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Sjögren's syndrome is a multisystemic autoimmune disease that mainly affects the exocrine glands, causing dryness of the eyes and the mouth as the principal symptoms. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), once regarded as genomic "junk", are now appreciated as important molecular regulators of gene expression, not least in Sjögren's syndrome and other autoimmune diseases. Here we review research into the causative roles of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) on immunological responses, inflammation, and salivary gland epithelial cell function in Sjögren's syndrome patients. These ncRNAs represent promising new therapeutic targets for treating the disease and possibly as biomarkers for early diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of apixaban versus warfarin in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) in a "real-world" setting. Patients and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from a large tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia. Patients were included if they were adults (≥ 18 years), diagnosed with VTE, and treated with either apixaban or warfarin between January 2016 and September 2018. Patients who had received anticoagulation therapy within three months of the date of the index event were excluded. The effectiveness outcomes were incidence of VTE recurrence (ie, deep vein thrombosis DVT or pulmonary embolism [PE]), while the safety outcome was incidence of any major bleeding (MB) event within 90 days of follow-up. Results: Among the 492 patients included for study, 212 (43.1%) received apixaban and 280 (56.1%) received warfarin. The mean age of patients was 53.6± 19.1 years and 62% of the cohort was female. Comparable rates of VTE recurrence were observed for apixaban and warfarin treatment groups during follow-up (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) =0.95; 95% CI 0.53– 1.68), including DVT (AOR=1.06; 95% CI 0.52– 2.17) and PE (AOR=0.78; 95% CI 0.31– 1.96). However, apixaban was associated with significantly fewer MB events than warfarin (AOR=0.18; 95% CI 0.04– 0.83). Conclusion: The use of apixaban for the treatment of Saudi patients with acute VTE is associated with a VTE recurrence rate comparable to that of warfarin, with significantly fewer MB events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]