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Lead acetate, a pervasive environmental toxin, poses significant threats to reproductive health due to its ability to induce toxicity in both males and females. Mechanisms of lead acetate-induced reproductive toxicity involve oxidative stress, inflammation and endocrine disruption. Neem (Azadirachta indica), a tree native to India and other parts of Southeast Asia, has long been revered for its medicinal properties and is increasingly recognized for its potential in mitigating various health concerns. This review paper provides a comprehensive examination of the potential of nanoparticles derived from Azadirachta indica (Neem) in countering lead acetate-induced reproductive toxicity. We explore the historical uses and traditional knowledge surrounding neem, its chemical composition and pharmacological properties relevant to reproductive health. Additionally, we discuss the sources and mechanisms of lead acetate-induced reproductive toxicity, highlighting the adverse effects on male and female reproductive systems. Finally, we discuss future research directions and the potential of neem nanoparticles as a natural remedy for mitigating lead acetate-induced reproductive toxicity, offering insights into the development of innovative strategies to safeguard reproductive health in the face of environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The present study aimed to perform scientometric assessment of global publications output of research on Azadirachta indica during 1997–2016. Methodology: The present study examined 4900 global publications on A. indica, as indexed and covered in international Scopus database during 1997–2016 with a view to understanding their growth rate, global publication share, citation impact, international collaborative papers share, distribution of publications by broad subjects, productivity and citation profile of top organizations and authors, preferred media of communication, and bibliographic characteristics of high cited papers. Results: The global publications registered 7.61% annual average growth rate, and its citation impact averaged to 13.91 citations per paper. The global share of top 10 countries ranged from 1.91% to 31.04%, with the largest share (53.49%) from India, followed by Brazil (6.12%), USA (6.02%), etc., About 86.82% and 85.81% of the cumulative global publication and citation share comes from top 10 countries during 1997–2016. The cumulative global share of top 10 countries increased from 85.89% to 86.35% from 1997–2006 to 2007–2017. Only top three countries registered relative citation index above the world average of 1.0: UK (1.95), USA (1.71), and Germany (1.42) during 1997–2016. Agricultural and biological sciences contributed the largest global publications share of 48.41%, followed by pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics (22.04%), biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology (17.35%), medicine (16.80%), environmental science (13.39%), and other three sub-fields contribution varying from 4.90% to 8.22% during 1997–2016. Eight hundred and forty-eight global organizations and 1589 authors participated in global A. indica research, of which the 25 most productive global organizations and authors together contributed 20.65% and 8.92% global publication share and 22.43% and 12.66% global citation share, respectively, during 1997–2016. Among 4387 journal papers (in 959 journals) in global A. indica research, the top 20 most productive journals together contributed 43.63% global share of total journal publication output during 1997–2016. Conclusion: Totally, 78 publications were found to be high cited, as they registered citations from 100 to 1441 during 1997–2016 and they together received 18,498 citations, averaging to 237.15 citations per paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Irrigating solutions are vital in endodontics, serving to meticulously disinfect root canals, enzymatically dissolve pulpal remnants, and facilitate thorough flushing to eradicate microorganisms. This intricate process ensures optimal microbial control, tissue dissolution, and debris removal, contributing to enhanced endodontic outcomes and overall oral health in clinical practice. Aim: To evaluate the contact angle of Trisodium Citrate (TSC) Silver Nanoparticles (AgNP) and Biosynthesised AgNPs when used in root canal irrigation. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted at White Lab, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India, from January 2023 to August 2023. A total of 40 single-rooted dentine samples extracted from human teeth were utilised. Ethical clearance was duly obtained. The samples were categorised into four groups (n=10 each). The groups underwent distinct irrigation processes, including Biosynthesised AgNPs from Azadirachta Indica (Group-1), Chemically synthesised AgNPs from Trisodium citrate (Group-2), 5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite (Group-3), and Distilled Water (DW) as the control (Group-4). The contact angle of the tested irrigants was thoroughly evaluated in all the samples using an Ossila goniometer. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 21.0. Statistical tests used were Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Group-1 and Group-2 showed significantly low contact angles (p=0.002) compared to the other irrigants like 5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) and water used as control. There was no statistically significant difference among the tested irrigants, with TSC AgNPs and A. Indica AgNPs showing the best results followed by NaOCl and distilled water. Conclusion: The AgNPs in prepared root canals can serve as a good alternative as an irrigating solution. Biosynthesised AgNPs are equivalent to Trisodium citrate AgNPs in regard to wettability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nature has been a great source of therapeutic compounds. The use of plants and plant-derived products as medicine has been a popular tradition as the beginning of human civilization. Plants are considered as the richest source of traditional and modern medications as well as food supplements, pharmaceutical intermediates and chemical entities for synthetic drugs. Among them, Azadirachta indica is one of the most versatile, multitudinous tree having immense potentials. Since Vedic times, it has been known as the multi-directional therapeutic uses in India. It is economically cheaper and safe and its different parts such as leaves, flowers, bark, fruits, gum, seeds, oil possesses great medicinal properties. The aim of this review is to assemble all the information regarding the distribution, botanical description, commercial and medicinal values of Azadirachta indica. This paper is fully based on secondary data. Information was gathered from about 28 published articles from various online portals and these gathered information is analyzed and presented well here in this paper. Azadirachta indica is commonly known as ‘Neem’ which is regarded beneficial to humans and animals. Different parts of neem has been used for treating various diseases such as cancer, Dental diseases, stress, ulcers, heart diseases, malaria, skin diseases, viral diseases, AIDS, oral diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, etc. Chemically diverse and structurally complex phytochemical constituents such as azadirachtin, nimbolinin, nimbidin, gedunin, nimbidol, Quercedin, gallic acid, glycoside, amino-acid, ascorbic acid, salannin and many others are found in Azadirachta indica which show anti-diabetic, antiviral, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-parasitic, anti-malarial, anti-cancer, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective and gastro-protective activities. Thus, more attention must be given for the production of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Psoralea corylifolia (Fabaceae), Pongamia pinnata (Fabaceae), and Woodfordia fruticosa (Lythraceae) stand as renowned medicinal plants in India. Traditionally, different parts of these plants have been employed for healing, particularly in the context of treating psoriasis and various other ailments. This catalyzed our investigation into the potential antipsoriatic properties of these botanicals. Objectives: We set out to evaluate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antipsoriatic capabilities of acetone, ethanol, and water extracts derived from Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica, Psoralea corylifolia, Pongamia pinnata, and Woodfordia fruticosa. Materials and Methods: The antipsoriatic potential of these extracts was assessed through the MTT assay, using HaCaT cells. Additionally, we conducted LDH assays and utilized confocal microscopy to gain further insights. Results: Our investigations unveiled the promising antiproliferative activity of these plants on skin keratinocytes. Notably, compounds A, B, and C demonstrated a significant decrease in cell viability compared to the control group. In contrast, compounds D and E did not exhibit significant differences compared to the control. Discussion and Conclusion: These findings substantiate the traditional uses of these plants in the treatment of psoriasis and underscore their potential as valuable resources in the quest for effective antipsoriatic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azadirachta indica, popularly referred to as neem, is a flowering plant that is native to India and is evergreen, temperature tolerant and worldwide in distribution. Neem (Azadirachta indica), also referred to as 'Indian lilac' or 'Margosa,' is an indigenous tree species originating from India. Therapeutic plants possess a diverse array of medicinal properties, with every portion of the plant being utilized as medicine, both locally and in pharmaceutical businesses, after appropriate preparation. It exhibits efficacy against microorganisms and ectoparasites, encompassing bacteria, fungal organisms, viral infections, ticks, and insects. Furthermore, it possesses antimalarial, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and wounds soothing properties. Additionally, it finds application in agriculture as both insecticides and fertilizer, serving to enhance crop yield. Nevertheless, neem is not immune to microbial infections despite its biological activity against a wide range of bacteria. Neem is susceptible to disease from numerous bacteria and fungi. A novel species of fungus, Phomopsis azadirachtae was identified as the cause of dieback in neem trees. The fungus invades neem plants of every age and size. The disease is characterized by twig blight, inflorescence blight and fruit rot. The illness leads to a nearly complete cessation of fruit yield, with a loss rate approaching 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the research work was carried out during June 2018 to March 2019 at ICAR-NRCE-EPC (Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Research Centre on Equines, Equine Production Campus), Jorbeer, Bikaner (Rajasthan), India. The study was conducted to investigate in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic, chloroformic and Sequentially Extracted Water Extract (SEWE) leaves extracts of Aegle marmelos, Morus alba, Nerium indicum, Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold, Plumeria alba L. and Azadirachta indica against Vap A and Vap C positive Rhodococcus equi. Fresh leaves of these plants were collected manually from campus of ICAR-NRCE-EPC, Jorbeer, Bikaner (Rajasthan). In initial screening ethanolic leaves extract of these plants except Azadirachta indica, were found non-active against Rhodococcus equi. Chloroformic leaves extracts of Azadirachta indica did not showed in vitro antibacterial activity against Rhodococcus equi. While ethanolic and Sequentially Extracted Water Extract (SEWE) leaves extracts of Azadirachta indica showed good in vitro antibacterial activity against Rhodococcus equi. Further, solvent based fractionation, Ethanol Soluble Fraction (ESF), Methanol Soluble Fraction (MSF) and Water Soluble Fraction (WSF) of polar compounds of SEWE did not showed in vitro antibacterial activity against Rhodococcus equi. On comparison with currently used antibiotics (azithromycin and rifampicin), required concentration of the leaves extract of Azadirachta indica was too high for their possibilities of in vivo use, so abundant availability of Azadirachta indica leaves and their activity against Rhodococcus equi suggests their potential for use as disinfectant against Rhodococcus equi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The paste of stem bark of Azadirachta indica (AI) has been traditionally used on wound and scar for rapid healing in Bundelkhand region of India. Objective: In the present investigation, wound healing potential of different extracts of stem bark of AI was explored in mice model. Materials and Methods: To study the wound healing properties in small animal model, the excision and incision wound models were used and water, ethanol-water (1:1, v/v) and ethanol extracts were applied topically (15% w/w in ointment base). In the excision wound model, wound contraction, hydroxyproline content, DNA content, protein content, and nitric oxide levels were estimated after 14 days of topical treatment along with histopathological examinations. In the incision wound model, wound breaking strength was determined after 10 days of topical application of different extracts of AI. Results: The animals treated with water extract of AI exhibited significant increment in rate of wound contraction (93.39%, P < 0.01), hydroxyproline content (13.31 ± 6.65 mg/g of dry tissue, P < 0.001), DNA content (20.99 ± 0.68 µg/100 mg of tissue, P < 0.01), protein content (100.53 ± 7.88 mg/g of wet tissue, P < 0.01) and nitric oxide level (3.05 ± 0.03 mMol/g of tissue, P < 0.001) as well as in wound breaking strength (289.40 ± 29.45 g, P < 0.01) when compared with vehicle control group which was also supported by histopathological studies. Conclusion: The water extract of stem bark of AI possesses significant wound healing property, validating its traditional use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]