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This research investigates the complex interplay between carbon dioxide emissions, population dynamics, migration patterns, foreign direct investment, and gross domestic product in Vietnam. The paper uses the unrestricted fixed and random panel data method. The data is collected from the World Bank and Vietnam General Office of Statistics. This study employs a multidimensional analytical framework in the country's rapid economic growth context, combining quantitative and qualitative methods to unravel the nuanced relationships within this nexus. The main finding of this study reveals significant correlations between carbon dioxide emissions, population, migration, FDI- foreign direct investment inflows, and GDP- gross domestic product growth, highlighting the pivotal role of these factors in shaping Vietnam's economic landscape. The study draws on comprehensive datasets spanning multiple years. The research reveals significant correlations, notably the positive link between foreign direct investment inflows and gross domestic product growth. Simultaneously, the study sheds light on the environmental challenges associated with urbanization and the socioeconomic impacts of internal migration. The findings of this paper contribute to the theoretical understanding of these interconnected factors, emphasizing the need for an integrated policy approach. Policy recommendations include sustainable urban development strategies, sector-specific foreign direct investment initiatives, and inclusive migration policies. Additionally, fostering green technologies, community engagement, and international collaborations are proposed to advance Vietnam's sustainable development goals. This research is a foundation for policymakers, scholars, and stakeholders, offering actionable insights to guide Vietnam toward a balanced and resilient future. The study's methodology, findings, and policy implications contribute to the academic discourse on sustainable development and provide remarkable guidance for navigating the complexities of economic growth and environmental stewardship in emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of CO 2 to CO via the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction is the first step in CO 2 hydrogenation. This process converts CO 2 into valuable compounds, such as methanol, to address the global issue of CO 2 emissions. In this paper, the performance of a Cu-based catalyst supported on a biochar substrate (prepared from fig leaves) in RWGS was investigated. Biochar prevents the agglomeration of copper particles due to its high BET surface area, resulting in a significant increase in catalyst stability. Additionally, the presence of regular pores leads to an enhanced dispersion of copper particles on the substrate surface, preventing particle accumulation. The prepared catalysts were characterized by SEM, XRD, FT-IR and BET. Catalytic tests were carried out in a fixed bed reactor at atmospheric pressure and a temperature range of 400–600 °C with a different H 2 /CO 2 ratio. Besides, gas hourly space velocities (GHSV = 28,800 and 187,800 ml g−1 h−1) were assessed. In this study, four different ratios of Cu (10 %, 15 %, 20 % and 25 %) were considered for our experiments. The 20%Cu sample reached the highest CO 2 conversion (58 %) and CO selectivity value (>98 %) in 600 °C with GHSV = 96,000 ml g−1 h−1 for long terms runs. Also, this sample in comparison to industrial Copper–Zinc catalyst displayed significantly higher levels of CO 2 conversion and CO selectivity. • Biochar prevents Cu particles agglomeration, resulting an increase in catalyst stability. • Cat. 20 % performs more optimally with 98 % CO selectivity. • CO2 conversion decreased from 54.9 % to 51.4 %, while selectivity remained constant at 98.8 % in 30 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of flame ion current is a promising approach in fully premixed combustion. However, how to control the excess air coefficient (α) by ion current still needs an effective method. For this reason, the application of natural gas (12T), hydrogen-doped 12T (12T-H) and dimethyl ether (DME) in fully premixed combustion is experimentally studied in this paper. The emission characteristics of NO x , CO and CO 2 from fully premixed condensing gas boilers (FPCGB) were analyzed. The detection voltage generated by the flame ion current is used to monitor the NO x emissions of different gas types. A novel combustion control method based on flame ion current is proposed. The results show that hydrogen addition can reduce NO x , CO and CO 2 emissions of 12T. The highest NO x emission is observed at a hydrogen volume ratio (HVR) of 15 % in the experiment. The detection voltage gradually decreases with increasing HVR. The CO 2 of DME is always lower than 12T. When α exceeds 1.21, 1.31 and 1.12, respectively, DME exhibits higher values in NO x , CO and detection voltage compared to that of 12T. In addition, two combustion characteristic values are identified and proposed for combustion feedback control. The peak voltage (U p) can be used as a parameter to identify the type of gas. The emission voltage (U e) can be used to determine whether the NO x emission concentration exceeds the 40 ppm threshold. • The fully premixed combustion of hydrogen and dimethyl ether is studied. • A gas type identification method based on fully premixed combustion is proposed. • An ion current detection method for fully premixed combustion is proposed. • A fully premixed combustion control method based on flame ions is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia/coal co-firing in coal-fired power plants is an effective way to achieve CO 2 reduction. In this paper, the ammonia/coal co-firing study was carried out in a 45 kW wall-temperature-controlled staged combustion downstream furnace at 1100 °C. Bituminous coal was used as the experimental object to analyze the effects of ammonia injected at the main combustion zone, reduction zone, with the burnout air, and at the burnout zone on NO release characteristics at different ammonia co-firing ratios. To ascertain the significant reaction of NO production in the ammonia/coal co-firing, chemical reaction kinetics calculations were performed. When co-firing ratios of 10∼30%, the NO emission concentration is lower by the ammonia injection position of the main combustion zone which is 275–346 mg/m3. When co-firing ratios reach to 40% and 50%, NO releases are lower by the ammonia injection position of burnout zone which is 511–574 mg/m3. In addition to exhibiting a greater capacity to decrease NO in environments with low oxygen concentrations and high NO concentrations, ammonia can also, under specific circumstances, have a significant capacity to decrease NO in environments with high oxygen concentrations. Based on the experimental results and chemical kinetic calculations, the NO release pattern and mechanism during ammonia-coal co-combustion with different ammonia injection methods under air staged combustion were investigated, which provides a technically feasible solution to reduce CO 2 and NOx emissions from coal-fired power plants. • Conducted NH 3 /coal co-firing tests in a one-dimensional down-fired furnace. • Ammonia injection methods is analysed in detail. • NH 3 injected in main combustion zone is better with low co-firing ratio. • The fuel-lean/rich atmosphere transformation promotes NO reduction ability of NH 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia (NH3) is considered one of the most promising carbon-free fuels for internal combustion engines. Adopting diesel-NH3 dual fuel combustion mode is the most convenient way to utilize NH3 fuel in compression ignition engines. Increasing the proportion of NH3 fuel is a key factor in effectively reducing carbon emissions. Therefore, in this paper, the combustion and emission characteristics of the engine under high proportions of NH3 ratios were investigated. Compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC), diesel-NH3 dual fuel combustion leads to a significant increase in the ignition delay. High NH3 energy ratio (ER) at low loads result in deteriorated combustion, whereas as the load increases, the fuel concentration in the cylinder increases and the reactivity strengthens, leading to enhanced combustion performance. At an indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) of 10 bar and an NH3 ER of 0.6, the indicated efficiency can reach 44.5%. Increasing the intake pressure can improve the in-cylinder thermal atmosphere but reduces the equivalence ratio of the premixed NH3 fuel, resulting in deteriorated combustion and a continuous decrease in indicated thermal efficiency. Therefore, the impact of the NH3 fuel equivalence ratio is greater compared to the in-cylinder temperature and pressure environment under medium engine load conditions. • Combustion characteristics of NH3-diesel dual fuel mode with high NH3 energy ratio were studied. • With IMEP of 10 bar and the NH3 energy ratio of 0.6, the indicated thermal efficiency can reach 44.5%. • Increasing combustion temperature or ammonia premixed concentration can help to inhibit N2O emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU has established the world's first cross-border emission-trading systems (ETS) for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, currently covering aviation, emission-intensive sectors, and electricity (EITE). The EU Commission has offered to apply emissions trading in new sectors where emissions from maritime transport will be incorporated into the current EU ETS, while a separated emissions trading system will cover emissions from road transport and the building sector. This paper employs a multi-regional multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with two simultaneous international emission permit markets. After examining the abatement costs for the EU regions, various policy scenarios are implemented to study the welfare effects of forming an ETS covering the sectors other than EITE (NEIT) and its linking with the EITE sectors under two different baselines and four emission reduction targets. The results provide several important insights: (i) Marginal abatement costs in Germany and the Eastern European Union region (EEU) are significantly lower than in the rest of the EU regions. (ii) The carbon price in the emission permit market covering NEIT is significantly higher than the carbon price in the emission permit market covering EITE. (iii) Germany and EEU appear as notable suppliers of emission permits in both markets. (iv) There is a significant aggregate welfare gain under the scenario in which the ETS covering NEIT co-exists parallel with the ETS covering EITE. (v) The aggregate welfare in the EU under the full integration of EITE and NEIT may fall below its value under the scenario with two parallel emission permit markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, companies are collaborating and forming supply chain partnerships under a certain scheme, such as a vendor-managed inventory scheme. The collaboration increases the supply chain's visibility, which leads to cost efficiency. It may also contribute to enhancing the supply chain's green performance. This paper presents a supply chain inventory model to guide managers in making optimal inventory decisions considering the logistics cost and carbon emissions. A vendor supplies products under a vendor-managed inventory; hence, it is responsible for the logistics activities. The effect of product deterioration and quality problems are also considered, in which the vendor performs a 100% quality inspection. A carbon price is imposed on total emissions from production and logistics activities under a cap-and-trade regulation. The result is inventory decisions regarding the optimal delivery quantity as well as the delivery frequencies that minimize the total costs. The reduction in total carbon emissions from the decisions was also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic steam hydrogasification of coal is a direct method for methane production. Calcium looping concept is usually used in coal gasification process for in-situ carbon dioxide removal and heat supply. In this paper, a new process combining catalytic steam hydrogasification and calcium looping was proposed and investigated using a self designed instantaneously feeding reactor under high-temperature and pressurized conditions. The effects of operation conditions (including hydrogen concentration with a range of 0–50 vol%, gasification pressure with a range of 0.1–3.5 MPa, gasification temperature with a range of 700–800 °C, and gasification-calcination cycle number up to six) on the performance of the new process have been studied. The results show that: (i) increasing H 2 concentration is beneficial to methane products; (ii) high temperature and low pressure are not conducive to methane production and carbon dioxide capture as well as the self-sustained heat supply in gasifier; (iii) the methane content and carbon conversion can be maintained at 30–40 vol% and 75–80% for the durability tests. According to the performance of gas products, 750 °C 3.5 MPa and Ca/C = 0.5 are suggested for the new process. In addition, the gasification reactivity can be affected by the Ca–K-Char interaction as indicated by the XRD, FT-IR and SEM-EDX analysis. • Catalytic calcium looping methane generation (Ca-LMG) of coal was proposed. • H 2 enhanced the CH 4 production while CaO mitigated the CO 2 emission. • CH 4 concentration was increased from 5 to 35% after H 2 and CaO addition at 700 °C. • Ca-LMG process could achieve thermal balance for the gasification-regeneration system. • Ca-LMG showed excellent durability performance for methane production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of climate change and technological innovation on economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon emissions by using annual observations of a wide range of variables of Asian and European countries from 1996 to 2021. The study uses a dynamic GMM model and reveals significant regional heterogeneity and time-varying effects of technological innovation on economic growth. Technological innovation plays a more substantial role in promoting sustainable economic growth in European countries compared to Asian countries. The study also uncovers a spatial linkage and dependence between climate change and technological innovation. The technological transfer from European countries has increased energy consumption and carbon emissions in Asian countries, leading to abnormal climate change. The paper underscores the importance of targeted technological innovation strategies in Asian countries to improve energy efficiency and mitigate climate change. The study also confirms the EKC hypothesis with an observed inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions. • There is a strong linkage among energy consumption, carbon emissions, climate change, and technological innovation. • Technological innovation plays a more significantly positive role for economic growth in European countries. • Technological innovation has a significant positive correlation on fossil energy consumption in Asia, while is negative in Europe. • The extreme climate changes lead to higher energy consumption in both Asian and European countries, while the technological innovation is the opposite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments around the world have enacted many policies to reduce environmental pollution and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. This study aimed to determine and understand the relationship between innovation, renewable energy consumption, foreign direct investment inflows, economic growth and CO2 emission in Vietnam. Information was collected annually based on the annual data of the General Statistics Office of Vietnam and World Bank from 2000 to 2022. The authors use the unrestricted fixed effects to resolve the study problems and using panel data method. The results indicate that innovation positively affects environmental pollution in Vietnam. However, renewable energy consumption has a negative effect on environmental pollution in Vietnam. In addition, FDI inflows and economic growth have strongly positive effects on environmental pollution. This paper also provides some recommendations that can assist Vietnam in developing a green and sustainable economy in the technology revolution 5.0 to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) over a long-term period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in studying the impact of energy consumption, economic growth, and urbanization on carbon emissions in developing economies. Data from twelve developing East Asian and Pacific countries for the period 1990 to 2014 has been used for analysis. The empirical results, estimated through application of the System Generalized Method of Moment (GMM), show that energy consumption, economic growth, and urbanization all significantly increase carbon emissions, thereby adding to serious environmental challenges in the region. Moreover, public policies designed to shift economies from non-renewable to renewable energy resources have been taken into account, and their impact was found to have been insignificant in the sampled countries. However, the results depict an inverted U-shaped relationship between per capita economic growth and carbon emissions, confirming the existence of an EKC in the region. The empirical findings suggest that energy conservation and policies fostering use of renewables helped to improve economic growth, control carbon emissions, and support the rising energy demand resulting from increased urban sprawl. In order to improve the influence of public policies in controlling carbon emissions, our analysis finds a need for stronger initiative to be taken in regional dialogues and policy frameworks, and for greater collaboration among diverse stakeholders often characterized by differing values, interests, and objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seeing the uprising economy and population of Saudi Arabia, some of its energy subsidies may be acceptable or even necessary to reach the country's social and economic objectives. Nevertheless, an over-subsidisation and poor implementation may lead these subsidies to deviate from their initial objectives or even contradict them. This paper uses the price-gap approach to estimate the size of energy subsidies in Saudi Arabia. The results indicate that the value of kingdom's energy subsidies amounts for $80 billion in 2012, representing 11% of the country's GDP. Oil products, gasoline and diesel, are the most subsidised followed by electricity and finally natural gas. The Input-output model was used to quantify the effect of a reform on the economy. The findings show that a total removal of energy subsidies with no social safety nets would affect negatively Saudi Arabia's economy and mostly the energy intensive industries, especially the quarrying and mining sector. However, a total removal of subsidies accompanied with a targeted cash transfer towards social and health sectors would affect positively the majority of the country's economy apart from sectors that relays heavily on energy consumption. The paper also proposes subsidies reform options, like implementing compensatory measures to cover the energy prices increase to protect the limited and low-income households, using and reinforcing the social safety networks to face any changes in energy prices. Image 1 • Price-gap approach is proposed to estimate Saudi Arabia's energy subsidies. • Saudi Arabia spent $80 Billion on energy subsidies in 2012. • Input-Output model is proposed to quantify the impact of energy subsidy removal. • Energy intensive industries are the most affected by energy subsidy removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]