infections in this study. Health-aides and female doctors were used. RTIs and STIs decreased postintervention. Health-aide and doctor arms fell significantly. Education was found to affect RTIs. Symptomatic RTI diagnosis was unreliable. Prioritise female literacy and school health instruction. Health-seeking couples should talk. Clinical examination and limited laboratory tests like wet preparation are needed to diagnose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The German TanDEM-X mission's primary goal is to create a highly accurate and global digital elevation model (DEM) with global accuracies of at least 10 m absolute height error (linear 90% error). This paper provides one-of-a-kind accuracy assessment of the TanDEM-X global DEM. The assessment of the TanDEM-X DEMs over Nallamala Area, Andhra Pradesh is presented through a comparison with SRTM and TanDEM-X DEMs. TanDEM-X has a finer effective spatial (i.e., horizontal) resolution than SRTM, according to analysis, visualization, and elevation scatterplots. As a first step, digital elevation models are compared to the conventional method of GCP (ground control point) elevation. Then, any two DEMs are compared using a computational method such as R programing, which is a statistical technique that selects point locations with equal distance. TanDEM-X lower elevations indicate that the radar signal penetrates deeper. DEMs with differences allowed the identification of issues related to the production methods of the DEMs. A systematic difference in elevations between TanDEM-X 12 and 30 m, and SRTM was observed. The results show a high level of detail and consistency for TanDEM-X data, indicate that the effective horizontal resolution of SRTM is coarser than the nominal 12 and 30 m. These DEMs are then delineated in QSWAT model for stream network generation. QSWAT is a tool used for the validation of digital elevation models (DEMs) in hydrological modeling. It allows for the comparison of the topographic features of the DEM with field survey data to identify discrepancies and improve model accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents cases of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) from Chittoor district in Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Bardhaman district in West Bengal (WB) that we argue have the potential to demonstrate alternatives to capitalist development by strengthening the community economies of women belonging to marginal groups. SHGs in Kotha Indlu village in Chittoor district have provided the Dalit and backward women an alternative to earn their livelihood from practicing sericulture with local resources, indigenous knowledge and training. In Paarhaati and Ganti, villages of Bardhaman district, some SHGs have benefitted while some others have failed to cater to the economic needs of women from marginalized communities. With the help of empirical evidence from fieldwork, the paper aims to understand in what ways SHGs have helped or hindered the Dalit and tribal communities to enhance their self-reliance in the study areas. In regions where community participation and local self-government is proactive, SHGs are seen as strong sustainability initiatives for the rural marginalised groups. However, it is also seen that implementing SHGs as a sustainability program has been difficult in certain regions due to social inequality, financial dependence on local landowners and inadequate community participation. Thus, the paper puts forth both the successes and failures of SHGs as an important sustainability program at the grassroots level in rural India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coastal areas are subject to various anthropogenic and natural influences. In this study, we investigated and compared the characteristics of two coastal regions, Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Goa (GA), focusing on pollution, anthropogenic activities, and recreational impacts. We explored three main factors influencing the differences between these coastlines: The Bay of Bengal's shallower depth and lower salinity; upwelling phenomena due to the thermocline in the Arabian Sea; and high tides that can cause strong currents that transport pollutants and debris. Results: The microbial diversity in GA was significantly higher than that in AP, which might be attributed to differences in temperature, soil type, and vegetation cover. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and bioinformatics analysis indicated the presence of diverse microbial phyla, including candidate phyla radiation (CPR). Statistical analysis, random forest regression, and supervised machine learning models classification confirm the diversity of the microbiome accurately. Furthermore, we have identified 450 cultures of heterotrophic, biotechnologically important bacteria. Some strains were identified as novel taxa based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, showing promising potential for further study. Conclusion: Thus, our study provides valuable insights into the microbial diversity and pollution levels of coastal areas in AP and GA. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the impact of anthropogenic activities and climate variations on biology of coastal ecosystems and biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A house can be defined as an interpretation of perceptions of the society, inculcated within it, in a direct or indirect method. The social cycle of creation of space depends on parameters of site, settings, cultural history, and traditions. Therefore, it’s not only the house form or architectural elements of the space, which encapsulates the whole idea behind its invention but also the symbolic dimension added to it, defining its significance and identity. The study analyses the association of toy-making process of Kondapalli Village (Andhra Pradesh) with its impact on the built environment of the inhabitants over years. The following study attempts to analyze the toy-making process of Kondapalli Village and its impact on the built environment of the houses. The study is threefold, firstly it attempts to understand the traditional knowledge in the process of wooden toy making in Kondapalli; secondly, the spatial analysis of different house forms ranging from vernacular to modern house and their inter-relationship with the art form deduced to examine the sequential evolution of forms and functions; lastly, an establishment of the symbolic relationship of the toy-making process with the community. Therefore, the study helps to analyse and establish an inter-connection between the house forms, occupational practices and the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jaiswal D, Banerjee S. 2024. Notes on Gerridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) from the Eastern Ghats of Telangana and Northern Andhra Pradesh, India. Nusantara Bioscience 16: 43-53. Gerridae is the family of semi-aquatic bugs found in both the lentic and lotic freshwater bodies. The present study focused on the Gerridae from the Eastern Ghats of Telangana and Northern Andhra Pradesh, India. This study documented a total number of 16 species belonging to 13 genera and 7 subfamilies under the family Gerridae. Tenagogonus nicobarensis Andersen, 1964, was earlier described from Andaman and Nicober islands and also known to be endemic to that particular geographical area. We are recording this species for the first time from the mainland of the Indian subcontinent. Ventidius aquarius Distant, 1910 was also recorded for the first time during this present study from the Eastern Ghats, an endemic species to peninsular India. Another species, Naboandelus signatus Distant, 1910 is also recorded from the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh as well as an addition to the state fauna of Andhra Pradesh. It is a widespread species and reported from both central and northeastern India. In southern India, it was reported from the two states and present record will be the additional third state to its distribution. In addition to taxonomic details, the article covers the geographic distribution of the 16 species. This study has also led to the addition of nine species of Gerridae to the state fauna of Andhra Pradesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children form the most vulnerable strata of the society and the tobacco industry is known to target them. Article 16 of the Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC) calls for prohibition of tobacco sales to and by minors. Although interventions to stop such sales are based on sound science, it is widely acknowledged that many countries find implementation, full of challenges. In India, sales near educational institutions are banned by law, Section 6b of the Cigarettes & Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA). We conducted a survey of violations in four states [Andhra Pradesh (AP), Karnataka (KA), Meghalaya (ML), Uttar Pradesh (UP)] of India to report the number of violations and to assess if there was an association between the schools with violations and variables such as gender, size, category, location of schools. Methods: Schools in these States were asked to report the number of shops selling tobacco within 100 yards on an App circulated to all schools (289,392 in number). Chi-square tests, univariate and multivariate logistic regression performed to find association between schools with violations by Category of School, Size of School, Gender of students and location (Urban/Rural). Findings: Responses were received from 61,748 (21.3%) schools of which 16,193 (26.2%) reported violations. It was observed that the percentages of the schools with violations were similar to the prevalence of tobacco usage in the state. Four states AP, KA, ML, UP reported violations 22.2%, 17.5%, 42.9% and 31.4% respectively. On chi-square tests, there was a significant association for the states of KA and ML with regards to variables like size, category, location of schools (p-value <0.001). For AP, all variables were significantly different (p-value <0.001) while for UP variables like size and gender were significant. On logistic regression, there was significant association between the variables like size (>100), category (Upper Primary) and location (urban) for tobacco shops violations in both KA and ML except for the school category that was secondary in ML. While for AP and UP, only size (>100), location (urban) of schools have a significant association with the violations of tobacco shops. Logistic regression of pooled data of four states school size (>100) and school category (primary) and location (urban) had significantly higher association of violation of tobacco shops. Interpretation: This is the first large survey with responses from almost all parts of the four states in India. This study shows significant association with the size, category and location of schools. We anticipate that the lists of schools which have such violations can be used by enforcement agencies to take focused action. Such models will help develop effective tobacco control policies in developing countries with large populations where implementation remains a big challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid phosphatases belong to the group of enzymes, phosphomonoesterases, which play a major role in the mineralization of soil organic P. Substrate concentration of enzyme is one of the factors that affect the enzyme kinetics. To study the role of substrate concentration on soil enzyme activity in alfisols, twenty-five surface soil samples were collected and assayed for the activity of soil acid phosphatase. The acid phosphatase activity as expressed in terms of µg of 4-nitrophenol released g-1 soil h-1 in these soils varied from 16.9 to 268.4 with a mean value of 58.8 in surface soils. Among them, ten soil samples were selected to study enzyme kinetics with thirteen substrate concentrations under laboratory incubation studies with three replications. Soil acid phosphatase increased with an increase in substrate concentration up to 20mM and almost reached a plateau at a substrate concentration of more than 15mM. The enzyme activity remained almost constant in all the ten alfisols with further increase in substrate concentration, minimal change in enzyme activity was observed. Characteristics of enzyme activities like maximum enzyme reaction velocity (Vmax) and Michaelis constant (Km) were determined using the Michaelis-Menten equation similar to those determined in a homogenous system. The maximum reaction velocity of soil acid phosphatase for soils under study were calculated (µg of 4-nitrophenol g-1 soil h-1) and varied from 30.0 to 434.8 and the soils S6, S8, S9 and S10 recorded higher values using Line weaver-Burk plot. The values compared well with Hanes-Wolf transformation 25.5 to 364.7 and the soils S6, S8, S7 and S9 recorded higher values. Under Eadie - Hofstee transformation the values varied from 27.7 to 390.3 and higher values were recorded by S6, S8, S9 and S10. Michaelis constant (Km) of the soil acid phosphatase was calculated using Line weaver-Burk transformation plot, varied from 4.9 to 9.6 mM and the higher values were recorded by S6, S8, S1 and S10. The values compared well with those obtained from Hanes-Wolf 2.6 to 6.8 and soils S6, S8, S4 and S7 recorded higher values. In Eadie-Hofstee plots the values ranged from 3.7 to 7.8 and higher values were found in the soils S6, S8, S10 and S4. It was concluded that the linear transformation of Line-weaver Burk values was superior for estimating Km and Vmax values of enzymes in soil. However significant differences were noticed when Km and Vmax were calculated from the linear transformation of Michaelis plot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) that is responsible for enormous suffering, disability and premature death. This study is an autopsy based epidemiological study of deaths due to snake bite conducted in Kurnool medical college attached Government General Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh. The results of the study indicated that snake bites are more common among middle-aged, uneducated, male agricultural laborers working in fields during monsoon season. In Majority of the them bitten by snake over lower extremities. The majority of patients could not reach the hospital in time because their habitats are rural areas and not well connected to the nearby health centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expectation of a huge number of Electric Vehicles (EVs) into the market creates multiple technical problems. The power system is at risk due to the unsecured and unreliable operation resulting from unplanned charging and discharging. The unplanned EV charging and discharging change the load profile of the electric grid. Hence, it is required to develop an effective scheduling scheme for charging and discharging EVs. This research focuses on the minimization of the charging cost of a large number of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in a residential area and parking station. When a huge number of EVs are aggregated in the residential and parking stations, charging and discharging power should be a significant and viable contributor to the power grid. V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) technology offers additional potential benefits to improve power quality and also system reliability. EVs can also supply G2V (Grid-to-Vehicle) power through the discharge of the battery, which benefits both EV owners and electric utilities. It is very difficult to schedule the configurations of EV charging and discharging in an optimized way so as to decrease the charging cost of EVs. The usage of renewable energy sources like solar Photovoltaic (PV) power, reduces the burden on the grid. The solar PV systems are likely to have significant surplus power during the daytime. In this research, optimal charging and discharging scheduling schemes for EVs are developed and the proposed work is carried out under the MATLAB environment with and without Photovoltaic (PV) systems. The realistic load data is collected from Transmission Corporation of Andhra Pradesh (APTRANSCO), India and the solar data is taken from the Indian Solar Resource Data website. The effectiveness of the scheduling scheme is rated according to its capability to reduce the total cost. Extensive simulation studies have been performed on the distribution system under consideration and the results have been presented. The results demonstrate that the charging cost of EVs can be reduced significantly with the use of solar PV power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital identity platforms are a recent e-governance innovation for improving social assistance programming in the development context, the most well-known of which is India's Aadhaar. While a significant number of studies have accumulated on Aadhaar, so far under-researched is the importance of local government practices and processes in shaping usage of the platform to support social assistance programming. In this paper we theorize how local government intermediation on digital identity platforms can improve social assistance programming through a case study of the Aadhaar-enabled Fertilizer Distribution System (AeFDS) in Andhra Pradesh. Our findings show how the relevance of the platform for low-income farmers depends crucially on the proactive adaptation of the technology by key local government intermediaries. From a policy perspective, this result emphasizes the importance of supporting efforts to acknowledge the role of responsive local government agencies in ensuring that centralized digital identity platforms remain relevant for implementing social assistance programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Liver cancer is the third most common cause of cancer mortality. Artificial intelligence, as a diagnostic tool, can reduce physicians’ working load. However, the main fear is that due to the existence of many causes and factors, liver diseases are not easily diagnosed. This study analyzes liver disease intelligently. Various decision tree models were used in this research. Methods: The records of 583 patients in the North East of Andhra Pradesh, India, registered at the University of California in 2012, were collected. Decision tree models were compared by three measures of sensitivity, accuracy, and area under the ROC curve. Results: In this study, Decision-Stump showed better results than other models. Accuracy, sensitivity, and ROC curve of Decision-Stump were 71.3058, 1, and 0.646, respectively. Conclusion: The superior model with the highest precision is the Decision-Stump model. Therefore, the Decision-Stump model is recommended for liver disease diagnosis. This paper is invaluable for the allocation of health resources for risky people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Green Revolution" (GR) technology-induced agricultural intensification has transformed India from food scarcity to a food surplus country. However, this has also resulted into several adverse repercussions. Increased application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides with stagnating/declining crop productivity has dovetailed with uncertain market conditions and climate change effects which has resulted in un-remunerative agriculture. Consequently, farmers have fallen into the debt trap due to the rising cost of crop production apart from health hazards due to serious exposure to harmful chemical pesticides. Natural Farming (NF), an agro-ecological approach to farming is believed to be an effective way to counter some of these challenges. The present paper presents field-level farmers' experiences of NF adoption in three states of India—Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. The study was conducted during February–March 2019 by surveying 295 NF adopted and 170 non-NF adopted farmers. It was found that NF practice has been followed by some farmers for more than 10 years but others have adopted during the recent past. There is variation in the practice followed by the NF farmers. There are farmers who are using Farm Yard Manure (FYM). A solid form of jeevamritha (liquid concoction of microbial inoculants) called as ghanajeevamritha was also found to be used by farmers in Andhra Pradesh. It was observed that non-NF yields are superior to NF yield without FYM. In most crops, however, NF with FYM had a greater yield than NF without FYM and non-NF farms. There has been a decrease in the variable cost and a marginal increase in the market price of NF produce. The study suggests that natural farming may be seen as one of the alternative practices which has potential to rejuvenate the agro-ecosystem, besides cost saving for the individual farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of climate change and its impact on agriculture, the paper analyses the trend of monsoon rainfall and its correlation with crop yield in Andhra Pradesh. The summer monsoon is the main rainy source of water for the state of Andhra Pradesh. The Kharif crops depend on the southwest monsoon rains to the extent that its adverse variability may lead to water stress and agrarian crisis. It has been observed from the study that in recent years the contribution of monsoon rainfall during September is increasing, and any harvest during the month is correspondingly affected, leading to a decline in the crop yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews a range of global aquaculture health and safety literature to inform and contribute to the development of a socio-economic profile of Indian shrimp farm workers including the occupational hazards and injuries they face. In addition, 60 shrimp farm workers were interviewed from each of the states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. The study revealed that all shrimp farm workers were male, 58% were migrants, and ages ranged from 23 to 53 years with work experience of 5 to 24 years. Few workers (14%) had no formal schooling and many had secondary-level education. Reported physical hazards were high (93%) followed by biological (82%), chemical (77%), ergonomic (71%) and psycho-social (71%) hazards. The majority of physical injuries reported related to slips, falls and cuts (51%), electric shocks (44%), sunburn (41%), dehydration/ headaches (40%) and fractures (27%). Approximately 30%-39% had some chemical injury with skin infections/breathing problems. Indian shrimp farm workers face similar occupational hazards and injuries to shrimp farm workers in other countries. The occupational health and safety of shrimp farm workers should be integrated into the concept of 'One Health' to ensure aquaculture sustainability and safe, meaningful and good quality employment to workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural and food system transformation helps increase farm productivity and encourages farmers to participate in updated value chains, adopt newer technologies, thereby helping farmers transform their livelihoods in a sustainable manner. Relatedly, value chain innovations depend on multiple decisions farmers make at various stages of the value chain, adequate participation being a primary factor. In this paper, we integrate farmers' adoption decision of a new variety of chilli crop ("Teja") along with their electronic market participation decision and e-market participation intensity, based on data from the chilli farming sector in India, where agricultural markets have been modernized through digitization (Kalgudi e-Market). Thus, the employed Triple-Hurdle Model (THM) integrates adoption decision of "Teja" variety of chilli, e-Market Participation Decision and e-market participation intensity thereby, allowing us to make inferences relating to chilli farmers in Andhra Pradesh, India. Our results, showed that the drivers of "Teja" variety adoption, e-market participation, and e-participation intensity include education, reliable extension services, access to seeds of high yielding varieties, market information, and membership in farmer-producer organizations. Added to these, personnel training visits, prompt deliveries of inputs, and prompt payment of sales proceeds are also important in influencing participation and intensities. Results show that the three stochastic decisions of THM are strongly correlated implying that the adoption decision of "Teja" variety of chilli by the farmers influences the e-market participation decision and consequently, e-market participation intensity and these three decisions are sequential. On the contrary, the decisions viz., e-market participation decision and e-market participation intensity as input buyers and consequent adoption of "Teja" variety of chilli are simultaneous. So, the policy measures that promote production technology interventions (say, "Teja" variety of chilli) will definitely enhance better e-market access of chilli farmers. Accordingly, the breeding programs of the agricultural research stations should enhance the uptake of improved varieties in tune with modern marketing (e-market) technologies. Future farm policy and agricultural-research and innovations must recognize the potential that the digital marketing systems have to offer. Such considerations coupled with the provision of market infrastructure including assaying, grading, storage, and market information will promote digital transformation in agricultural value chains in developing countries like India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a brief assessment of the debt sustainability situation in residuary Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Telangana (TS) in comparison with the pre-bifurcated United Andhra Pradesh (UAP). Mainly two approaches, the Intertemporal budget constraint approach (IBC) and the Fiscal policy reaction approach (FPR), are used for testing debt sustainability. IBC analysis shows the debt is unsustainable in AP, but UAP and TS had sustainability at low levels making the long-run risk for solvency. FPR approach is used with four distinct models for explaining debt sustainability. All the models failed to prove debt sustainability in AP and UAP but provided evidence for weak sustainability in TS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural communication aims to influence farming and farmers significantly. The most basic definition of communication is the transfer of information from the farmers to the tribal people. By doing that, communication only informs the tribal people of the inclusion of new technology, actual change cannot occur only if the tribal people also obtain the technology and the training necessary to employ it. Schedule areas agriculture is very different from plough farming elsewhere. Generally, tribal communities have low population density, undulating topography, thickly wooded areas, and transportation problems. Most of the hill tribes use shifting farming, in their cultivation. The majority of the hill tribes use shiftfog farming and sometimes prefer alternative cultivation. Tribal people still engage in shifting agriculture due to the physical characteristics of the hills, and unless forced otherwise by physical or economic considerations, they prefer this technique to permanent agriculture. The importance of agriculture communication in schedule areas and coffee cultivation in Araku Valley Andhra Pradesh are covered in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper makes a comparative study on Public Schools and Government Schools in the contemporary social and cultural scenario with the importance of the parental care and how they are maintained by private owners and government officials respectively. The paper also discusses the role and responsibility of the important individuals-the father, the mother and the teacher - towards the spiritual and moral development of their children. Public schools, which are called 'Private schools' in our country, are symbols of modern feudalism. Public schools can also be described as 'private factories'. Teachers in private schools and colleges are under compulsion to show results to managements. Teachers campaign for admissions. When a teacher fails to secure admission, his job or his salary is under threat. There are popular Public (Private) schools but unfortunately there is no such popular government school. Under these circumstances, the question arises is how to create a good government teacher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: According to the 4th and 5th rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS), there is high prevalence of hysterectomies in the three states of Andhra Pradesh Telangana and Bihar. The three said states have more than double the number of hysterectomies taking place than the national average. Our purpose is to analyse whether these rates are increasing, decreasing or have stabilized and their reasons thereof. Such an analyses will help the policy makers in recommending good clinical practices within their states. Material and methods: We used data from NFHS-4 (2015-16) and NFHS-5 (2019-2021) rounds. We calculated the differences in predicted probabilities for various factors, performed a Fairlie Decomposition analyses to quantify the positive and negative contributors in the prevalence of hysterectomy across the three states over two time points, and assessed the association of various socio-demographic characteristics to hysterectomy through a multilevel logistic regression model. Results and conclusion: The results show that out of a total of 80,976 eligible respondents from the states under study, 5826 respondents self-reported that they had a hysterectomy done. It was found that older age, living in rural areas, belonging to other backward classes and higher wealth quintile, and higher parity positively contributed to the increased prevalence of hysterectomies in the three states. Higher educational attainment and previous use of family planning methods acted as protective factors. Characteristics at the household level had the highest intra-class correlation value in the prevalence of hysterectomy among women, followed by the Primary Sampling Unit and District levels, indicating high clustering in the prevalence of hysterectomy at the household level in all three states. Heavy menstrual bleeding/pain was the leading cause of hysterectomies in all three states, followed by fibroids/cysts in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and Uterine disorder/ prolapse in Bihar. Over 80% of hysterectomies took place in the private hospitals. Recommendations: The study recommends better, more efficient and accountable hysterectomy surveillance to ensure more sustainable woman's reproductive health services in India. Government should adopt and implement standard regulatory guidelines to prevent provider-driven avoidable hysterectomies. Moreover, we recommend informing primary care professionals about the long-term health effects of hysterectomy and promoting alternate therapies for treating uterine fibroids and heavy bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]