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Electric‐driven conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon monoxide (CO) under mild reaction conditions offers a promising approach to mitigate the greenhouse effect and the energy crisis. Surface engineering is believed to be one of the prospective methods for enhancing the electrocatalytic activity of CO2 reduction. Herein, hydroxyl (OH) groups were successfully introduced to cadmium nanosheets to form cadmium and cadmium hydroxide nanocomposites (i. e. Cd/Cd(OH)2 nanosheets) via a facile two‐step method. The as‐prepared Cd/Cd(OH)2/CP (CP indicates carbon paper) electrode displays excellent electrocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction to produce CO. The Faradaic efficiency of CO reaches 98.3 % and the current density achieves 23.8 mA cm−2 at −2.0 V vs. Ag/Ag+ in a CO2‐saturated 30 wt% 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazole hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim]PF6)‐65 wt% acetonitrile (CH3CN)‐5 wt% water (H2O) electrolyte. And the CO partial current density can reach up to 71.6 mA cm−2 with the CO Faradaic efficiency of more than 85 % at −2.3 V vs. Ag/Ag+, which stands out against Cd/CP, Cd(OH)2/CP, and Cd/CdO/CP electrodes. The excellent electrocatalytic performance of the Cd/Cd(OH)2/CP electrode can be attributed to its unique structural properties, suitable OH groups, perfect interaction with electrolyte, abundant active sites and fast electron transfer rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper explores the diverse applications of polylactide or polylactic acid (PLA) and its contributions to environmental sustainability. It delves into the synthesis, properties, and numerous applications of PLA, accompanied by illustrative examples demonstrating its ability to reduce carbon emissions. The environmentally friendly characteristics of PLA, coupled with its versatility, make it a vital player in the ongoing efforts to combat climate change. PLA generally requires lower extrusion temperatures than other 3D printing materials, such as ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene). Lower extrusion temperatures lead to reduced energy consumption during the printing process thus the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions during production. Plants, such as corn and sugarcane, play a crucial role in absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during their growth cycle. When these plants are utilized to produce PLA, the captured CO2 remains sequestered within the plastic material. This contributes to offsetting CO2 emissions from other sources. In conclusion, the usage of PLA has demonstrated positive contributions to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions through its renewable sourcing, lower extrusion temperatures, lower dependence on fossil fuels, reduced greenhouse gas emissions during production, biodegradability, and participation in a closed carbon cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time series of radiative cooling of the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere (UMLT) by carbon dioxide (CO2) are examined for evidence of trends over 20 years. Radiative cooling rates in K day−1 provided by the SABER instrument are converted to time series of infrared power radiated from three distinct layers between 0.1 hPa and 0.0001 hPa (65–105 km). Linear regression against time and a predictor for solar variability provides estimates of the trend in exiting longwave radiation (ELR) from these layers. Trends in ELR are not significantly different from zero at 95% or 99% confidence in each layer. These results demonstrate energy conservation in the UMLT on decadal time scales and show that the UMLT continues to radiate the same amount of energy it receives despite cooling and contracting over two decades. These results are enabled by the long‐term stability of the SABER instrument calibration. Plain Language Summary: The Earth's upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere (UMLT) is the region between approximately 65 and 105 km in altitude. Infrared radiation emitted by CO2 is a fundamental component of the energy budget of the UMLT. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is increasing in this region. The amount of infrared energy emitted by CO2, over time, must balance the amount of energy from sunlight that is absorbed in the UMLT. Observations from orbiting satellites over the past two decades have shown that the temperature in the UMLT is decreasing due to the increasing CO2. A decreasing temperature implies a decrease in infrared energy emitted by an object. Energy conservation, however, requires that the amount of infrared energy radiated from the UMLT balance the amount of energy received, regardless of the temperature. In this paper we show that there is no significant long‐term change with time (i.e., zero trend) in the infrared energy emitted from the UMLT even though the UMLT temperature has been decreasing for the last 20 years (and longer) due to increasing CO2. This result confirms that energy is conserved in a cooling and contracting UMLT. Key Points: Time series of infrared power (W) radiated by CO2 from the upper mesosphere & lower thermosphere (UMLT) are developedTrends in radiated power are not different from zero at 95% or 99% confidence in the three layers examined between 0.1 and 0.0001 hPaIncreasing CO2 reduces the UMLT temperature while radiating the same amount of energy over time, thus conserving energy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global energy system is in transition. It is attempting to reach net‐zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The systemic changes mean that the role of bioenergy will change. The potential of bioenergy to make a flexible contribution to the energy system is key for the achievement of global emission reduction ambitions and the functioning of the low‐carbon energy system and economy. As the volume of sustainably available biomass resources is limited, defining the contributions from bioenergy to a low‐carbon energy system and finding balances – and ideally synergies – between the different possible energy and climate system services that biomass can provide will be very important. The recognized system services include, among others, the flexible operation of bioenergy plants to integrate variable renewable energy sources and to provide negative carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Interest in flexible operation of bioenergy value chains, bioenergy with carbon capture and utilization as well as synergies with renewable hydrogen‐based value chains has increased recently. The objective of this paper is to present a holistic definition of flexible bioenergy as a system service based on the work conducted in International Energy Agency (IEA) Bioenergy Technology Collaboration Programme's Task 44 Flexible Bioenergy and System Integration, and to provide some practical examples. The paper also presents the different bioenergy system services and considers their definitions and interactions, as this is important in energy system design. The definition of flexible bioenergy shows that the flexibility provision from bioenergy goes far beyond the traditional definition of providing short‐term flexibility in the power sector. Indicators to demonstrate the value of services as well as further quantitative assessment of synergies and trade‐offs are needed to valorize the different services from bioenergy and create viable business cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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At the core of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) active site two metal ions together with hydrogen bonding scheme from amino acids orchestrate the interconversion between CO2 and CO. We have designed a molecular catalyst implementing a bimetallic iron complex with an embarked second coordination sphere with multi‐point hydrogen‐bonding interactions. We found that, when immobilized on carbon paper electrode, the dinuclear catalyst enhances up to four fold the heterogeneous CO2 reduction to CO in water with an improved selectivity and stability compared to the mononuclear analogue. Interestingly, quasi‐identical catalytic performances are obtained when one of the two iron centers was replaced by a redox inactive Zn metal, questioning the cooperative action of the two metals. Snapshots of X‐ray structures indicate that the two metalloporphyrin units tethered by a urea group is a good compromise between rigidity and flexibility to accommodate CO2 capture, activation, and reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the core of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) active site two metal ions together with hydrogen bonding scheme from amino acids orchestrate the interconversion between CO2 and CO. We have designed a molecular catalyst implementing a bimetallic iron complex with an embarked second coordination sphere with multi‐point hydrogen‐bonding interactions. We found that, when immobilized on carbon paper electrode, the dinuclear catalyst enhances up to four fold the heterogeneous CO2 reduction to CO in water with an improved selectivity and stability compared to the mononuclear analogue. Interestingly, quasi‐identical catalytic performances are obtained when one of the two iron centers was replaced by a redox inactive Zn metal, questioning the cooperative action of the two metals. Snapshots of X‐ray structures indicate that the two metalloporphyrin units tethered by a urea group is a good compromise between rigidity and flexibility to accommodate CO2 capture, activation, and reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel electrochemically assisted cycloaddition process is proposed, in which highly efficient coupling of CO2 with styrene oxide (SO) can be achieved to form styrene carbonate (SC) as a high‐value‐added product. A series of Cu catalysts with different morphologies and chemical states were fabricated on carbon paper (CP) by using in‐situ electrodeposition, and the sample with nano‐dendrimer structure was found to exhibit a relatively high activity of 74.8 % SC yield with 92.7 % SO conversion under gentle reaction conditions, thus showing its potential for practical applications. The relatively high electrochemically active surface area and charge transfer ability of dendrimer‐like Cu benefited the electrochemical reaction. In particular, the Cu2+ species that were formed in situ during the reaction played a vital role in enhancing the activity and selectivity of the proposed Cu/CP hybrid catalyst. Cu2+ atoms served as active sites that can not only electrochemically activate CO2 but also facilitate the ring opening of SO. Mechanistic analysis suggested that the reaction followed electrochemical and liquid‐phase heterogeneous paths, which provide a new green and sustainable route for efficient utilization of CO2 resources for fine chemical electrosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a cost model for implementing a deployment scale effort for conducting ocean iron fertilization (OIF) for marine‐based carbon dioxide removal (CDR). The model incorporates basic oceanographic parameters critical for estimating the effective export of newly fixed CO2 into biomass that is stimulated by Fe addition to an Fe‐limited region of the Southern Ocean. Estimated costs can vary by nearly 100‐fold between best‐case and worst‐case scenarios, with best‐case values of $7/net tonne C captured versus worst‐case $1,500/net tonne C captured, without accounting for verification costs. Primary oceanographic factors that influence cost are the net primary productivity increases achieved via OIF, the amount of C exported into the deep ocean, and the amount of CO2 ventilated back to the atmosphere. The model compares ship‐based versus aerial delivery of Fe to the ocean, and estimates aerial delivery can be 30%–40% more cost effective; however, the specific requirements for aerial delivery require additional research and development. The model also estimates costs associated with verification and environmental monitoring of OIF. These costs increase $/net tonne C captured by 3–4‐fold. Best, intermediate, and worst cases for aerial delivery and ship delivery are $21, $83, $2,033, and $24, $94, $4,691, respectively, inclusive of verification costs. The primary goal of this model is to demonstrate the variability in cost of OIF as a CDR method, and to better understand where additional research is needed to determine the major factors that may make OIF a tractable, nature‐based CDR method. Plain Language Summary: This paper presents a basic cost model for undertaking ocean iron fertilization (OIF) as a means of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It presents a simple application scenario that compares two different modes for delivering iron to the ocean, plane‐based and ship‐based, and estimates costs associated with verification of carbon export into the deep ocean, as well as assessing the environmental changes that may occur as result. Key findings are that, in terms of USD/tonnes carbon exported, OIF can be at the lower cost end (

The emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), within the atmosphere poses serious threats to society and the environment. In this paper, we examine the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions on the association between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and stock valuation. Using a sample of listed non‐financial US firms from 2002 through 2018, we find that CO2 emission plays a moderating role in reshaping the CSR‐stock valuation nexus. Further analysis showed that our results are robust for using alternate proxies of CSR, CO2, additional control and methods to alleviate endogeneity concerns. Additionally, we explored how increasing carbon footprints reshape this association only for firms with strong governance structures. Overall, our results indicate that the positive impact of CSR on stock valuation is overlaid by corporate CO2 emission. The practical and theoretical insights of this study were explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electroreduction of CO2 to high‐value products is a promising approach for achieving carbon neutrality. Among these products, formic acid stands out as having the most potential for industrialization due to its optimal economic value in terms of consumption and output. In recent years, the Faraday efficiency of formic acid from CO2 electroreduction has reached 90~100 %. However, this high selectivity cannot be maintained for extended periods under high currents to meet industrial requirements. This paper reviews excellent work from the perspective of catalyst stability, summarizing and discussing the performance of typical catalysts. Strategies for preparing stable and highly active catalysts are also briefly described. This review may offer a useful data reference and valuable guidance for the future design of long‐stability catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 huff and puff is a widely used enhanced oil recovery method in many oil fields, but its implementations in shale fields is scarce. This paper reports trials of CO2 huff and puff in a shale field in China. Laboratory studies revealed that CO2 effectively reduced oil viscosity, increased oil volume, and improved oil recovery under miscible conditions. For the three wells that received CO2 huff and puff treatments, one well showed satisfactory results, while the other two wells demonstrated poor economics. Discussions and recommendations are made based on field experiences. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lime mud, a kind of industrial waste that produced in paper mill, was proposed as CO2 sorbent in calcium looping process. The carbonation performance of the lime mud was investigated in a dual‐fixed bed reactor (DFR) and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The carbonation kinetics of the lime mud in the chemical reaction controlled stage was analyzed by a surface reaction‐controlled kinetic model. The results show that the lime mud presents much poorer carbonation performance during the chemical reaction controlled stage compared with the limestone, mainly due to the high content of chlorine in the lime mud. A prewash treatment process was used to decrease the chlorine content to mitigate the sintering of the lime mud when calcined at high temperature. After prewash treatment, the prewashed lime mud shows much higher CO2 capture capacity during the chemical reaction controlled stage compared with the lime mud. A prolonged carbonation process successfully further enhances the microstructure and improves the carbonation performance of the prewashed lime mud in the chemical reaction controlled stage. The lime mud can be effectively used as CO2 sorbent in calcium looping process after prewash treatment and the following prolonged carbonation treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of preparing methanol from carbon dioxide is one of the ways to solve the environmental problems caused by greenhouse gases, the problem of fossil energy depletion, and the problem of fuel exhaust emissions. However, after decades of development, the process of preparing methanol from carbon dioxide is still unable to achieve large‐scale industrialization. This critical review sharply points out the problems and obstacles that need to be solved urgently on the industrialization road of carbon dioxide methanol preparation process and summarizes its progress. The problems faced by the methanol production industry from carbon dioxide are first the thermodynamic constraints, second the lower reaction rate and conversion effect, and finally the energy loss. In order to solve these problems, this paper first introduces the active sites, structural effects, and dynamic changes of copper‐based catalysts, as well as the unique reaction mechanism and doping modification of indium‐based catalysts. Zinc and zirconium promoters and some metal oxide supports can form unique interactions with active components to improve the catalytic performance of the catalyst. Next, various kinetic models and applications of methanol production from carbon dioxide are summarized, which is an important bridge linking laboratory and industrialization; the advantages and disadvantages of fixed bed reactor and paddle reactor were compared. Finally, the full text is summarized and prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As carbon monoxide has a broad spectrum of biological activities, its production by plasma is a significant advantage in medicine. This paper presents a comparative study of the CO production of two plasma jets: a MHz‐jet and a kHz‐jet. Both were fed with a helium gas with CO2 ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ admixture (0%–1%). CO was produced by CO2 ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ dissociation and its maximal concentration was hundreds of parts per million, which is safe for clinical applications. For the same specific energy input, the CO production was more efficient for the kHz‐jet than the MHz‐jet. Both had antibacterial properties on Escherichia coli, and the addition of CO2 ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ improved them for the MHz‐jet, while it reduced them for the kHz‐jet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broadband (spectrally‐integrated) radiation calculations are dominated by the expense of spectral integration, and many applications require fast parameterizations for computing radiative flux. Here we describe a novel approach using a linear weighted sum of monochromatic calculations at a small set of optimally‐chosen frequencies. The empirically‐optimized quadrature method is used to compute atmospheric boundary fluxes, net flux profiles throughout the atmosphere, heating rate profiles, and top‐of‐the‐atmosphere forcing by CO2, in the longwave for clear skies. We evaluate the method against two modern correlated k‐distribution models and find that we can achieve comparable errors with 32 spectral points. We also examine the effect of minimizing different cost functions, and find that in order to accurately represent heating rates and CO2 forcing, these quantities must be included in the cost function. Plain Language Summary: Quantifying the way radiation flows through the atmosphere is computationally expensive, and most applications require fast approximation. In this paper, we develop an empirically‐optimized quadrature method that can compute quantities of interest in climate science and weather prediction such as radiative flux throughout the atmosphere, heating rates, and forcing by carbon dioxide. The method uses a simple optimization algorithm, combined with a linear model, to achieve accuracy and computational cost of similar order of magnitude to the modern correlated k‐distribution models. Depending on the focus of the application, the algorithm can easily be adapted to prioritize desired quantities. Key Points: Spectrally integrated radiative quantities can be estimated from a small weighted set of monochromatic calculationsTradeoffs between computational cost and accuracy are commensurate with correlated k‐distribution modelsOptimization priorities can be tailored to a specific applications [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorption‐based carbon capture has been recognized as an attractive method for mitigating global warming. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising candidate adsorbents for this purpose due to their high adsorption uptake and selectivity for carbon dioxide. However, in real‐world applications, such as direct air capture, the presence of moisture in the feed gas may pose a grand challenge for CO2 adsorption in MOFs. This paper aims to address the issue of water–CO2 co‐adsorption in MOFs and present screening criteria for selecting MOFs that preferentially adsorb CO2 under humid conditions. First, we uncover a comprehensive overview of CO2–water co‐adsorption characteristics of various MOFs. Then, the high‐throughput screening methods are summarized. Both computational and experimental efforts have been dedicated to identify the promising MOFs for humid CO2 capture. According to the screening results and adsorption mechanism, the optimal preparation strategies are proposed to modulate the effect of water on CO2 uptake in MOFs. Finally, current MOF‐based CO2 capture prototypes are presented to evaluate their practical feasibility and performance. This work could offer valuable guidance for the development and application of MOFs for CO2 capture in the presence of water and inspire further research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have received increasing attention in the field of electrochemical CO2RR with their efficient atom utilization efficiency and excellent catalytic performance. However, their low metal loading and the presence of linear relationships for single active sites with simple structures possibly restrict their activity and practical applications. Active site tailoring at the atomic level is a visionary approach to break the existing limitations of SACs. This paper first briefly introduces the synthesis strategies of SACs and DACs. Then, combining previous experimental and theoretical studies, this paper introduces four optimization strategies, namely spin‐state tuning engineering, axial functionalization engineering, ligand engineering, and substrate tuning engineering, for improving the catalytic performance of SACs in the electrochemical CO2RR process by combining previous experimental and theoretical studies. Then it is introduced that DACs exhibit significant advantages over SACs in increasing metal atom loading, promoting the adsorption and activation of CO2 molecules, modulating intermediate adsorption, and promoting C−C coupling. At the end of this paper, we briefly and succinctly summarize the main challenges and application prospects of SACs and DACs in the field of electrochemical CO2RR at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing utilization of fossil fuels and industrial activities has resulted in a surge of CO2 emissions, which have significantly impacted global climate change. Carbon capture and utilization technologies offer a promising solution to decrease atmospheric CO2 concentrations and convert CO2 into valuable products. This study focuses on the capture and storage of CO2 through the mineralization of magnesium‐containing materials. The analysis encompasses the mineralization process of solid and liquid minerals, the various mineralization processes of magnesium‐containing minerals categorized as direct and indirect mineralization, and the latest research advancements in magnesium‐containing minerals. Brine and seawater from salt lakes are considered the most appropriate materials for mineralization due to their abundance and the simplicity of the process compared to solid mineralization. This paper analyzes the impact of temperature, impurity ions, additives, and microorganisms on the process of magnesium carbonate synthesis crystallization. The use of magnesium‐containing materials for carbon dioxide sequestration can effectively reduce carbon emission. The review offers guidance on carbon dioxide mineralization and explores the potential applications of magnesium mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of new pyrazolate and mixed pyrazolate/pyrazole magnesium complexes is described and their reactivity toward carbon dioxide is examined. The dimeric complex [Mg(pztBu,tBu)2]2 inserts CO2 instantly and quantitatively forming the tetrameric complex [Mg(CO2·pztBu,tBu)2]4 and monomeric donor‐stabilized [Mg(CO2·pztBu,tBu)2(thf)2]. Complexes of the type [Mgx(pzR,R)2x(HpzR,R)y]n (R = iPr, tBu) engage in similar insertion reactions involving dissociation of the carbamic acid HOOCpzR,R. Even solid polymeric derivatives [Mg(pzR,R)2]n (R = Me, H) react instantaneously and exhaustively with CO2, the resulting [Mg(CO2·pz)2]m featuring a CO2 capacity of 35.7 wt% (8.2 mmol g−1). All described magnesium pyrazolates display completely reversible CO2 uptake in solution and in the solid state, respectively, as monitored via VT 1H NMR and in situ FTIR spectroscopy as well as thermogravimetric analysis. Fluorinated [Mg2(pzCF3,CF3)4(thf)3] does not yield any isolable CO2 insertion product but exhibits the highest activity in the catalytic transformation of epoxides and CO2 to cyclic carbonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earth experienced the strongest geomagnetic storm in 20 years over 10–13 May 2024. The Ap and Dst geomagnetic indices were 273 and −291.94 nT on 11 May. The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite observed significant enhancement in thermospheric infrared emission at 15, 5.3, 4.3, and 1.27 μm. On 11 May the daily global power radiated by nitric oxide (NO) at 5.3 μm was 1.41 TW and by carbon dioxide (CO2) at 15 μm was 1.35 TW. These are the largest single day power values observed by SABER in 22 years and the first time the daily power radiated by NO exceeded that of CO2. The total infrared power (above background) radiated during the storm was 2.64 TW (2.28 × 1017 J). Significant enhancement in limb radiance observed at 4.3 μm (to 250 km tangent height) is likely indicative of NO + formation during the storm. Plain Language Summary: The layer of Earth's atmosphere above 100 km is referred to as the "thermosphere" and can be thought of as the boundary between the space environment above it and the atmosphere below it. In early May 2024, an active sunspot ejected a significant amount of charged particles (protons and electrons) within a strong magnetic field toward Earth. This "coronal mass ejection" or CME encountered Earth's high atmosphere 10–13 May, causing a significant "geomagnetic storm" that significantly heated the thermosphere and modified its chemical composition. The effects of this storm were observed by the SABER instrument which is flying on the NASA Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite. Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) observes infrared light emitted by carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, molecular oxygen, and ionized nitric oxide produced during the storm. The 10–13 May storm caused the global average infrared radiation levels to increase by nearly a factor of 10 at some wavelengths in 1 day. The storm and the infrared radiation levels dissipated back to pre‐storm levels over the next 2 days. This storm was the third strongest in terms the power (2.64 trillion watts) radiated by the thermosphere in the past 22 years observed by SABER. The observed enhancements in infrared radiation at multiple wavelengths offer the opportunity to more fully understand how the Sun interacts with and influences Earth's highest atmosphere. Key Points: The daily Ap (273 nT) and Dst (−291.94 nT) indexes on 11 May 2024 were the largest since the launch of the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite in December 2001The power radiated 11 May by NO and CO2 exceeded 1 TW each and the NO power (1.41 TW) exceeded the CO2 power (1.35 TW) for the first timeTotal storm radiated power, above background, is 2.64 TW (2.28 × 1017 J), making it the third strongest storm during the TIMED era [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing renewable electricity for the electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 into alcohols represents a promising avenue for generating value‐added fuels and achieving carbon neutrality. Recently, there has been growing scientific interest in achieving high‐efficiency conversion of CO2 to alcohols, with significant advancements made in mechanism understanding, reactor design, catalyst development, and more. Herein, a thorough examination of the latest advances in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to alcohols is provided. General mechanisms and pathways of electrocatalytic conversion of CO2‐to‐alcohols are systematically illustrated. Subsequently, electrolyzer configurations, electrolytes, and electrocatalysts employed in CO2RR are summarized. After that, critical operating parameters (e.g., reaction pressure, temperature, and pH) that would significantly influence the CO2RR process are also analyzed. Finally, the review addresses challenges and offers perspectives in this field to guide future studies aimed at advancing CO2‐to‐alcohols conversion technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty‐two years (2002–2023) of infrared radiative cooling rate data derived from the SABER instrument on the NASA TIMED satellite are presented. Global daily and global annual infrared power (Watts, W) emitted by nitric oxide (NO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) illustrate the variability of the geospace environment on timescales from days to decades. The 11‐year solar cycle (SC) is evident in the global power data and in vertical profiles of infrared cooling rates (nW/m3). The global annual power radiated by NO and CO2 are larger in 2023 than at any time since 2003 and 2002, respectively. The to‐date peak in NO infrared power in SC 25 is larger than in SC 24, is comparable to SC 20, but is less than in SCs 18–19 and 21–23. Two geomagnetic storms in 2023 radiated more than 1 TW and are in the top 10 strongest storms observed by SABER. Plain Language Summary: SABER is an instrument on the NASA TIMED satellite, launched in December 2001, and is still operating nominally in 2024. SABER measures the amount of infrared energy emitted by the nitric oxide (NO) molecule and the carbon dioxide (CO2) molecule from Earth's thermosphere, the region of atmosphere above 100 km altitude. These measurements are used to derive the amount of power (Watts) radiated globally by these two molecules on daily to annual timescales. The infrared power data is then analyzed to determine its variability in the lower thermosphere from daily to decadal time scales. Of particular interest is the influence of the well‐known 11‐year cycle of solar activity which is readily evident in the infrared power data. SABER also observes the effects of geomagnetic storms, identifying two strong storms in 2023 that each produced over 1 TW of infrared power. Key Points: SABER on TIMED has observed infrared radiation from the thermosphere since January 2002, for 22 years, the equivalent of two solar cyclesGlobal annual infrared power radiated by NO and CO2 are larger in 2023 than any time since 2003 and 2002, respectivelyTwo geomagnetic storms in 2023 exceeded 1 TW of radiated energy, above background, and are in the top 10 strongest storms observed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geologic storage of CO2 and H2 are climate‐positive techniques for meeting the energy transition. While similar formations could be considered for both gases, the flow dynamics could differ due to differences in their thermophysical properties. We conduct a rigorous pore‐scale study of water/CO2 and water/H2 systems at relevant reservoir conditions in a Bentheimer rock sample using the lattice Boltzmann method to quantify the effects of capillary, viscous, inertial, and wetting forces during gas invasion. At similar conditions, H2 invasion is weaker compared to CO2 due to unfavorable viscosity ratios. Increasing flow rate, however, increases the breakthrough saturation for both gas systems in the range of capillary numbers studied. At isolated conditions of flow rate, viscosity ratio, and wettability, local inertial effects are found to be critical and show consistent increase in the invaded gas saturation. The effect of inertial forces persits for both gases across all field conditions tested. Plain Language Summary: We present a numerical investigation at the pore‐scale to contrast the dynamics of fluid transport for water/CO2 and water/H2 systems at reservoir conditions. Understanding such dynamics is critical to evaluate the feasibility of the geologic storage of these gases (long‐term storage of CO2 and short‐term, periodic storage of H2), which are being researched as green techniques for mitigating climate change. Through a systematic analysis, we demonstrate the importance of pore‐scale mechanisms like local inertial effects which are not well studied in the literature. These effects cause fast fluid motion and consistently allow more fluid to be injected in the rock independently from the other physical effects. Such effects should be carefully accounted for when modeling these systems for large‐scale gas storage. Key Points: At similar reservoir conditions, invasion of H2 is found to be weaker as opposed to CO2 due to unfavorable viscosity ratiosAmong the tested reservoir scenarios, P/T conditions for the saline aquifer provided the largest amount of invaded gas until breakthroughLocal inertial effects control the dynamics of the invading gas across different wettability, viscosity ratios, and capillary numbers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photosynthetic amoeba, Paulinella provides a recent (ca. 120 Mya) example of primary plastid endosymbiosis. Given the extensive data demonstrating host lineage‐driven endosymbiont integration, we analysed nuclear genome and transcriptome data to investigate mechanisms that may have evolved in Paulinella micropora KR01 (hereinafter, KR01) to maintain photosynthetic function in the novel organelle, the chromatophore. The chromatophore is of α‐cyanobacterial provenance and has undergone massive gene loss due to Muller's ratchet, but still retains genes that encode the ancestral α‐carboxysome and the shell carbonic anhydrase, two critical components of the biophysical CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) in cyanobacteria. We identified KR01 nuclear genes potentially involved in the CCM that arose via duplication and divergence and are upregulated in response to high light and downregulated under elevated CO2. We speculate that these genes may comprise a novel CO2 delivery system (i.e., a biochemical CCM) to promote the turnover of the RuBisCO carboxylation reaction and counteract photorespiration. We posit that KR01 has an inefficient photorespiratory system that cannot fully recycle the C2 product of RuBisCO oxygenation back to the Calvin‐Benson cycle. Nonetheless, both these systems appear to be sufficient to allow Paulinella to persist in environments dominated by faster‐growing phototrophs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across Europe, countries are reducing CO2 emissions and energy demand by lowering the temperature in public office buildings. These measures affect men and women unequally because the latter prefer and, indeed, perform better under higher temperatures than the standard temperature. Lowering the temperature thus further increases an already existing inequality. We show that the philosophical literature on discrimination provides an interesting theoretical approach to understanding such measures. On prominent understandings of what discrimination is, the policy would be considered direct discrimination against women if it could be shown to reflect a broader inattentiveness to the needs of women in society. Alternatively, and more straightforwardly, the policies can be considered indirect discrimination because of their disparate effects on men and women. The final part of the paper shows that the policies are also wrong for the reasons it is often argued that discrimination is wrong—to wit, that it harms or disrespects those who are discriminated against. The final section suggests a range of measures to offset the discriminatory aspects of the policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiphysics inversion exploits different types of geophysical data that often complement each other and aims to improve overall imaging resolution and reduce uncertainties in geophysical interpretation. Despite the advantages, traditional multiphysics inversion is challenging because it requires a large amount of computational time and intensive human interactions for preprocessing data and finding trade‐off parameters. These issues make it nearly impossible for traditional multiphysics inversion to be applied as a real‐time monitoring tool for geological carbon storage. In this paper, we present a deep learning (DL) multiphysics network for imaging CO2 saturation in real time. The multiphysics network consists of three encoders for analysing seismic, electromagnetic and gravity data and shares one decoder for combining imaging capabilities of the different geophysical data for better predicting CO2 saturation. The network is trained on pairs of CO2 label models and multiphysics data so that it can directly image CO2 saturation. We use the bootstrap aggregating method to enhance the imaging accuracy and estimate uncertainties associated with CO2 saturation images. Using realistic CO2 label models and multiphysics data derived from the Kimberlina CO2 storage model, we evaluate the performance of the deep learning multiphysics network and compare its imaging results to those from the deep learning single‐physics networks. Our modelling experiments show that the deep learning multiphysics network for seismic, electromagnetic, and gravity data not only improves the imaging accuracy but also reduces uncertainties associated with CO2 saturation images. Our results also suggest that the deep learning multiphysics network for the non‐seismic data (i.e., electromagnetic and gravity) can be used as an effective low‐cost monitoring tool in between regular seismic monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas consisting mainly of methane is becoming increasingly prominent as a clean energy source. However, the major impurity, carbon dioxide, can adversely affect the performance of natural gas. Therefore, separating CO2 from CH4 is necessary to decrease the erosion of pipelines and increase the calorific value. This paper aimed at reviewing the performances, mechanisms, and novel developments of common adsorbents to adsorb pure CH4, pure CO2, and their mixtures. Several studies suggest that zeolites exhibit better separating performance than metal organic frameworks (MOFs) except the modified amine‐MIL group. Activated carbons may not be suitable adsorbents due to low selectivity between CO2 and CH4. The modified amine‐MIL group are the best type of adsorbent to separate CO2 from CH4 and its best operating conditions are at low pressure (<2 bar), low feed composition of CO2, and near room temperature using pressure swing adsorption (PSA) method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 with H2O vapor is gaining increased interest because it is a promising “green chemistry” route for the direct conversion of CO2 to value‐added chemicals driven by solar energy. To increase the efficiency of photocatalytic conversion, most efforts are made by exploring various photocatalysts while little effort on advanced light management. For the first time, it is demonstrated that bio‐degradable transparent paper with excellent light diffusivity can effectively enhance the light utilization of photocatalytic reactions when attached on the device surface, and thus greatly increase the conversion efficiency. As a proof‐of‐concept, a graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) photocatalyst with transparent paper attached, exhibited 1.5 times higher photocatalytic activity than bare g‐C3N4 in the reduction of CO2 under visible light irradiation. The improved catalytic performance can be ascribed to the (1) refractive index matching and (2) enhanced light absorption via prolonged light traveling path in transparent paper, which decreases the light reflection at surface and traps the absorbed light inside, leading to an increased light absorption at the active layer of the device. The transparent paper with a controllable light management behavior has an unprecedented potential for applications in photocatalysis as a general method for improved light utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of satellite instruments to accurately observe long‐term changes in atmospheric temperature depends on many factors including the absolute accuracy of the measurement, the stability of the calibration of the instrument, the stability of the satellite orbit, and the stability of the numerical algorithm that produces the temperature data. We present an example of algorithm instability recently discovered in the temperature data set from the SABER instrument on the NASA TIMED satellite. The instability resulted in derived temperatures that were substantially colder than anticipated from mid‐December 2019 to mid‐2022. This algorithm‐induced change in temperature over 1 to 2 years corresponded to the expected temperature change over several decades from increasing anthropogenic CO2. This paper highlights the importance of algorithm stability in developing Geospace Data Records (GDRs) for Earth's mesosphere and lower thermosphere. A corrected version (Version 2.08) of the temperatures from SABER is described. Plain Language Summary: Instruments on Earth orbiting satellites offer the opportunity to detect long‐term changes in atmospheric temperature. Many factors may affect the ability to identify actual long‐term changes in the temperature and to distinguish these from changes in the instrument or from unintended changes in the algorithm that produces the temperature data from the instrument observations. SABER is an instrument on a NASA satellite that has been observing temperatures from 15 to 110 km (10–68 miles) in altitude for over 20 years. An "instability" in the scientific algorithm used to derive temperature from the instrument observations was recently discovered, beginning in late 2019. An unintended change was made in a parameter central to the derivation of temperature from SABER measurements. The consequence was that the atmospheric temperatures between 85 and 110 km (51–68 miles) from 2020 onward were several degrees colder than they would have been without the unintended change. This has been corrected and an updated version of the SABER temperatures and all other SABER data products, called Version 2.08, is now publicly available. Key Points: The concept of Geospace Data Records (GDRs) and their relevance to accurate detection of long‐term change is introducedAlgorithm instability in a GDR of the 20‐year record of SABER temperatures between 85 and 110 km is described and correctedThe field of Geospace Climate is emerging as a frontier with scientific and economic relevance. Accurate GDRs are essential to both [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of global transport models to go up in resolution becomes discriminating for greenhouse gas atmospheric inversions. This paper describes the porting on Graphics Processing Units of the global transport model currently used in the European operational Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) for CO2 and N2O inversions. It represents an important milestone to achieve sub‐degree resolution. The code includes not only the direct model but also its tangent‐linear and its adjoint versions which are needed in variational inversions. Tests were carried out for CO2 at a resolution of 2.50° in longitude, 1.27° in latitude and 79 layers in the vertical, corresponding to 1,626,768 3D cells, 4.5 times more than the current standard resolution of the model used in the CAMS reanalyzes. A month's worth of computation of the tangent‐linear and of the adjoint versions now takes 2.5 min, including 50 s for reading meteorological data. Plain Language Summary: Atmospheric transport models are intensively used to infer global greenhouse gas emissions and removals, from atmospheric measurements: a single global analysis involves repeated and long transport simulations. This intensive use has limited the spatial resolution of such analyses despite an increasing need for national greenhouse gas budgets, despite an increasing number of corresponding space‐based observations at kilometer resolution, and despite an increasing number of high‐quality surface measurements made in sites marked by strong local influences. For the global transport model currently used in the European operational atmosphere monitoring service, our objective within the next 5 years is to make it reach a resolution of about 50 km over the whole globe. This paper describes an important milestone in this direction with the porting of this transport model on hardware components initially developed for video display but now used for high performance computing. Tests were carried out at a resolution of 2.50° in longitude, 1.27° in latitude and 79 layers in the vertical, corresponding to 4.5 times more 3D cells than the current standard resolution of the model. The direct model itself now takes less time than reading the input meteorological data. Key Points: The workload in a Eulerian transport model on a longitude‐latitude grid can be embarrassingly parallel enough to run efficiently on a Graphics Processing UnitThe transport model of the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique was run in a new grid of 1,626,768 3D cellsThe calculation time in the direct version of the model is now less than the time to read the input meteorological data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural colorimetric indicators have been fabricated using annatto and pomegranate extract powder and compared with chemical colorimetric indicator fabricated using bromophenol blue (BPB) to monitor the freshness of ready‐to‐cook (RTC) idli batter. The fabricated colorimetric indicator labels work on increasing headspace carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and decreasing pH of stored batter, where indicators showed visible color change from lightest to darkest for spoiled samples. The headspace CO2 concentration of RTC idli batter increased from 0.15 ± 0.05 to 18.07 ± 0.21% (v/v) and pH decreased from 6.7 ± 0.06 to 4.5 ± 0.06 at optimum storage condition (35 ± 1°C) up to 24 h. The percent titratable acidity (% TA) increased from 0.44 ± 0.02 to 0.90 ± 0.02% up to 24 h. The viable lactic acid bacteria count (LABC) and total bacterial count (TBC) increased while yeast and mold count (YMC) was decreased with increasing fermentation time up to 24 h for batter stored at optimum condition. The color change of indicators was quantitatively measured with captured red, green, and blue (RGB) images. Pixel intensity for natural and chemical colorimetric indicators were decreased with increasing fermentation time. The leaching of chemical dye was observed on stored batter, and natural colorimetric indicators are nontoxic and successfully used as "on package sticker" for monitoring freshness of RTC idli batter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction of a "net‐zero‐emission" system through CO2 hydrogenation to methanol with solar energy is an eco‐friendly way to mitigate the greenhouse effect. Traditional CO2 hydrogenation demands centralized mass production for cost reduction with mass water electrolysis for hydrogen supply. To achieve continuous reaction with intermittent and fluctuating flow of H2 on a small‐scale for distributed application scenarios, modulating the catalyst interface environment and chemical adsorption capacity to adapt fluctuating reaction conditions is highly desired. This paper describes a distributed clean CO2 utilization system in which the surface structure of catalysts is carefully regulated. The Ni catalyst with unsaturated electrons loaded on In2O3 can reduce the dissociation energy of H2 to overcome the slow response of intermittent H2 supply, exhibiting a faster response (12 min) than bare oxide catalysts (42 min). Moreover, the introduction of Ni enhances the sensitivity of the catalyst to hydrogen, yielding a Ni/In2O3 catalyst with a good performance at lower H2 concentrations with a 15 times adaptability for wider hydrogen fluctuation range than In2O3, greatly reducing the negative impact of unstable H2 supplies derived from renewable energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction of a "net‐zero‐emission" system through CO2 hydrogenation to methanol with solar energy is an eco‐friendly way to mitigate the greenhouse effect. Traditional CO2 hydrogenation demands centralized mass production for cost reduction with mass water electrolysis for hydrogen supply. To achieve continuous reaction with intermittent and fluctuating flow of H2 on a small‐scale for distributed application scenarios, modulating the catalyst interface environment and chemical adsorption capacity to adapt fluctuating reaction conditions is highly desired. This paper describes a distributed clean CO2 utilization system in which the surface structure of catalysts is carefully regulated. The Ni catalyst with unsaturated electrons loaded on In2O3 can reduce the dissociation energy of H2 to overcome the slow response of intermittent H2 supply, exhibiting a faster response (12 min) than bare oxide catalysts (42 min). Moreover, the introduction of Ni enhances the sensitivity of the catalyst to hydrogen, yielding a Ni/In2O3 catalyst with a good performance at lower H2 concentrations with a 15 times adaptability for wider hydrogen fluctuation range than In2O3, greatly reducing the negative impact of unstable H2 supplies derived from renewable energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global finance and business is a trillion‐dollar sector whose final demand drives a significant amount of economic production and services in other sectors through trade systems. As economic production and services have a significant impact on the environment, they play a fundamental role in supporting the global sustainable development goals (SDGs). Despite this, little attention has been paid to environmental impact driven by the final demand of global finance and business sector (i.e., environmental footprint). In this paper, we estimated the carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particular matter 10 (PM10) footprints of finance and business sector of 187 economies from 2000 to 2016 using a global multi‐regional input–output model. Our results show that global environmental footprints peaked 10 years ago, and the latest CO2, SO2 and PM10 footprints are approximately 1371, 8.2 and 6.1 million tons, respectively. We also found that 99% of environmental footprints originate from 20% economy‐sectors, and the critical economy‐sectors are identified. In addition, policy interventions on environmental intensity, production efficiency and trade network for mitigating the environmental footprints are proposed as well. Our findings provide a holistic and dynamic picture of the environmental footprints of the global finance and business sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing renewable energy to hydrogenate carbon dioxide into fuels eliminates massive CO2 emissions from the atmosphere and diminishes our need for using fossil fuels. This review presents the most recent developments for designing heterogeneous catalysts for the hydrogenation of CO2 to formate, methanol, and C2+ hydrocarbons. Thermodynamic challenges and mechanistic insights are discussed, providing a strong foundation to propose a suitable catalyst. The main body of this review focuses on nanostructured catalysts for constructing efficient heterogeneous systems. The most important factors affecting catalytic performance are highlighted, including active metals, supports and promoters that can potentially be used. The summary of the results and the outlook are presented in the final section. During the past few decades, heterogeneous CO2 hydrogenation has gained much attention and made tremendous progress. Thus, many highly efficient catalysts have been studied to discover their active sites and provide mechanistic insights. This paper summarizes recent advances in CO2 hydrogenation and its conversion into various hydrocarbons such as formate, methanol, and C2+ products. As for formate production, Au and Ru nanocatalysts show superior activity. However, considering the catalyst cost, Cu‐based catalysts have an excellent prospect for methanol production, among other catalysts. Ultra‐small nanoparticles and nanoclusters appear promising to provide highly active cost‐effective catalysts. A growing number of researchers are investigating the possibility of directly synthesizing C2+ products through CO2 hydrogenation. The major challenge in producing heavy hydrocarbons is breaking the ASF limitations, which have been achieved over bifunctional catalysts using zeolites. Using suitable support and promoter can lead to a superior activity, ascribed to structural, electronic, and chemical promotional effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess CO2 can be effectively converted into valuable fuels and chemicals by electrochemical CO2 reduction, which can help establish a low‐carbon emission economy and solve the current energy crisis. In recent years, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), as an emerging multifunctional material with porous structure, high chemical tunability and large specific surface area, has received increasing attention in the field of electrochemical CO2RR. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of various MOFs and their derivatives as CO2RR electrocatalysts and analyze their roles in the catalytic process from physical and chemical aspects. In addition, combining experiments and theory, this article also offers a personal view on the electronic structure modulation strategies to improve electrocatalytic performance. The article concludes with an analysis of the challenges in realizing MOFs and their derivatives for electrocatalytic CO2RR applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 into high energy‐density fuels and value‐added chemicals under mild conditions can promote the sustainable cycle of carbon and decrease current energy and environmental problems. Constructing electrocatalyst with high activity, selectivity, stability, and low cost is really matter to realize industrial application of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (ECR). Metal–nitrogen–carbon (M–N–C), especially Ni–N–C, display excellent performance, such as nearly 100% CO selectivity, high current density, outstanding tolerance, etc., which is considered to possess broad application prospects. Based on the current research status, starting from the mechanism of ECR and the existence form of Ni active species, the latest research progress of Ni–N–C electrocatalysts in CO2 electroreduction is systematically summarized. An overview is emphatically interpreted on the regulatory strategies for activity optimization over Ni–N–C, including N coordination modulation, vacancy defects construction, morphology design, surface modification, heteroatom activation, and bimetallic cooperation. Finally, some urgent problems and future prospects on designing Ni–N–C catalysts for ECR are discussed. This review aims to provide the guidance for the design and development of Ni–N–C catalysts with practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the third important long‐lived greenhouse gas next to carbon dioxide and methane and croplands are considered biogeochemical hotspots of soil N2O emissions. To reduce soil N2O and other greenhouse emissions, climate‐smart agricultural practices including biochar application have been applied. Many studies have been conducted with biochar application but results from these studies are not conclusive. To address this issue, meta‐analysis, a quantitative review that synthesizes results from multiple independent studies, has been widely used. The results from different meta‐analyses also differ but are seldomly evaluated. In this study, we evaluated meta‐analyses on the effects of biochar application on soil N2O emissions. A grand mean response ratio (RR) was further proposed to estimate an overall effect and the impacts of experiment setting, properties of biochar and soil, and agricultural practices. We found 18 meta‐analysis papers were published between 2014 and 2022. Sample size (publications or experiments) varied from less than 30 to more than 1000, with a mean sample size of 275. RR was calculated in all studies except one. While four meta‐analyses did not find a significant effect of biochar application on soil N2O emissions, all others reported reductions of soil N2O emissions, but the magnitude ranged from −10.5% to −54.8%. Synthesizing all results from these meta‐analyses, we found that biochar application overall significantly reduced the soil N2O emissions by 38.8%. The impacts increased with experimental duration till one and half years and reduced after that. Biochar application rate and C:N ratio had large influence on the effects of biochar application on soil N2O emissions. This study demonstrated that while meta‐analysis provides a more comprehensive and better estimation, the inconsistence among these studies may need to be further evaluated. A grand mean RR based on meta‐analyses could be more accurate and representative than single meta‐analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface air temperature (SAT) trend on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) was 3.45°C 100 years−1 from 1961 to 2014. The multi‐model ensemble (MME) of 33 coupled models participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase six (CMIP6) was about 1°C 100 years−1 lower than the observation. Although MME generally shows better skill in reproducing the distribution of SAT trend over TP than most of the CMIP6 models, its performance is greatly degraded by a small group of models, about 12% on average, with large biases. In this paper, the constrained multi‐model ensemble (CMME) based on a certain observation‐based threshold is used to constrain future projections of the SAT trend over TP. Compared with the MME results, the improvements in CMME are mainly over the eastern plateau in historical simulation and are relative to the reduction of the model biases to carbon dioxide (CO2) forcing. Under the high‐emission SSP5‐8.5 scenario, SAT increases significantly over the entire TP. The constraint of CMME on the MME is mainly over the eastern plateau with a difference of 0.5°C 100 years−1, about 6% of the MME results. Under the intermediate‐emission scenario SSP2‐4.5, the effect of CMME is relatively smaller, but the corresponding spatial distribution is similar to that under the SSP5‐8.5 scenario. The CMIP6 models tend to underestimate the warming trend projections over the water source regions in the northeastern plateau and should be noticed. Key Points: The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase six model ensemble in surface air temperature trend reproduction on the Tibetan Plateau are greatly degraded by a small group of models with large biasesThe impact of constrained ensemble (CMME) is mainly over the eastern plateau in relative to the reduction of model biases to CO2 forcingThe CMME results indicate the underestimated warming projections in multi‐model ensemble over the northeastern plateau [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible gas sensors, which can detect gas markers from the human body and hazardous gases from the environment, are attracting tremendous attention recently. Carbon nanotube (CNT) films are explored for flexible gas sensors due to its sensing ability at room temperature, strong adsorption for foreign molecules, mechanical robustness, and remarkable flexibility, and providing nanoscale surfaces with large surface area for various functional materials, etc. In this paper, recent advances in flexible gas sensors based on CNT films are reviewed. It discusses various strategies to design the structure of flexible CNT films and improve flexibility/stretchability performance. It generalizes different types of sensitive materials loaded for detected gases and analyzes the sensing mechanism of CNT films, with interface interactions and synergistic effects leading to an improvement in gas sensing. In addition, it discusses the preparation of CNT self‐standing films and the use of flexible substrates in transformation and assembly, in order to enable CNT films with improved flexible properties. CNT films show remarkable response and flexibility to hazard or greenhouse gases, such as ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen, nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, and others. Summary and perspectives toward the future development of flexible gas sensors based on CNT films are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides evidence on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for 51 African and 132 other countries in 163 sectors over the period 1995–2015. The resulting landscape is summarised in four patterns. Patterns identified for Africa differ from those identified for other regions but are closely related to a synthetic aggregate comparator based on key country characteristics. (1) All regions have reduced emission intensities over the period 1995–2015. Africa's share of global CO2 emissions has remained constant from 1995 to 2015. (2) The carbon intensity of production has increased in Africa in both decades. Over half of the 20 top African emitting countries shifted towards more carbon‐intensive techniques. (3) Over 1995–2015, intra‐regional shares of emissions fell by seven percentage points to 84% for Africa. Africa's share of emissions originating from Asia rose from 4% to 11%. Europe's share of emissions from Africa rose from 2% to 4%, respectively. (4) The export basket of Africa is skewed towards high CO2 equivalent‐intensity products. CO2 emission intensities correlate positively with output upstreamness (OU) and input downstreamness (ID). The OU/ID indicator of position in a supply chain is negatively correlated with CO2 emission intensities within regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raman spectroscopy is a promising method to analyze natural gas. Measurement of hydrocarbon concentrations is required for quality control of this fuel. Despite the presence of intense characteristic peaks of hydrocarbons in the range of 2800–3040 cm−1, researchers avoid this region due to the overlap with a methane spectrum. This paper presents a simple method to simulate the Raman spectrum of methane in natural gas at different pressures and concentrations of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and ethane. A detailed description of the algorithm and the empirical parameters necessary for the simulation are provided. The method can be used to improve the accuracy of the Raman gas analysis of natural gas and other methane‐bearing media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is unquestionably necessary for economic progress, but it also results in carbon emissions, which are the leading cause of environmental deterioration and climate change. From this perspective, clean energy can contribute to both sustainable development and ecological sustainability, as it consists of non‐carbohydrate energy sources that do not or rarely emit greenhouse gases. In this context, this paper investigates economic policy uncertainty (EPU), economic expansion (EE) and clean energy consumption (EC) on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Russia from 1995 to 2021. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was used to illustrate the interdependence of factors. The error correction model (ECM) is also used to check the relationship among the study's desired factors. The long‐term investigation found that EPU harms the environment by increasing emission levels. The economic expansion increases CO2 emissions and reduces the environmental quality, supporting the ecological modernization argument. The consumption of clean energy negatively impacts CO2 emission; hence its higher amount reduces the carbon. Thus, the study found a causal relationship between EPU, EC, EE and CO2 emissions. Based on the study's findings, a policy framework is proposed to address the sustainable development goals and environmental quality. Adding the other variables like environmental regulations can be taken as future direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) industry has announced an ambitious decarbonization roadmap to 2050 to keep its place as a reference product in the future market of building materials. AAC raw materials are contributing to a large share of the CO2 footprint of AAC and need to be carefully assessed. Lime is today an essential raw material in the production of AAC and will remain so in the future as, unlike some other raw materials, it cannot be interchanged by a less carbon‐intensive alternative. Lime is essential in the formation of Tobermorite and provides the alkaline conditions required for the formation of the hydrogen bubbles structuring the mineral foam. Lime is produced by the calcination of limestone (CaCO3) releasing carbon dioxide (CO2). The CO2 footprint of lime is considerable, and the production process is considered hard‐to‐abate. Today roughly two‐thirds of the CO2 is inherent to the production process while only one‐third of the CO2 is due to the required fuel. Lhoist has developed a Carbon Action 2030 plan with a range of low‐carbon and carbon‐neutral lime solutions. The approach is based on the principle of three pillars: Avoiding, Reducing, and Compensating with a pipeline of effective carbon reduction initiatives behind each pillar. The paper will provide a status update on the key projects in Belgium, France, and Germany. The transformation to low‐carbon lime has triggered projects in energy improvement, sustainable fuels, the usage of hydrogen, kiln electrification, oxyfuel kilns, carbon capture, and storage as well as CO2 utilization. Once the CO2 is captured during the production of lime, the carbonation of the AAC will lead to a carbon‐negative building material. Our roadmap will position Lhoist as a preferred partner for the AAC industry in the future. Our lime product portfolio ranging from Level|Blue™ to Level|Green™ will support the AAC industry to consolidate and develop its referential position in the building materials industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lime is an essential raw material for the production of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC). Its functionality is triple in this application: The mineral phase giving rise to the mechanical strength of AAC (tobermorite) is formed by the reaction of quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO) with silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) under hydrothermal curing. Lime is also providing the alkaline conditions required for the formation of the hydrogen bubbles structuring the mineral foam. Finally, the exothermic hydration ("slaking") reaction with water is providing the required energy input in the system. Lime is produced by the calcination of limestone (CaCO3) releasing carbon dioxide (CO2). Today's limes appreciated for the production of AAC are showing slow reactivity, with t60 values typically higher than 8 and up to 16 min and more. Those limes are obtained by severe calcination, so‐called "hardburning," which requires a higher amount of energy compared to standard high reactive limes, releasing more CO2 accordingly. Seeking for improving the carbon footprint of its product portfolio, Lhoist investigates different pathways to produce limes suitable for the production of AAC. This paper presents new lime qualities under development, their slaking behavior, and impact on the typical AAC process steps. The new limes show smooth while modified slaking profiles. The use of such lime qualities will allow for a progressive shift from today's formulation technologies towards formulations with highly improved environmental profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study estimated paper and paperboard demand, pulpwood demand, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from production of paper and paperboard through 2050 in ten Asian countries. Under scenarios of varying population, gross domestic product (GDP), and per capita paper and paperboard demand, we analyzed the relationship between economic growth and consumption of paper and paperboard. We also evaluated options to reduce CO2 emissions through increased use of black liquor, waste paper pulping, and wood chemical pulping, as well as improvements in pulp, paper, and paperboard production technology. The quadratic curve model (inverted U) for per capita consumption of paper and paperboard against per capita GDP resulted in significant regression coefficients and higher adjusted R2 values than linear and logarithmic curve models for all uses of paper and paperboard. The estimated paper and paperboard demand in the ten countries in 2050 ranged from 112% (328%) to 156% (454%) of total 2005 consumption for the world (for the ten Asian countries). Of this estimated paper and paperboard demand, China accounted for about 50% and India 20%. The estimated pulpwood demand in these ten countries in 2050 ranged from 13% (48%) to 21% (84%) of global (ten country) 2005 wood supply potential. The introduction or increase of the use of black liquor, waste paper pulping, the combination of wood chemical pulping and black liquor, and technological improvements produced CO2 reductions of 24%, 5%, 32%, and 25%, respectively, compared to 2050 emission levels in the no-measure (unadjusted) option, assuming sustainable forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean mesoscale flows significantly influence nutrient distribution and biological productivity, yet the scarcity of eddy‐permitting observational data sets and climate modeling hinders understanding their role in carbon sequestration. Using an eddy‐resolving global simulation, this study investigates the significance of ocean mesoscales in air‐sea carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange. Results show over 30% of CO2 flux variance in energetic regions attributed to flows with horizontal scales smaller than 2°. Mesoscale flows can drive a cumulative CO2 flux that is either a net carbon sink or source depending on region, with magnitudes on the order of 105 tonnes of carbon per year. Variations in this mesoscale‐related CO2 flux are correlated with local relative vorticity and the background gradient of ocean partial pressure of CO2. This analysis underscores the importance of considering ocean mesoscales in monitoring carbon flux, highlighting the need to explore the influence of increasing eddy activity on carbon uptake in a changing climate. Plain Language Summary: This study investigates the influence of ocean flows with horizontal scales of tens to hundreds of kilometers (called mesoscale flows) on the exchange of carbon dioxide between the ocean and the atmosphere using a state‐of‐the‐art high resolution global simulation. It is shown that in certain parts of the ocean, more than 30% of the variability in carbon dioxide exchange at the ocean surface is linked to these relatively small‐scale ocean motions. It is further revealed that mesoscale flows can lead to a significant gain or loss of carbon from the ocean at the regional level, and that depends on how the flow is oriented with respect to the background distribution of carbon in the ocean. Gaining a better understanding of how the mesoscale flow features influence air‐sea carbon dioxide exchange is crucial for understanding the ocean's role in the carbon cycle and its ability to absorb and store carbon in a changing climate. Key Points: Over 30% of air‐sea CO2 flux variability is attributed to ocean spatial scales smaller than 2° in eddy‐rich regionsThe cumulative mesoscale‐induced CO2 flux is on the order of 105 tonnes of carbon per yearMesoscale‐related CO2 flux is governed by both relative vorticity and the background gradient of partial pressure of CO2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporating large amounts of woody biomass into soil, such as in whole orchard recycling (WOR), can promote carbon sequestration, nutrient recycling, and ecosystem health in agricultural fields. Yet uncertainty regarding the effects of WOR on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics influences management decisions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of woodchip (WC) size and interaction with N fertilization on carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. An 8‐month incubation experiment incorporating WC (4% w/w, equivalent to ∼40 tons per acre) in four sieved sizes (0.2–1.6, 1.6–3.2, 3.2–6.4, and 6.4–12.7 mm) with and without N applications was conducted. All treatments with WC showed that CO2 emission peaked within the first week, then decreased drastically afterward. The CO2 peak delayed as the peak value decreased (WC size increased). The finest WC (<1.6 mm) yielded the lowest total CO2 emissions and resulted in the greatest increase in soil C at the end of incubation. Nitrogen application reduced total CO2 emissions by 1% in the smallest WC size and by 8%–9% for those larger than 1.6 mm. The N2O emissions spiked following each fertilizer application with lowest total emissions from the smallest WC size, suggesting substantial N immobilization. The results imply that larger WC sizes can delay C mineralization and reduce initial N immobilization risks, but the smallest WC size may have stabilized and increased soil organic carbon. This research increased our understanding on WC mineralization that can be used in WOR management. Core Ideas: There is a significant interaction between woodchip size and N application on both CO2 and N2O emissions.Smallest woodchip size gave highest initial CO2 emissions, but lowest total loss while increasing soil organic carbon.N application with woodchips resulted in significantly lower CO2 emissions.Woodchip size showed different impact on peak N2O emissions with time but no impact on total loss and soil N.Larger woodchip sizes showed delay in C mineralization, minimizing the initial N immobilization risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]