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Wallenberg's syndrome (WS) is caused by a stroke in the lateral medulla and can present with various symptoms. One of the main symptoms is vertigo, which can be misdiagnosed as noncentral vertigo (NCV). Approximately 90% of the patients with acute WS have a lateral difference in body surface temperature (BST) due to autonomic pathway disturbances from infarction. Additionally, thermography can aid in WS diagnosis; however, whether BST differences occur in patients with acute NCV is unclear. This study used thermography to measure the BST of patients with NCV and acute WS to determine the effectiveness of BST to differentiate between the conditions. Forty-eight consecutive patients diagnosed with NCV whose BST was measured using thermography during a hospital visit or admission were enrolled. The left and right BST of four sites (face, trunk, and upper and lower limbs) were measured and compared with obtained BST of nine patients with WS. Twenty-two patients had lateral differences in BST ≥ 0.5°C, three with ≥1.5°C, and none with ≥2.5°C. Only one patient with NCV had lateral differences in BST at two or more ipsilateral sites. When WS differentiated from NCV, a left–right difference ≥0.5°C in two or more ipsilateral sites had a sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 98%, and ≥1.0°C had a sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 98%. Acute WS can be differentiated from NCV through BST and the number of sites with lateral differences via thermography, even in rooms where conditions are unregulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scurvy, a condition caused by vitamin C deficiency, is rare, especially in high-income countries. Symptoms of scurvy are typically characterised by dermatological disorders such as poor wound healing and tooth loss, but there is not usually cardiac involvement. A case of reversible pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure owing to scurvy in a 7-year-old boy with autism spectrum disorder is reported. He had a very restricted diet and presented with polyarthralgia, gingival hyperplasia with ecchymosis, and fatigue. His condition, including pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure, completely resolved with vitamin C supplementation. Paediatricians should have a high index of suspicion for scurvy in children with nutritional selectivity and be aware that it can manifest with cardiac symptoms. Scurvy may be life-threatening if not treated, but the symptoms can improve rapidly with vitamin C supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic data generation is generally used in performance evaluation and function tests in data-intensive applications, as well as in various areas of data analytics, such as privacy-preserving data publishing (PPDP) and statistical disclosure limit/control. A significant amount of research has been conducted on tools and languages for data generation. However, existing tools and languages have been developed for specific purposes and are unsuitable for other domains. In this article, we propose a regular expression-based data generation language (DGL) for flexible big data generation. To achieve a general-purpose and powerful DGL, we enhanced the standard regular expressions to support the data domain, type/format inference, sequence and random generation, probability distributions, and resource reference. To efficiently implement the proposed language, we propose caching techniques for both the intermediate and database queries. We evaluated the proposed improvement experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile radiography allows for the diagnostic imaging of patients who cannot move to the X-ray examination room. Therefore, mobile X-ray equipment is useful for patients who have difficulty with movement. However, staff are exposed to scattered radiation from the patient, and they can receive potentially harmful radiation doses during radiography. We estimated occupational exposure during mobile radiography using phantom measurements. Scattered radiation distribution during mobile radiography was investigated using a radiation survey meter. The efficacy of radiation-reducing methods for mobile radiography was also evaluated. The dose decreased as the distance from the X-ray center increased. When the distance was more than 150 cm, the dose decreased to less than 1 μSv. It is extremely important for radiological technologists (RTs) to maintain a sufficient distance from the patient to reduce radiation exposure. The spatial dose at eye-lens height increases when the bed height is high, and when the RT is short in stature and abdominal imaging is performed. Maintaining sufficient distance from the patient is also particularly effective in limiting radiation exposure of the eye lens. Our results suggest that the doses of radiation received by staff during mobile radiography are not significant when appropriate radiation protection is used. To reduce exposure, it is important to maintain a sufficient distance from the patient. Therefore, RTs should bear this is mind during mobile radiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 11-month-old male infant with ascending paralysis had an unremarkable initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and imaging. Progressive neurological symptoms resulted in repeated CSF sampling, microscopy, and plasma microbial cell-free DNA next-generation sequencing analysis, that in combination with epidemiology, confirmed the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To prevent the spread of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, various vaccines have been developed and used in a large number of people worldwide. One of the most commonly used vaccines is the mRNA vaccine developed by Moderna. Although several studies have shown this vaccine to be safe, the full extent of its side effects has not yet been known. Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS) is a rare condition that manifests ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and loss of tendon reflexes. It is a subtype of Guillain-Barré syndrome and an immune-mediated disease related to serum IgG anti-GQ1b antibodies. Several vaccines including those for COVID-19 have been reported to induce MFS. However, there have been no reports of MFS following Moderna COVID-19 vaccine administration.Case Presentation: A 70-year-old man was referred to our hospital due to diplopia that manifested 1 week after receiving the second Moderna vaccine dose. The patient presented with restricted abduction of both eyes, mild ataxia, and loss of tendon reflexes. He was diagnosed with MFS based on his neurological findings and detection of serum anti-GQ1b antibodies. The patient was administered intravenous immunoglobulin, and his symptoms gradually improved. Five days after admission, the patient showed peripheral facial paralysis on the right side. This symptom was suggested to be a delayed onset of peripheral facial nerve palsy following MFS that gradually improved by administration of steroids and antiviral drugs.Conclusion: There have been no previous reports of MFS after Moderna COVID-19 vaccination. This case may provide new information about the possible neurological side effects of COVID-19 vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis (BBE) and Fisher syndrome (FS) are immune-mediated diseases associated with anti-ganglioside antibodies, specifically the anti-GQ1b IgG antibody. These two diseases potentially lie on a continuous spectrum with Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). There are some reports of family cases of GBS and fewer of FS. However, there are no reports of family cases of BBE and FS.Case Presentation: We report a familial case of an 18-year-old son who had BBE and his 52-year-old mother diagnosed with FS within 10 days. The son showed impaired consciousness 1 week after presenting with upper respiratory symptoms and was brought to our hospital by his mother. He showed decreased tendon reflexes, limb ataxia, albuminocytologic dissociation in his spinal fluid, and positive serum anti-GQ1b antibodies. Haemophilus influenzae was cultured from his sputum. He was diagnosed with BBE and treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy, which led to an improvement in symptoms. The mother presented with upper respiratory symptoms 3 days after her son was hospitalized. Seven days later, she was admitted to the hospital with diplopia due to limited abduction of the left eye. She showed mild ataxia and decreased tendon reflexes. Her blood was positive for anti-GQ1b antibodies. She was diagnosed with FS and treated with IVIg, which also led to symptomatic improvement.Conclusions: There are no previous reports of familial cases of BBE and FS; therefore, this valuable case may contribute to the elucidation of the relationship between genetic predisposition and the pathogenesis of BBE and FS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonization of TiO2, which is a process typically used to synthesize TiC, consumes a huge amount of energy. Low-temperature synthesis of TiC from carbon-infiltrated TiO2 has been investigated in this study to develop an energy-saving process. Porous TiO2 was first obtained by hydrochloric acid leaching of ilmenite (FeTiO3) ore. Then, carbon-infiltrated TiO2 was prepared from the porous TiO2 using a tar impregnation method, and its reaction behavior was observed. The carbon-infiltrated TiO2 was completely converted into TiC which contained 3.0 mol pct oxygen at 1300 °C for 2 hours. In contrast, a mixture of reagents TiO2 and carbon did not react when it was subjected to the same treatment. This major difference is due to the effect of close contact between TiO2 and carbon through the nanopores generated in TiO2 obtained by acid leaching of ilmenite ore. It was concluded that this method has significantly lower temperature and much shorter reaction time than those of conventional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Murine Eimeria spp. have been used as effective experimental models of disease instead of large mammalian hosts such as cattle. We here examine drug susceptibility of the uncharacterized murine intestinal protozoan parasite, Eimeria krijgsmanni. Materials and methods: The effectiveness of different treatments against infection of E. krijgsmanni was examined for suppression of oocyst shedding: ST mixture ST mixture, pyrimethamine, Ektecin and toltrazuril. Results: ST mixture and pyrimethamine did not suppress oocyst shedding effectively. Although therapeutic efficacy of Ektecin was demonstrated, the dose required was larger than that for cattle and chickens. Oocyst shedding was only completely suppressed completely by continuous administration of toltrazuril. Furthermore, it was confirmed through morphological examination that early developmental stage zoites appeared in host epithelial cells during and following treatment by toltrazuril, and toltrazuril could not eliminate residual zoites in epithelial cells. Conclusion: E. krijgsmanni may be relatively resistant to these anti-coccidian agents and might therefore have different characteristics that differ from other coccidia with regard to drug susceptibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vacuum circuit breakers are widely used in medium-voltage class. In vacuum circuit breakers, restrikes and non-sustained disruptive discharges sometimes occur after current interruptions. It is said that these late breakdowns are triggered by the microparticles. This paper aims to investigate the relationship between the motion of microparticles and subsequent late breakdown phenomena. It does by artificially injecting microparticles into the vacuum gap and observing their motion using a highspeed video camera. We focused on the sputtering of the electrode material during the current interruption and the mechanical stress of the switching operation as being the origin of these microparticles. We found that the motion of microparticles can be grouped into two distinct patterns: bouncing and attaching. Bouncing microparticles seem to be made of metal, while most of the attaching microparticles attached themselves to the cathode, and their charge was about five times greater than that of the bouncing microparticles. The attaching microparticles seem to be positively charged by secondary electron emissions from the surface under electron bombardment due to the field emission current from the cathode. From these results, we believe that the surfaces of the attaching particles are covered with an insulating layer. From our observations of the production of microparticles by mechanical stress, we have found that the breakdown voltage of the gap drastically drops after a mechanical switching operation where microparticles are produced. The breakdown voltage is restored with repetitive mechanical switching operations and subsequent voltage application. However, the breakdown voltage drops again when the operating speed of the electrode is increased. We also found that microparticles are scattered from the cathode spots on electrodes that have not been current-conditioned, and they are hardly produced from electrodes that are current-conditioned. From these results, we believe that controlling the speed of the mechanical switching operation and the current conditioning are effective ways to prevent the microparticles from being produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of the present study were to investigate the shock absorption capability and force dispersion effect of mouthguard (MG) materials using load cell and film sensors. Two kinds of MG materials, ethylene vinyl acetate and polyolefin, were chosen for this study. When impact forces of approximately 5,000 N were applied on the MG materials using a round flat-nosed rod and a bluntly pointed rod, peak intensities were measured using the load cell sensor while peak stresses and impressed stress distribution areas were measured using the film sensor. Combined analysis using both load cell and film sensors clearly showed the shock absorption properties and force dispersion effects of different MG materials with different impact object shapes. Therefore, impact analysis involving a combined use of these sensor systems was useful and reliable in assessing the shock absorption capability and force dispersion effect of MG materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

- Aim: Experimental materials incorporating fiberglass cloth were used to develop a thin and lightweight face guard (FG). This study aims to evaluate the effect of fiberglass reinforcement on the flexural and shock absorption properties compared with conventional thermoplastic materials. Material and Method: Four commercial 3.2-mm and 1.6-mm medical splint materials (Aquaplast, Polyform, Co-polymer, and Erkodur) and two experimental materials were examined for use in FGs. The experimental materials were prepared by embedding two or four sheets of a plain woven fiberglass cloth on both surfaces of 1.5-mm Aquaplast. The flexural strength and flexural modulus were determined using a three-point bending test. The shock absorption properties were evaluated for a 5200-N impact load using the first peak intensity with a load cell system and the maximum stress with a film sensor system. Results and Conclusions: The flexural strength (74.6 MPa) and flexural modulus (6.3 GPa) of the experimental material with four sheets were significantly greater than those of the 3.2-mm commercial specimens, except for the flexural strength of one product. The first peak intensity (515 N) and maximum stress (2.2 MPa) of the experimental material with four sheets were significantly lower than those of the commercial 3.2-mm specimens, except for one product for each property. These results suggest that the thickness and weight of the FG can be reduced using the experimental fiber-reinforced material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystalline nanoparticles of barium titanate (BT) are incorporated into polyimide (PI) to fabricate highly refractive, anti-UV-degradable nanocomposite films with high permittivity and thermal stability. For homogeneous incorporation of BT nanoparticles into the PI matrix, the BT nanoparticles are surface modified by phthalimide with the aid of a silane coupling agent as a scaffold. The PI nanocomposites are prepared by in situ polymerization in which a diphthalic anhydride and a diamine are used to form the PI matrix in the presence of the surface-modified nanoparticles. The refractive index of the transparent nanocomposite films reaches 1.85 at a nanoparticle content of 59 vol% with a high dielectric constant of ε = 37 and thermal stability up to 460 °C. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

n HPLC-peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence (PO-CL) method for simultaneous determination of methylphenidate (MPH) and ritalinic acid (RA) was developed. The method was used to monitor MPH and RA after administration of MPH to rats. Deproteinized plasma spiked with 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (IS) was dried and labeled with 4-( N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-F). The labeled sample was cleaned with two kinds of solid-phase extraction cartridge, and the DBD-labels were separated on an ODS column with gradient elution using a mixture of CHCN and imidazole-HNO buffer. Separation of MPH and RA can be achieved within 33 min. The LODs of MPH and RA at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 were 2.2 and 0.4 ng mL, respectively. Moreover, monitoring of MPH and RA after MPH administration (10 mg kg) to rat could be performed. The concentration of RA 480 min after administration was eight times higher than that of MPH. The proposed HPLC-PO-CL method was useful for determination of MPH and RA in rat plasma and was successfully used to monitor these substances after MPH administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracellular DNA damages caused by intense burst sinusoidal electric fields (IBSEFs) were investigated by means of an alkaline comet assay method. Non-thermal, 200 μs-long IBSEF with various frequency values (300 kHz-100MHz) and strengths (up to 200 kV/m) was applied to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in a suspending medium between 1 mm gap parallel electrodes. The comet assay suggests that 100 kV/m IBSEF with frequencies exceeding 1 MHz or 100 MHz IBSEFs with field strengths exceeding 3 kV/m induces significant DNA damage. According to the numerical calculation of the electric field over a simplified cell model under an alternating electric field, the intracellular field strength increases with increasing alternating frequency. The minimum level of the field strength that induces the DNA damage is in the range of 10-30 kV/m. This intracellular strong field might trigger biological processes leading to the DNA damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Licorice, the primary ingredient of the Japanese herbal medicine shakuyaku-kanzo-to, can cause pseudoaldosteronism. Thus, shakuyaku-kanzo-to can cause this condition. Case description: A 79-year-old woman was brought to the emergency room. She had been experiencing general fatigue, numbness in the hands, and weakness in the lower limbs and could not stand up without assistance. She presented with hypokalemia (potassium level, 1.7 mEq/L), increased urinary excretion of potassium (fractional excretion of K, 21.2%), abnormalities on an electrocardiogram (flat T waves in II, III, AVF, and V1-6), rhabdomyolysis (creatine kinase level, 28,376 U/L), myopathy, metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation (O2 flow rate, 2 L/min; pH, 7.473; p2, 61.0 mm Hg; p2, 78.0 mm Hg; HCO3, 44.1 mmol/L), hypertension (174/93 mm Hg), hyperglycemia (blood glucose level, 200–300 mg/dL), frequent urination, suppressed plasma renin activity (0.1 ng/mL/hour), decreased aldosterone levels (2.6 ng/dL), and increased urinary cortisol levels (600.6 μg/day; reference range, 26.0–187.0 μg/day). Conclusions: In this case, the observed reduction in the urinary cortisol levels, from 600.6 to 37.8 μg/day, led to a definitive diagnosis of pseudoaldosteronism instead of the apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome. Discontinuing shakuyaku-kanzo-to treatment and administering spironolactone and potassium proved effective in improving the patient's condition. Medical practitioners prescribing shakuyaku-kanzo-to should take into account the association between licorice, which is its main ingredient, and pseudoaldosteronism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A 67-year-old male with dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic renal failure who received chronic hemodialysis for 9 years admitted with pulmonary edema. Three days after admission, electrocardiogram showed transient prolongation of QT interval which was followed by macroscopic T wave alternans (TWA) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). Temporary pacing from right ventricular apex suppressed TWA and VF effectively. Combined cardiac resynchronization therapy and implantable cardioverter defibrillator device was implanted for the secondary prevention of VF. Both prolongation of QT interval and TWA disappeared for 10 days after therapy and no arrhythmic event occurred since then. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To elucidate the relation between a quantitative measure of the shape of the left ventricular cavity, cardiac function, and prognosis in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The hearts of 20 healthy individuals and 18 patients with DCM were evaluated. Participants were aged 48.5 ± 5.0 years. On the basis of end-systolic four-chamber view echocardiograms, the endocardium of the left ventricle was traced and the resulting curve was segmented using 100 points. A line tangential to the curve was then drawn at each point, and the angle between two adjacent tangential lines was calculated. The deviation of these angles was designated as the circle index. The circle index and hemodynamic findings in patients with DCM were compared, and the rate of improvement in the circle index in these cases of DCM was determined. These patients were then placed into one of two groups: group R (11 patients), those with improvement rates of 10% or higher at time of discharge; and group NR (seven patients), those with rates less than 10%. Diuretic (furosemide) use, New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, and readmission rate for the two groups were compared 2 years after discharge. The circle index was 2.7 ± 0.9 in the DCM group and 17.5 ± 4.2 in the healthy group ( P < 0.01). The circle index in the DCM group was correlated with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (r2 = 0.42). Use of furosemide was unchanged in group R 2 years after discharge, but had increased for all patients in group NR. All cases in group R were classified as NYHA I 2 years after discharge. In group NR, in contrast, although all cases were classified as NYHA I at discharge, five of seven cases had deteriorated to NYHA III–IV 2 years later and were readmitted to hospital. There appears to be a quantifiable correlation between the circularity of the left ventricular cavity and the circle index. This suggests that rate of improvement after treatment for heart failure could predict prognosis in patients with DCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study on the role of the cytoplasmic tail of tissue factor in the regulation of vascular endothelial production in human melanoma cell lines. Methodology of the study; Results and discussion; Conclusion.

Short-term cultured suspension cells of rice (Oryza sativa L.) are capable of regeneration, but not in long-term culture. For clarification of the mechanism of regeneration, protein phosphorylation in short-term and long-term cultured suspension cells was compared by two dimensional- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A 56 kDa protein having an isoelectric point of 4.5 was phosphorylated in vitro in short-term cultured suspension cells, but was not phosphorylated after regeneration. This protein in longterm cultured suspension cells remained phosphorylated after transfer to the regeneration medium. However, using an antibody raised against this protein from short-term cultured suspension cells, it was always detected in long-term and short-term cultured suspension cells after transfer to the regeneration medium. The partial amino acid sequence of the HPLC-purified protein showed homology to a calcium-binding protein from maize. The phosphorylation of the 56 kDa protein (pp56) appears to be associated with the regeneration of cultured rice cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background AC or Rat Lungworm meningitis usually presents as a self-limited illness with headache and sensory changes, rarely progressing to coma, death, or permanent brain damage. It is usually diagnosed by eosinophils in the CSF. Once limited to Asia and the tropical Pacific AC transmission via slugs and snails documented on US mainland in 2018. We describe 2 unusual, severe examples of AC infection in infants presenting with ascending paralysis and initial CSF without eosinophilia suggesting Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS). Methods Conventional lab testing of serum and CSF, brain and spine MRI, AC PCR by Hawaii Department of Health, and mcfDNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) of plasma (Karius). Results Two infants, aged 8 and 11 months, presented with fever, lower extremity weakness, and ascending paralysis. An initial evaluation in both included normal brain/spine imaging and CSF with modest lymphocytic pleocytosis without eosinophils. Paralysis progressed despite IVIG. Case 1: 11-month male: Admitted on fever day 5. Paralysis progressed to respiratory failure requiring ventilation for 20 days. Illness day 16: MRI showed spinal cord swelling C3-C7, Brain normal. CSF#3: WBC 269 28% eos, ↑ protein. Visible 8 mm long young adult worms, PCR positive for AC. Rx high-dose corticosteroids, albendazole for >4 weeks. Day 29 illness MRI: Cerebral infarct L frontal lobe, worm tracks medulla, inflammation cauda equina. Slow improvement over 5 months. Case 2: 8-month-old female: Admitted fever day 8. Weakness progressed to arms and trunk. Day 10 illness: CSF #2: Visible worms present, WBC 84, 26% eos. PCR positive for AC. Rx: High-dose steroids and albendazole x4 weeks. MRI spine illness day 30: inflammation cauda equina. Weakness improved by illness day 37. McfDNA sequencing of plasma detected AC in acute stage peaks of 123 and 12 molecules/microliter in cases 1 and 2. Serial mcfDNA testing showed a decline in the AC DNA level in plasma which correlated with treatment and clinical response. Conclusion AC infection may mimic GBS or transverse myelitis. AC diagnosis may require repeat CSF testing. NGS detection of AC in plasma holds promise as rapid, noninvasive diagnosis and assessment of response to therapy. High-dose steroids with albendazole may be effective even in severe AC. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors would like to make the following corrections to the above paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study elucidates the influence of the pulsing sequence of repetitive nanosecond pulsed electric fields on the viability of human cancer (HeLa S3) cells. A magnetic pulse compressor was used to repetitively deliver 70 ns-long high voltage pulses to cultured HeLa cells in a 4 mm-gap cuvette electrode. The repetition frequency was varied between 0.01 and 250 pulses per second (pps), corresponding to interval from 100 to 0.004 s, respectively. The electric field and the number of pulses were fixed at 25 kV/cm and 25, respectively, which is a sub-lethal condition for the cells. Propidium iodide was used to identify dead cells in the population. Statistical analysis of a cell death ratio in approximately 5000 cells was performed using a flow cytometer. This experiment shows repetition frequency affects cell viability even with identical intra-medium electrical energy expenditure. The dead cell ratio was increased with decreasing pulse repetition frequency down to 0.33 pps, whereas the ratio is decreased with decreasing frequency below 0.1 pps. Since the resealing mechanism of nano-pores caused by the application of ns pulse lasts for a minute, the dependence of the cell viability on the pulsing sequence might be associated with time constants of biological processes related to recovery from field-induced damage. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper describes the biological response of cultured HeLa S3 cells to non-thermal, intense burst sinusoidal electric fields (IBSEF). The proliferation activity of the cells subjected to 300 kV/m, 200 μs-long IBSEF with a frequency between 0.3 MHz and 100 MHz was evaluated by using an automatic cell event monitor, xCELLigence, for 48 hours. The experiment showed that the cell proliferation depended on the pulse number and the frequency band of the IBSEF. The application of the smaller number of the pulses enhances the proliferation, whereas the large number of pulses tends to kill the cells. The dependence on the pulse number indicates the effect of the pulse is accumulated. The cells seem to be more sensitive to the pulses at the lower frequencies less than 1 MHz. The frequency of 100 MHz, which is sufficiently large for the field to penetrate into the cell, did not appear to influence the proliferation and the immediate death process. When the cells were subjected to 30 pulses of 3 MHz IBSEF, the proliferation was promoted 1.6 times as fast as that of the sham exposure. The frequency dependence of the proliferation might be associated with the electrical stress at the plasma membrane where several proteins related to the cell cycling are located. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]