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This paper conducts a computational investigation of the phase behaviour of $ \textrm{C}{\textrm{H}_4} $ C H 4 - $ \textrm{C}{\textrm{O}_2} $ C O 2 binary system, utilising the SAFT-VR Mie equation of state alongside molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Molecular parameters for pure $ \textrm{C}{\textrm{H}_4} $ C H 4 and $ \textrm{C}{\textrm{O}_2} $ C O 2 compounds were obtained by fitting the SAFT-VR Mie EOS to vapour pressure and saturated liquid density experimental data. The research first validates the SAFT-VR Mie EOS on thermodynamic properties and vapour–liquid equilibria for different compositions, pressures, and temperatures of pure $ \textrm{C}{\textrm{H}_4} $ C H 4 , $ \textrm{C}{\textrm{O}_2} $ C O 2 , and $ \textrm{C}{\textrm{H}_4} $ C H 4 - $ \textrm{C}{\textrm{O}_2} $ C O 2 mixtures with the newly extracted parameters. The study confirms the EOS's accurate prediction of coexistence properties, including pressure, density, and phase-equilibrium curve. MD simulations were performed using the LAMMPS software package, with Mie force field parameters derived from this study for non-bonded interactions. Simulations were conducted using three other force fields (OPLS-UA, UFF, and GAFF) to compare their performance with our approach. The simulation results were compared to laboratory data, or REFPROP, in the absence of laboratory data. The results showed a relatively good agreement, indicating that combining SAFT-VR Mie EOS and MD simulations is a reliable predictive tool for designing gas processing and gas storage applications involving $ \textrm{C}{\textrm{H}_4} $ C H 4 - $ \textrm{C}{\textrm{O}_2} $ C O 2 mixtures. This approach also mitigates the need for expensive and hazardous high-pressure laboratory techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite extensive works have been devoted to study the scale inhibition behavior, the performance of inhibitors is still not fully understood. In this paper, we present a laboratory study to elucidate the impact of water composition on the performance of some commonly used phosphonate and polymeric calcium carbonate scale inhibitors, in highly supersaturated brines at high temperature. Calcium tolerance inhibitor chemicals with various molecular structures are studied using dynamic scale loop test method at 150 °C. Brine composition is varied by changing the non-stoichiometry of scaling lattice ions, e.g., ( Ca 2 + ) / ( CO 3 2 − ) ratio, over a wide range. Test results indicate that the effectiveness of inhibitors can be significantly changed by the scaling ion ratio. In general, the efficacy of inhibitors decreases significantly with calcium concentration in the test brine even at constant supersaturation state and temperature, and also the performance ranking of the different inhibitor chemistries can be changed with brine composition. This could be caused by the alternations of interactions between inhibitor molecules and the surface of calcium carbonate scale crystals. Findings from this study suggest that the effect of scaling ion ratio must be considered in scaling risk assessment and for the optimization of inhibitor treatment programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweep efficiency of stagnant and poorly drained reservoir zones is extremely relevant task during gas and chemical flooding of hard-to-recover reserves. The paper presents the results of the field implementation of the in-situ CO2 generation technology to recovery of residual oil reserves and increase the sweep efficiency factor. The article presents the results of theoretical and laboratory studies, as well as field cases of an energy- and resource-saving method for oil recovery increase and improving oil production. The results of the reservoir stimulation confirmed the increase in the total incremental oil production after treatment operation on recovering residual oil reserves on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions or collecting and converting existing greenhouse gases has become a global concern. One of the most effective methods of utilizing CH4 and CO2 resources is the dry reforming of methane (DRM). Transition metal carbide catalysts have attracted wide attention because of their excellent catalysis performance and carbon deposition resistance. However, pure-phase carbides are easily oxidized and deactivated at atmospheric pressure in DRM reactions. There is a problem of poor dispersion (Mo2C 17 m² /g). Therefore, this paper summarizes the effects of adding active sites and supported carbides on the DRM reaction, discusses the role of active sites and supports in the catalyst, and introduces the different preparation methods of transition metal carbides. This paper also reviews the catalyst mechanism of transition metal carbides in DRM reactions. Nevertheless, the current research in this field needs to be deepened. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the exploration of various catalyst preparation methods and mechanisms, so as to realize future improvement in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the industrial revolution progresses, carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are major concerns because they are the main contributors to greenhouse gases. The concentration of these harmful gases in the industry is very high, which is emitted by workers and industrial materials. Therefore, it is required to maintain a safe percentage of CO2, SO2, and other harmful gases in the air of industry and ensure safety from fire accidents. This paper presents a compressor driven system that could capture harmful gases including CO2 and SO2 from the polluted air of different industries and households. The captured and separated CO2 works as a fire extinguishing agent to safeguard fire accidents for large industries and households. Thus, this system ensures a protected working place and a healthy atmosphere for industrial workers. Besides, this system can be applied in place of the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system in small industries and for a four-wheeler, internal combustion engine, as this system could capture and separate the harmful carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. This paper also presents a developed model of different polymeric membranes to simulate the separation of carbon dioxide after the post-combustion process. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been performed by COMSOL 5.5 to observe the carbon dioxide separation by polymeric membranes like polycarbonate (0.07 mol/m3) and polytetrafluoroethylene (0.1 mol/m3) polymeric membranes for specific pore sizes which is comparable to experimental data (0.05 mol/m3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy generation and pollutant emissions are two faces of the same coin, as the current energy sources i.e., fossil energy, are still considered to be major sources of greenhouse gases (GHG). Therefore, shifting to cleaner energy sources imposes itself as an inevitable solution to reduce this environmental cost. In this paper, a hybrid system based on the multi-agent approach and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks to forecast the energy production and its carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and simulate the potential emission reduction in case of switching to renewable energy sources is presented. The proposed system's architecture consists of combining LSTM models with the agent-based technology, where multiple LSTM forecasting models were trained to forecast the production of each type of the studied energies and then estimate the equivalent emitted CO2 and calculate the influence of the renewable energy inputs on the carbon emissions and the fossil fuels consumption. The simulation process consists of two phases: firstly, each forecasting agent uses a specific LSTM model to forecast short-term energy production. Secondly, these agents send the forecasted values to the coordination agent who is responsible for calculating the total CO2 emissions and the benefits of the renewable energy inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of China as the research area, this paper studies the influence of freight structure adjustment and energy intensity on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from the transportation industry. Sample data from 1990 to 2019 are selected, and co-integration analysis is performed using three independent variables: energy intensity, turnover ratio of railway to highway (R/H), and turnover ratio of railway to waterway (R/W). Then, an autoregressive distribution lag-error correction model (ARDL-ECM) is established to estimate the long-run and short-run relationships among the variables through unit root test, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) boundary test, and Granger test. The results show that in the long run, the growth of energy intensity leads to the long-term growth of CO2 emission in the transportation sector of the YRD, and R/W and R/H have a suppressive effect on CO2 emission. Granger causality indicates that there is a bidirectional causal relationship between energy intensity and CO2 emission. This work can be a reference for government departments to formulate policies related to carbon emissions in the transportation industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world No.1 emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2), China has made up its mind to act on climate change. After trials in six pilot regions- Shenzhen, Shanghai, Beijing, Guangdong, Tianjin, Hubei, and Chongqing- a nationwide ETS has been established and implemented in line with the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period (2016–2020). This paper simulates the effect of a national ETS in China using GTAP 9.1 database and a revised GTAP-E model. The simulation results show that the ETS is very effective in emissions reduction but will cause a mild economic contraction. At the sectoral level, the energy and resource sectors and energy intensive sectors are to be hit hard while most other sectors are affected negatively but insignificantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's numerous resource-based cities have confronted severe environmental and economic problems, which were substantial impediments to the regional sustainable development. In 2013, China started to implement its 'National Sustainable Development Plan of Resource-Based Cities', in order to transform the previous development patterns. This study employs the difference-in-differences (DID) method to evaluate the policy's impact on the city-level carbon dioxide (CO2) emission intensity. CO2 intensity is defined as the scale of CO2 emitted per unit of GDP. The research sample covers 326 Chinese cities during 2008—2017. Research results indicate that the policy significantly increased the CO2 intensity in resource-based cities. Moreover, it is found that the policy dampened resource-based cities' innovation levels and these cities did not strengthen their environmental regulations, which can be provided as the explanations of why the policy effect on carbon intensity was positive. Furthermore, this study reports the discrepancies in policy effects when cities have different development stages, spatial locations and marketization levels. Overall, this research discovers an undesirable policy effect. More actions should be taken to reduce the carbon intensity during the structural transformation in resource-based cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CO2-containing natural gas is increasing, and there is an urgent need for green treatment of natural gas containing CO2 to realize the utilization of natural gas. Conventional natural gas decarbonization methods have drawbacks such as non-environmental friendliness, and the low-temperature condensation separation of carbon dioxide (snowing-separation) method as a green method of carbon capture is proposed in this paper. Aiming at the characteristics of CO2 condensation in the snowing-separation process, the growth process of CO2 crystals is obtained by simulation using the CA (Cellular Automata) method and finds that the effect of supersaturation on the growth of CO2 crystals is exponential. The snowing-separation process at .5 MPa is analyzed, and it is found that the condensation range is 158.51 K–173.86 K, the upper limit of CO2 mole fraction in natural gas is 10.1%, and the minimum separation time is 8.65 × 10−8s. Analyzing the influencing factors of CO2 separation efficiency, combining the simulation results with the experimental results, the maximum relative error is 13.93%, which can better predict the snowingseparation technology of CO2 in natural gas, and then promote the development of efficient low-temperature carbon capture process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instead, we'd be investing that wood fiber - that biomass - into wood products with a long shelf life, which leads to much bigger carbon emission reductions than what happens when you turn that fiber into wood pellets for bioenergy. Our trees had removed that carbon from the atmosphere and locked it up in the form of wood, but the actual accounting benefits will go to Drax, Britain, because they are the ones who are considered to have I replaced i the burning of fossil fuel with the burning of wood. Biomass, bioenergy, carbon dioxide, climate change, forestry, wood combustion, Drax, sustainable forestry. [Extracted from the article]

Lime is a product derived from the thermal decomposition of limestone (mainly calcium carbonate, CaCO3) into quicklime (CaO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), also called calcination. Controlled reaction with water is used to manufacture hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) products. Lime is used in a wide variety of applications: metals industry, construction materials sector, civil engineering, environmental protection, agriculture, and chemical industry. Lime production is one of the sources of anthropogenic CO2 emissions resulting in global warming and ocean acidification. However, a proportion of the CO2 emitted during the calcination is reabsorbed by the lime during the product life within its different applications. This process called carbonation is thermodynamically favoured because it is exothermal. It allows permanent CO2 storage in a stable product since the lime combines with gaseous CO2 reforming CaCO3. This paper reports a comprehensive literature review on the carbonation potential of lime in different applications. The total carbonation potential is assessed as carbonation rate, i.e. the ratio between the CO2 reabsorbed through carbonation during the operational life of lime and the CO2 emitted during limestone calcination. This study provided preliminary evidence that, based on the current EU market, on average 23–33% of lime process emissions are carbonated during the use phase. Carbonation over time is also analysed for the lime applications where information is available. For three applications, namely water, flue gas cleaning and pulp and paper, the carbonation reaction is instantaneous. Up to 22% of the calcination emissions are absorbed within five years based on the current EU market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing food demand, environmental degradation, post-harvest losses and the dearth of resources encourage the decision makers from developing nations to integrate the economic and environmental aspects in food supply chain network design. This paper aims to develop a bi-objective decision support model for sustainable food grain supply chain considering an entire network of procurement centres, central, state and district level warehouses, and fair price shops. The model seeks to minimise the cost and carbon dioxide emission simultaneously. The model covers several problem peculiarities such as multi-echelon, multi-period, multi-modal transportation, multiple sourcing and distribution, emission caused due to various motives, heterogeneous capacitated vehicles and limited availability, and capacitated warehouses. Multiple realistic problem instances are solved using the two Pareto based multi-objective algorithms. Sensitivity analysis results imply that the decision makers should establish a sufficient number of warehouses in each producing and consuming states by maintaining the suitable balance between the two objectives. Various policymakers like Food Corporation of India, logistics providers and state government agencies will be benefited from this research study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative emissions technologies (NETs) for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) are increasingly important responses to achieve global climate change targets, but to date, there has been insufficient attention to land-based NETs (including afforestation, biochar, and other measures) as an agrarian challenge for the global South. This paper explores the implications of different NETs for land, labor, capital, and politics in rural spaces and contributes to articulating agrarian climate justice by demonstrating the potentially unjust implications of many NETs. The paper concludes with how these measures might be designed to be less negative for rural peoples in future implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents two multi-objective models that integrate packaging size and production scheduling problems for a flexible flow shop system. The main objective is to find the packaging size of finished product per item and the production schedule that would minimise cost of lost units, unpacking cost, inventory cost, earliness/tardiness penalties and kilograms of carbon dioxide emitted by resources operation. Since the complexity of the proposed models, a Pareto-based hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) is also developed. A case study was developed to analyse the performance of both models using different instances. Numerical results indicate that the outperformance of one model over the other depends on the demand and the packaging size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiments on microwave pyrolysis of soybean straw are studied to produce hydrogen-rich gas under CO2 atmosphere in this paper. The microwave power has an important effect on the temperature. The final temperature increases and the time to obtain the highest temperature is shortened with the power increasing. The gas yield, H2 yield and potential H2 yield increase rapidly with the power increasing, and the gaseous yield at CO2 atmosphere is up to 55.70% at 1000 W, and it is higher than N2 atmosphere. The main components of microwave pyrolysis gas product are H2 and CO, the content of syngas (H2+ CO) at CO2 atmosphere is 84.19% at 1000 W, which is more than N2 atmosphere. However, H2/CO ratio is about 0.80 at CO2 atmosphere, which is lower than N2 atmosphere, and H2/CO ratio at CO2 atmosphere is not suitable for the requirements of chemical synthesis. If it is used to synthesize liquid fuels, H2/CO ratio must be adjusted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercritical carbon dioxide fracturing can effectively relieve the environmental pressure caused by in-situ production of oil shale. In order to study the process of fracture propagation during supercritical carbon dioxide fracturing, a fracture propagation model of supercritical carbon dioxide fracturing is established in this paper, and an unsteady temperature field model is introduced. Based on the discrete fracture model, the fluid temperature field in one-dimensional fracture is coupled with the temperature field of two-dimensional reservoir rock. The new model also takes into account the real-time variation of carbon dioxide physical parameters, which are calculated by Span-Wagner and Vesovic equations. Based on this model, the influencing factors of fracture propagation in supercritical carbon dioxide fracturing are analyzed. The results show that the leak-off coefficient has an obvious effect on fracture propagation, so an additive needs to be developed to reduce the leak-off. Since carbon dioxide is a compressible fluid, the reservoir temperature and the original in-situ stress also have a significant impact on the fracture propagation. The temperature of carbon dioxide at the bottom of the well has no significant effect on fracture propagation, because carbon dioxide will quickly reach reservoir temperature when it enters the formation. Comprehensive considering the fracture length, width, filtration, and potential effect on proppant transport during supercritical carbon dioxide fracturing, the injection rate should be as high as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satellites provide global long-time series of spatio-temporal continuous CO2 observations. However, it is difficult to be applied to the study of small-scale carbon cycle because of its low spatial resolution. In this paper, the Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) XCO2 data are super-resolution reconstructed using bicubic interpolation, which improved the spatial resolution from 2.5o to 0.5o. CO2 measurements from ten selected TCCON sites are used to compare with the reconstructed GOSAT. Further, the high accuracy Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) data analysed by the combination of geographical grid statistics and kriging is used to evaluate the reconstructed data. The results show that compared with the original GOSAT data, the reconstructed GOSAT data not only improves the spatial resolution but also has little loss of the average accuracy. The mean error of original data has significant seasonal fluctuations with a peak from February to March and a trough from June to July [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the impact of political regimes on carbon emissions (CO2) from a historical perspective, covering the period of 1970–2015. Our sample consists of 153 countries that we follow for 20 years before the transition (1970–1990) and 26 years after it (1990–2015). During transition, post-Communist states experienced a decline in CO2, when controlling for economic variables. Transition had a positive impact on the environment only in cases when it was associated with democratization. When transition has led to consolidation of autocratic regimes, CO2 has increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that investigated the biodegradability and disintegration of paper product and its effects on compost quality. Effect of lignin content of materials in the low biodegradability level based on microbial degradation and measurement of carbon dioxide evolution; Degradation of nylon bags; Results of data analysis.

This study investigates two configurations of novel solar energy-assisted combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) systems suitable for the dairy industry. The system uses carbon dioxide (CO2) as the working fluid. The cooling and heating outputs were used for the simultaneous chilling and pasteurization of milk. The electrical power produced in the turbine is used to run the compressor and cater to the miscellaneous electrical demands of the dairy farm, thereby achieving grid independence. A detailed thermodynamic analysis was performed on the two configurations (with and without reheating) to identify the impact of various independent parameters on system performance. In addition, an irreversibility analysis was performed on the components in both configurations to obtain an idea of the losses occurring in the system. It is observed that the addition of the reheater provides a better specific net power output by approximately 4% over a variation of 6000 kPa in the cycle maximum pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diffusion of molecules on interstellar grain surfaces is one of the most important driving forces for the molecular complexity in the interstellar medium. Due to the lack of laboratory measurements, astrochemical modeling of grain surface processes usually assumes a constant ratio between the diffusion energy barrier and the desorption energy. This over-simplification inevitably causes large uncertainty in model predictions. We present a new measurement of the diffusion of CO $ _2 $ 2 molecules on the surface of non-porous amorphous solid water (np-ASW), an analog of the ice mantle that covers cosmic dust grains. A small coverage of CO $ _2 $ 2 was deposited onto an np-ASW surface at 40 K, the subsequent warming of the ice activated the diffusion of CO $ _2 $ 2 molecules, and a transition from isolated CO $ _2 $ 2 to CO $ _2 $ 2 clusters was seen in the infrared spectra. To obtain the diffusion energy barrier and pre-exponential factor simultaneously, a set of isothermal experiments were carried out. The values for the diffusion energy barrier and pre-exponential factor were found to be $ 1300\pm 110 $ 1300 ± 110 K and $ 10^{7.6\pm 0.8} $ 10 7.6 ± 0.8 s $ ^{-1} $ − 1 . A comparison with prior laboratory measurements on diffusion is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides scientific evidence for the process of denim biodegradation and the viability of including denim waste in large scale composting facility feedstock streams. Fourteen samples of denim using different dyes and dye processes provided by Cotton Incorporated as well as worn and unworn whole and scrap denim fabric were incorporated into a manure/bedding and food scrap windrow at the Cornell composting facility and in a bench scale laboratory trial. Grab samples of compost were analyzed for compost parameters, metals and PFAS. Visual observation of decomposition of denim showed polyester blended denim degraded at a slower rate than non-blended denim. However, after four months of hot composting, most of the denim had decomposed into organic matter, leaving only small pieces of the polyester thread, labels, and pockets. Bench scale degradation, tracked by carbon dioxide evolution and mass difference showed significant degradation at the macro and microscopic levels at day 75. Composting denim fabric has no detrimental effect on the composting process, nor on the quality of the resulting compost and thus can be used to grow cotton and other crops, reducing the carbon footprint, and contributing to the circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this research was to evaluate the capability of chitosan (CS)-lightweight expanded clay aggregate (Leca) composite as a green adsorbent for efficient capture of carbon dioxide (CO2). The adsorption process was modelled by response surface methodology (RSM). The composite was recognised by BET, SEM, EDX, XRF, XRD, TGA, XPS and FTIR analysis. It was evidenced the CS-Leca properties attributing to its adsorption ability were eminently improved as compared to pristine Leca. Maximum removal efficiency of CO2 (91.59%) was achieved at 40°C, 40 mL/min gas flow rate and 5% moisture content. Under aforementioned provisions, the actual CO2 removal percentage was found to be 90.4%. According to uptake isotherm studies, the Toth model indicated good affinity between the sorbent and sorbate. This model declares adsorption of CO2 onto CS-Leca involves a heterogeneous and uneven adsorption behaviour. The monolayer adsorption capacity (qm) was determined to be 351.24 mg/g. The outcomes of thermodynamic studies displayed that the adsorption was physical and exothermic in nature. The exothermic isosteric heat of adsorption (IHA) was found as 37.1–48.3 kJ/mol which represented weak chemical interactions between CS-Leca and CO2 molecules. Adsorption mechanism studies revealed that multiple mechanisms are involved in the adsorption reaction of CO2. Regeneration tests of CS-Leca exhibited multiple potential applications. All these results enlightened that the CS-Leca, due to its grafting polymer, can be applied as a potential sorbent to the recycle of CO2 and other acidic gases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a zinc metalloenzymes that catalyse the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and proton, pivotal for a wide range of biological processes. CAs are involved in numerous pathologies and thus represent valuable drug targets in the treatments of several diseases such as glaucoma, obesity, tumour, neuropathic pain, cerebral ischaemia, or as antiinfectives. In the last two decades, several efforts have been made to achieve selective CA inhibitors (CAIs) employing different drug design approaches. However, N-substitutions on primary sulphonamide groups still remain poorly investigated. Here, we reported for the first time the co-crystallisation of a N-nitro sulphonamide derivative with human (h) CA II pointing out the binding site and mode of inhibition of this class of CAIs. The thorough comprehension of the ligand/target interaction might be valuable for a further CAI optimisation for achieving new potent and selective derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urease is a kind of nickel-dependent metalloenzyme, which exists in the biological world widely, and can catalyse the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide to provide a nitrogen source for organisms. Urease has important uses in agriculture and medicine because it can catalyse the production of ammonia. Therefore, in this review, metal-based inhibitors of urease will be summarised according to different transition metal ions. Including the urease inhibition, structure–activity relationship, and molecular docking. Importantly, among these reviewed effective urease inhibitors, most of copper metal complexes exhibited stronger urease inhibition with IC50 values ranging from 0.46 μM to 41.1 μM. Significantly, the collected comprehensive information looks forward to providing rational guidance and effective strategies for the development of novel, potent, and safe metal-based urease inhibitors, which are better for practical applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is a common clinical critical syndrome with substantial mortality. Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R) has been proposed for the treatment of ARF. However, whether ECCO2R could provide a survival advantage for patients with ARF is still controversial. Electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane database) were searched from inception to 30 April 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that examined the following outcomes were included: mortality, length of hospital and ICU stay, intubation and tracheotomy rate, mechanical ventilation days, ventilator-free days (VFDs), respiratory parameters, and reported adverse events. Four RCTs and five observational studies including 1173 participants with ARF due to COPD or ARDS were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled analyses of related studies showed no significant difference in overall mortality between ECCO2R and control group, neither in RCTs targeted ARDS or acute hypoxic respiratory failure patients (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.32, p = 0.70, I2 =0.0%), nor in studies targeted patients with ARF secondary to COPD (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.11, p = 0.19, I2 =0.0%). A shorter duration of ICU stay in the ECCO2R group was only obtained in observational studies (WMD −4.25, p < 0.01), and ECCO2R was associated with a longer length of hospital stay (p = 0.02). ECCO2R was associated with lower intubation rate (p < 0.01) and tracheotomy rate (p = 0.01), and shorter mechanical ventilation days (p < 0.01) in comparison to control group in ARF patients with COPD. In addition, an improvement in pH (p = 0.01), PaO2 (p = 0.01), respiratory rate (p < 0.01), and PaCO2 (p = 0.04) was also observed in patients with COPD exacerbations by ECCO2R therapy. However, the ECCO2R-related complication rate was high in six of the included studies. Our findings from both RCTs and observational studies did not confirm a significant beneficial effect of ECCO2R therapy on mortality. A shorter length of ICU stay in the ECCO2R group was only obtained in observational studies, and ECCO2R was associated with a longer length of hospital stay. ECCO2R was associated with lower intubation rate and tracheotomy rate, and shorter mechanical ventilation days in ARF patients with COPD. And an improvement in pH, PaO2, respiratory rate and PaCO2 was observed in the ECCO2R group. However, outcomes largely relied on data from observational studies targeted patients with ARF secondary to COPD, thus further larger high-quality RCTs are desirable to strengthen the evidence on the efficacy and benefits of ECCO2R for patients with ARF. ECCO2R therapy did not confirm a significant beneficial effect on mortality. ECCO2R was associated with lower intubation and tracheotomy rate, and shorter mechanical ventilation days in patients with ARF secondary to COPD. An improvement in pH, PaO2, respiratory rate, and PaCO2 was observed in ECCO2R group in patients with COPD exacerbations. Evidence for the future application of ECCO2R therapy for patients with ARF. The protocol of this meta-analysis was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022295174). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The warming impact of methane (CH4) emissions calculated using the metrics proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which measure its global warming potential in 100 years (GWP100) expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e), accounts for the greatest impact in animal production chains. This work uses the new metrics, proposed to consider the difference between short living climate pollutants (SLCP), such as CH4, and long living climate pollutants (LLCP), such as carbon dioxide (CO2), which measure the warming equivalent (we) effect relative to that of CO2 in a given time frame (GWP*) and expressed as CO2we. The GWP* was applied to CH4 emissions from all Italian livestock supply chains and compared with GWP100 for annual and cumulative assessment from 2010 to 2020 of the impact of this gas on climate change. Using official data published by Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA) from 1990 to 2020, almost all species, except for buffalo (+272.6% of emissions calculated with the new metrics), revealed lower CH4 emissions with the greatest re-dimensioning for non-dairy cattle (-53786 kt of CO2we of calculated with GWP* compared to +66437 kt of CO2e estimated with the GWP100 method). The total cumulative contribution of Italian livestock production to global warming over the past 10 years, including the nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, has been greatly negative (-48759 kt of CO2we) compared to the data calculated using the GWP100 method (+206091 kt of CO2e). In conclusion, the application of GWP* metric to CH4 emissions of all Italian livestock supply chains allowed to better identify the role of Italian livestock on climate change. Over the 2010–2020 time frame, the Italian animal supply chains reduced the warming impact related to its CH4 emission, with the ruminants (expect buffaloes) being the major contributor to this positive effect. The application of GWP* metric reduced the warming impact of CH4 emissions of Italian dairy cattle, non-dairy cattle, sheep, goats, poultry and rabbits. The reduction of CH4 emission from the major ruminant species is the major contributor to the positive effect on climate change detected over 2010–2020 time frame. The application of GWP* metric to CH4 emissions of all Italian livestock supply chains allowed to better identify the role of Italian livestock on climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU, UK, US, and other nations consider wood to be a carbon neutral fuel, ignoring the carbon dioxide emitted from wood combustion in their greenhouse gas accounting. Many countries subsidize wood energy – often by burning wood pellets in place of coal for electric power – to meet their renewable energy targets. But can wood bioenergy help cut greenhouse emissions in time to limit the worst damage from climate change? The argument in favor seems obvious: wood, a renewable resource, must be better than burning fossil fuels. But wood emits more carbon dioxide per kilowatt-hour than coal – and far more than other fossil fuels. Therefore, the first impact of wood bioenergy is to increase the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, worsening climate change. Forest regrowth might eventually remove that extra carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, but regrowth is uncertain and takes time – decades to a century or more, depending on forest composition and climatic zone – time we do not have to cut emissions enough to avoid the worst harms from climate change. More effective ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions are already available and affordable now, allowing forests to continue to serve as carbon sinks and moderate climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of mounting global climatic pressures, negative emission technologies (NETs) for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) are increasingly proposed as necessary for meeting climate targets. While initial work has identified the potential of terrestrial NETs, a diverse set of marine/ocean-based NETs are gaining new and particular attention. Emerging studies on the feasibility of marine NETs are urgently needed, especially to explore the logics that public groups use to judge different approaches, and to ensure that design and governance of these technologies align with public values and priorities. This study explores factors of interest in understanding public views on four marine NETs, both perceptions of climate severity and urgency, and beliefs about marine environments. It uses a quantitative survey to explore how a representative sample of people in British Columbia, Canada and Washington state, United States evaluate four marine NETs: coastal restoration; ocean alkalinity enhancement; ocean fertilization; and offshore direct air carbon capture and storage. We find that perceived severity and urgency of climate change predicts greater comfort with all NETs studied, and views of marine environments as adaptable, fragile and manageable vary in predicting both greater and lesser comfort. Drawing upon these insights, the paper offers reflections on the conditional thinking linked with emerging views of marine NETs, concluding with methodological suggestions for future research on public perceptions as concerns the deployment of ocean-based CDR near and long term. Incorporating these insights into policy for ocean-based CDR will be important to ensuring responsible governance of these technologies. Key policy insights Incorporating research on public perceptions will be important to the design of marine NETs and accompanying policies. Public groups in both British Columbia and Washington expressed high levels of comfort with coastal restoration, some comfort with offshore direct air carbon capture and storage, and some discomfort with ocean alkalinity enhancement and ocean fertilization. Perceived severity and urgency of climate change predicted greater comfort with all approaches; this evidence aligns with a small but growing body of scholarship indicating openness to environmental intervention amongst public groups concerned with climate impacts. Beliefs about marine environments, namely whether they are 'adaptable', 'manageable' or 'fragile', also predicted comfort, suggesting that CDR in ocean contexts requires further examination regarding public perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviewed the current perspectives on the development of carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration through its process conversion into calcite. The process occurs in either geological or biological systems. However, geological sequestration is an expensive process, which is slow in comparison to bio-sequestration. Recently, the bio-sequestration of atmospheric CO2 into the soil using microorganisms such as algae has been investigated. However, the algae cannot be used in the bio-concrete due to their nature as phototrophic organisms. In contrast, bacteria are the most potent organisms in bio-concrete technology. The use of bacterial species in the bio-aerated concrete bricks (B-ACB) and its potential to bio-sequestrate CO2 represents a future strategy to reduce high CO2 pollution. Bacterial cells can capture CO2 by accelerating the carbonation processes, which convert CO2 into calcium carbonate (CaCO3) via carbon anhydrase and urease enzymes. The present paper aimed to highlight and discuss the applicability of bacteria in the B-ACB for capturing and storing CO2. It is evident from the literature that the new trends to use bio-concrete might contribute to the reduction of CO2 by accelerating the carbonation process and strengthening the B-ACB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic social distance became a necessary strategy adopted in order to curb the fast-rise of infection. However, this strategy adopted by the government has impacted the socio-economic activities and lives of citizens as such new adaptive measures had to be put in place to cope with the pandemic. Accordingly, this study explores the relationship between the current COVID-19 pandemic on hydropower and energy sector in relation to Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction. This paper employs a systematic review of secondary data grounded from document reports and existing literature to explore the trend of COVID-19 pandemic on hydropower and energy sector in relation to CO2 emission reduction. Findings from this article offer empirical evidence toward the impact of COVID-19 on hydropower and energy sector in relation to CO2 emission decrease during the pandemic. More importantly, findings from this study discuss the relationship of COVID-19 on energy sector, impact of COVID-19 on the hydropower sector in comparison to other renewables, impact of COVID-19 and oil demand, and connection of COVID-19 on CO2 emission reduction during the lockdown. Finally, implications are provided to guide policy makers in making decision toward sustainable energy production and CO2 emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of CO2 into clean energy through electro catalytic technology provides a promising solution to alleviate energy shortages. In this paper, the graphitised material-supported metal dimer used for electro catalytic reduction of CO2 was proposed, and the reduction reaction mechanism was explored by density functional theory. The results indicate that the hydrogenation reduction of CO2 tends to occur preferentially, and it was found that improving the stability of catalyst structure can reduce the free energy of reaction and improve the adsorption effect of reactants, which significantly increase the conversion efficiency of CO2. The activation of CO2 on the catalyst surface is closely related to the binding of O atoms on the metal sites, the main reduction products and their reaction pathways were clarified. The reduction over potentials of CuCo-C, CuRh-C, CuZn-C and ZnCu-C were 0.915, 0.820, 0.774, and 0.354 V, respectively, thus ZnCu-C had a lower reduction over potential and higher catalytic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on KAMa pulp and paper mill, a polygeneration system integrated with a black liquor gasifier is proposed. The effects of CO2 captured by oxygen-fuel combustion and Selexol absorption on the performance of the polygeneration system are studied in terms of both thermodynamic performance and cost assessment. Using the Aspen Plus simulator, the performance of the studied polygeneration systems are analyzed from the perspectives of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Compared with the reference system, the first law efficiency of the polygeneration system increased from 15.7% to 29.3%, with an investment increment of 17.9%. The investment incremental rates for CO2 capture by oxyfuel combustion and Selexol absorption are 15.1% and 16.7%, respectively. Energy penalty due to CO2 capture and compression is 0.61 MJ electricity/kg CO2, avoided in the oxygen-fuel method at a cost of $29.6/tonne CO2. However, energy penalty can reach 1.03 MJ product (electricity and methanol) per kg CO2, avoided in the Selexol absorption CO2 capture process at a cost of $46.0/tonne CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the Fleet Size and Mix Vehicle Routing Problem with Synchronized Visits (FSM-VRPS), an extension of the Vehicle Routing Problem with Synchronization (VRPS), where a mixed fleet composed of electric and conventional bikes, and passenger cars having different acquisition costs are considered. The problem consists of planning a set of different vehicle routes to serve a set of clients who may require more than one visit by different healthcare specialists, and some of these visits should be synchronized. Moreover, each client must be visited within a specified time window. In addition, the problem uses bikes to reduce Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emission for environmentally cleaner routing operations. This problem has many real-life applications, such as the scheduling of visits for homecare givers in the healthcare sector. We present a mixed integer linear-programming formulation and develop a Multi-Start Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search with Threshold Accepting algorithm. The results showed that our algorithm is highly effective on the FSM-VRPS, as well as on the heterogeneous VRPS. We also demonstrate the advantage of adopting different types of vehicles in terms of reducing the number of vehicles and costs. The analysis of the results also indicated that the new components added to the standard Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search algorithm enhanced intensification and diversification mechanisms during the search process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ventilation plays an important role in mitigating the risk of airborne virus transmission in university classrooms. During the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, methods to assess classrooms for ventilation adequacy were needed. The aim of this paper was to compare the adequacy of classroom ventilation determined through an easily accessible, simple, quantitative measure of air changes per hour (ACH) to that determined through qualitative "expert judgment" and recommendations from the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)®. Two experts, ventilation engineers from facilities maintenance, qualitatively ranked buildings with classrooms on campus with regard to having "acceptable classroom ventilation." Twelve lecture classrooms were selected for further testing, including a mix of perceived adequate/inadequate ventilation. Total air change per hour (ACH) was measured to quantitatively assess ventilation through the decay of carbon dioxide in the front and rear of these classrooms. The outdoor ACH was calculated by multiplying the total ACH by the outdoor air fraction. The classrooms in a building designed to the highest ASHRAE standards (62.1 2004) did not meet ACGIH COVID-19 recommendations. Four of the classrooms met the ASHRAE criteria. However, a classroom that was anticipated to fail based on expert knowledge met the ASHRAE and ACGIH criteria. Only two classrooms passed stringent ACGIH recommendations (outdoor ACH > 6). None of the classrooms that passed ACGIH criteria were originally expected to pass. There was no significant difference in ACH measured in the front and back of classrooms, suggesting that all classrooms were well mixed with no dead zones. From these results, schools should assess classroom ventilation considering a combination of classroom design criteria, expert knowledge, and ACH measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact on the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a diluent in the fuel and oxidizer streams on the formation and evolution of precursor nanoparticles and soot in axisymmetric ethylene laminar coflow diffusion flames is experimentally explored using optical diagnostics in this paper. The optical diagnostics employed are based on temporally and spectrally resolved point measurements of laser-induced fluorescence, elastic scattering, and laser-induced incandescence. The measurements provide insight to indicative structure and concentration of precursor nanoparticles, and enable the determination of volume fraction and mean diameter of soot. Previous studies have indicated that the use of CO2 as a diluent compared to nitrogen can reduce soot formation through both chemical and thermal effects. However, the effect of CO2 addition on precursor nanoparticles' concentrations and structure is not well understood, hence exploring the impact of CO2 on precursor nanoparticles is one of the primary aims of this study. Flames with CO2 as a diluent in the jet only, coflow only, and both streams are identified and investigated. For the flames studied with respect to the replacement of N2 with CO2: i), the soot volume fraction and mean soot diameter is reduced, and ii) precursor nanoparticles concentration is reduced, and the structural transformation is delayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotary drying is one of the most common unit operations in industries. It is a complex nonlinear process, and it is difficult to control with conventional methods. In this paper, a fuzzy multivariable controller is designed for an industrial rotary drying system. This fuzzy controller is applied to a fertilizer production unit to save energy and improve its performance. Based on the dryer operating conditions, the proposed control system aims to keep the exhaust gas temperature at the dryer outlet as close as possible to the optimum value. Thus, a reduction in energy consumption is achieved without losing the quality of the final product. Practical aspects of the industrial reality, such as the plant lacking an online moisture measurement instrument, are considered. The results prove that the proposed fuzzy control is able to reduce biomass consumption by 9%, which represents an annual reduction of 648 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with the production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with large carbon emissions, biological carbon sequestration to prepare low-carbon cement can effectively decrease carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which can reduce the greenhouse effect, thereby reducing the frequency and intensity of climate disasters. Carbon-capturing bacteria (CCB) can capture atmospheric CO2 and convert it into bicarbonate ions, which can be combined with calcium ions to form CaCO3 cement that can partially replace OPC for dust control. This study compared the ability of two CCBs (Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and Streptomyces microflavus) to capture CO2. The biomineralization efficiency of CaCO3 for P. mucilaginosus (39.34%) was much higher than that for S. microflavus (7.38%) in a Ca(NO3)2 solution in the concrete-curing room environment. The decomposition temperature of the CaCO3 crystals in DI was slightly higher than that of P. mucilaginosus and significantly higher than that of S. microflavus. When the spraying time was equal to three, 10% carbide sludge (CS) content was optimal according to the surface hardness (HD) of the consolidation layer of the sand samples. The CaCO3 mineralized by CCBs can be used to consolidate desert sand and dust in practical engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generated electricity from renewable sources such as solar panels and wind turbines is considered, until now, as clean and nonpolluting energy. However, these systems are responsible and directly tied to greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions when considering their different steps of manufacturing, transportation, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning. This paper describes a new sizing optimization methodology of a stand-alone hybrid Photovoltaic/Wind/Battery system, minimizing the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP), and the Equivalent Carbon Dioxide (CO2-eq) life cycle emission. An elitist Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) is used to solve this constrained nonlinear multi-objective optimization problem taking the expected photovoltaic peak power, wind turbine output power, batteries' energy capacity as decision variables and embodied carbon dioxide per unit of electricity consumed as a constraint. Different combinations of PV/Wind/Battery systems are optimized and compared to identify the cost-effective, reliable, and environmentally friendly optimal architecture. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is applied to the proposed algorithm; only the batteries' state of charge (SOC) setpoint is considered to examine its impact on the system sizing procedure. The proposed algorithm is used for optimal planning of a stand-alone hybrid renewable power system expected to be installed in Borj Cedria Science and Technology Park (latitude = 36.71ºN, longitude = 10.42ºE). Simulation results proved the effectiveness of the proposed method to achieve economic, energetic, and environmental objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last ten years, as international environmental protection consciousness has increased, the study and applications of green building, green construction materials and energy savings as well as reduction of carbon dioxide have become urgent issues for governments. In Taiwan, joss papers are burned in more than 11,731 registered shrines or temples in traditional Chinese deity or ancestor worship ceremonies during special holidays or occasions. Instead of placing this large amount of burned joss paper ash (BJPA) in landfills, this study proposes recycling BJPA by replacing some cement with calcined BJPA (CBJPA) in mortar specimens. After BJPA samples were calcined at a high kiln temperature, mortar samples were created using CBJPA to replace cement at seven different levels: 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. Tests like setting time and compressive strength were performed for macro-analyses; scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermal gravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis were carried out for the microstructure and chemical composition analyses. The test results showed that the compressive strengths of specimens with different levels of CBJPA replacement were apparently less than those of the control group (0% CBJPA) at all curing times. The compressive strength and setting time both decreased as the fraction of CBJPA in the mortar increased. Furthermore, because the hydration product did not cement and the mortar specimen structure was loose, the expected strength improvement from the pozzolanic reaction provided by the CBJPA was not clearly observed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In recent years, China's air quality problem is very serious. Among them, carbon dioxide emissions have been high, which has caused a series of ecological and environmental problems. In order to deeply study the relevant problems, this paper selects the information priority damping gray model to study and predict the carbon emissions of thirty-one provinces and municipalities in China. The model can give priority to new information and adjust the prediction trend, the accuracy of the model is verified by several cases. Through the data collection and data analysis of relevant provinces and cities, it is concluded that a total of twenty-one provinces and municipalities can reach the carbon peak in 2030, of which the carbon dioxide emission of Beijing is expected to drop to 51.3774 million tons by 2030. Ten provinces will not be able to reach the carbon peak by 2030. Among them, by 2030 the carbon dioxide emission of Jiangsu Province is expected to increase to 84.4668 million tons, but the growth rate is declining. The research results can be used as a reference for relevant departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a smart grid system operating with clustered generating units, the challenge usually lies in the optimal scheduling of energy resources. Thus, the improvement of a unit commitment problem gains importance in the present power network. In this paper, a novel probability algorithm is proposed for solving the unit commitment problem, in which five separate units from a four-cluster group are operated for one day. This is done with the aim of optimizing the characteristics such as optional units, generation, operating, and marginal cost. Being a multi-objective function, the other factors such as cost response, unit commitment of supply clustering units, clustering of combined operational units, and CO2 emissions are also included. For this study, an RLC load is mathematically modeled in the cluster system, whereas the Unit Control is provided by a Converter and Battery Management Unit. The clustering model developed along with the Unit demand aims to increase the optional units (from 20 to 100 units), decrease the average demand (from 99 to 93 percentage), and lower the generating and marginal costs (from Rs.23,881 to Rs.21,079, Rs.43,082 to Rs.42,111, Rs.71,162 to Rs.64,955, Rs.83,169 to Rs.81,694, Rs.104,104 to Rs.102,928). The suggested algorithm is simulated for a comprehensive smart grid system and the response for marginal cost, CO2 emissions are obtained. In comparison to conventional schemes, the results of the proposed optimization approach show a reduction in the Carbon dioxide emission (in the range of 100 to 400 kg) and in the losses after adding working units with cluster spans of 0.5 to 1.5 kW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reach the short-term targets of the carbon dioxide limit, measures such as carbon capture and storage are necessary. The objective of this paper is to assess some low-temperature post-combustion technologies for the capture of CO2 from combustion gases. Two methods for the liquefaction and separation of CO2 are discussed: The use of the low-temperature exergy of liquefied natural gas (LNG), while regasifying the LNG, and a refrigeration cycle with helium as the working fluid. Each of these methods is evaluated at three CO2 concentrations: 30%, 13%, and 4%. The results showed that an increase in the concentration of CO2 in the combustion gases causes a large increase in the overall exergetic efficiency and a large decrease in the cost of CO2 capture and energy penalty of the capture process. In addition, these advantages can be seen when the liquefaction method is changed from helium refrigeration cycle to LNG regasification. For a 30% CO2 concentration using LNG, the overall exergetic efficiency is 41.2%, and the cost of CO2 capture is 45.5 $/tCO2 with a CO2 capture rate of 96.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of regional economy, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission increase sharply. This study examines the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and regional economic growth. Based on the mean value decomposition method of double logarithm, the model was built to identify the key indexes affecting the decomposition, and the carbon emission formula was calculated to obtain the regional carbon dioxide emission. Based on the actual data, the kuznets curve model is established to represent the relationship between CO2 emission and regional economic growth in logarithm form. The unit root test, co-integration test and granger causality test are carried out for the correlation sequences in the kuznets curve model in order to realize the research on the relationship between CO2 emission and regional economic growth. This paper discusses the relationship between carbon dioxide emission and regional economic growth through an example. It shows that the relationship between carbon dioxide emission and regional economic growth is inversely u-shaped, and there is a kuznets curve between the two. According to the result of empirical analysis, the paper puts forward some suggestions to reduce energy consumption and improve energy efficiency, which is helpful to improve social and economic structure and promote social and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diffusion behaviour of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, acetylene, ethylene and ethane in oil and paper medium was examined using molecular dynamics to reveal the diffusion mechanism of gas molecules in transformer oil–paper insulation system at the microscopic level. These compounds are commonly used in the dissolved gas analysis of power transformers and produced during the ageing process of oil–paper composite insulating material. Two groups of models were constructed using molecular dynamics simulation software to simulate the diffusion behaviour of the aforementioned seven types of small gas molecules in oil and paper. The diffusion coefficients, displacement features, free volume characteristics and interaction energies of the gas molecules were investigated. In particular, the diffusion micro-mechanism of the gas molecules was observed. The differences in diffusion features among the gas molecules were discussed, and the factors influencing the diffusion of the gas molecules were compared. Simulation results indicate that the diffusion coefficients of gas molecules in cellulose is an order of magnitude lower than that in oil, and the diffusion coefficients of these gas molecules in the two types of insulation media have different orders. Free volume of gas molecules is the main factor that influences the diffusion behaviour in oil, whereas intermolecular interaction is the main influencing factor of diffusion behaviour in cellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Recent advancement in enhanced oil recovery techniques has given petroleum industries the chance to find optimum solutions to recover remained oil from hydrocarbon reservoirs. This paper aims to experimentally investigate the profound impact of reservoir characteristics such as permeability and pressure drop and foams properties such as foam quality and foams resistance factor in enhanced oil recovery processes. Therefore, a hybrid recovery technique containing a thermal recovery method (carbon dioxide) and a chemical method (foam injection) with different brine concentrations was performed to enhance the oil recovery factor. Consequently, after brine injectivity, foam injection has provided the highest recovery factor among other scenarios in shale reservoirs. Permeability increase has caused to increase in the resistance factor as the fluid mobilization is increased in the porous media. Therefore, for 80% of foam quality, the resistance factor is about 7.5, while for 40%, foam quality is about 5 at the permeability of 10mD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste tires are also known as "black pollution", and pose significant risks to human health and ecosystems. The pyrolysis process can recover valuable products such as natural gas, oil, and pyrolysis carbon black (CBp), with CBp being the most important one. However, CBp from waste tires has a high degree of particle aggregation and low oil absorption value, making it difficult to further utilize. In this work, we propose a novel method to activate CBp by simulated fuel gas, which fully utilizes exhaust gas resources and enables the reuse of resources. The simulated fuel gas, composed of a mixture of N2 and CO2, was used to investigate the effects of activation temperature (700–1000 °C), activation time (2–5 h), flow rates (30–50 mL·min−1), and the content of CO2 in the simulated fuel gas (10%-90% (volume)) on increasing the specific surface area. The samples were analyzed using XRD, SEM, N2 adsorption/desorption, and Raman shift. The results indicate that the hybrid atoms and carbon atoms in CBp can absorb enough energy to open the closed pores, allowing the activator to fully react with CBp. This work demonstrates a feasible approach to improve the high value-added utilization of cracked carbon black. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to assess whether there is a convergence in the emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the states of Brazil. To achieve this objective, the Phillips and Sul (2007) time series methodology was employed, testing the hypothesis of global (or common) convergence, using data from the Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removal Estimation System (Sistema de Estimativas de Emissões e Remoções de Gases do Efeito Estufa - SEEG), for the period of 1989–2018, which provides the emission, in tons, of Carbon Monoxide (CO) in agriculture and livestock, as well as of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), for changes in land and forest use. Among the main results, the formation of different convergence clubs is suggested, rejecting the hypothesis of global convergence, and thus presenting four convergence clubs for the CO pollutant and three clubs for the CO2, with two divergent states. When analysing the convergence clubs, it was found that there was a significant reduction in CO emissions in all clubs, and while analysing the CO2, only two of the clubs, which were clubs 3 and 4, managed to reduce their emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur-containing ABA-type polycarbonate triblock copolymers were synthesized via sequential copolymerization of propylene oxide (PO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), followed by propylene oxide (PO) and phthalic thioanhydride (PTA) in the presence of water and Salen-Metal catalysts. The reaction was catalyzed using Salen-Co(III)-Cl/[PPN]Cl and Salen-Cr(III)-Cl/[PPN]Cl catalyst systems. The content of thioester units in the copolymer chain could be adjusted by varying the feed ratios of PTA. These triblock polymers displayed a higher refractive index, reaching up to 1.561. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]