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An intracranial metallic foreign body (sewing needle) was diagnosed in an 11‐month‐old Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. Clinical evaluation showed drooling and chewing, but an otherwise normal neurological examination. Skull radiographs showed a metallic foreign body extending from the pharynx into the skull. A CT scan confirmed the presence of a foreign body crossing the right foramen lacerum into the brain. The needle was removed surgically with the aid of fluoroscopy. No complications were noted, except for transient right Horner's syndrome, most likely due to partial damage of the sympathetic postganglionic fibres that lie in the region of the tympanic bulla following surgery. The owner reported the dog being healthy 3 months after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 2 month‐old female cat, mixed breed, was referred for difficulty moving and severe enlargement of the mandible and limbs. Polyostotic cortical hyperostosis was diagnosed based on diagnostic imaging and histopathological changes of the mandible and limbs. Marked cortical bone thickening was detected on radiographs and CT scan images. The diaphyses of both radii and ulnae, together with the mandibular rami and bodies, were most severely affected. The many similarities shared with the human condition, Caffey's disease, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key tool for monitoring breast cancer patients under neoadjuvant treatment is the identification of reliable predictive markers. Ki67 has been identified as a prognostic and predictive marker in ER-positive breast cancer. Ninety ER-positive, HER2 negative locally advanced breast cancer patients received letrozole (2.5 mg daily) and cyclophosphamide (50 mg daily) with/without Sorafenib (400 mg/bid daily) for 6 months before undergoing surgery. Ki67 expression and tumor size measured with caliber were determined at baseline, after 30 days of treatment and at the end of treatment. Patients were assigned to a clinical response category according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, both at 30 days and before surgery and further classified as high-responder and low-responder according to the median variation of Ki67 values between biopsy and 30 days and between biopsy and surgery time. The predictive role of Ki67 and its changes with regard to clinical response and survival was analyzed. No differences in terms of survival outcomes emerged between the arms of treatment, while we observed a higher percentage of women with progression or stable disease in arm with the combination containing Sorafenib (20.5% vs 7.1%, p = 0.06). Clinical complete responders experienced a greater overall variation in Ki67 when compared with partial responders and patients with progressive/stable disease (66.7% vs 30.7%, p = 0.009). High responders showed a better outcome than low responders in terms of both disease-free survival (p = 0.009) and overall survival (p = 0.002). ΔKi67 score evaluated between basal and residual tumor at definitive surgery showed to be highly predictive of clinical complete response, and a potential parameter to be used for predicting disease-free survival and overall survival in luminal breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant endocrine-based therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case report: An 8-year-old spayed female cross-breed dog was evaluated following a 2-month history of thoracic limb weakness. Neurological examination revealed a spinal cord lesion between C1 andC5 segments. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed that almost 70% of the spinal canal between C1 and C2 was occupied by an intradural extramedullary mass that was connected to a paraspinal mass from the cranial aspect of C2 to the cranial aspect of C3. The dog was anaesthetised and a dorsal, right-sided hemilaminectomy was performed. A durotomy was performed to expose a multilobular mass located principally along the right dorsal-lateral aspect of the spinal cord. The mass did not appear to infiltrate the cord parenchyma. The abnormal tissue was removed as completely as possible using gentle dissection and submitted for histological evaluation. The histological findings were consistent with an intradural- extramedullary haemangioblastoma with paraspinal extension. Following surgery, no neurological deterioration was detected. A metronomic-dosing chemotherapy protocol was administered to prevent progression or recurrence of the tumour. Follow-up MRI studies were performed 3, 6 and 12months after the surgery, confirming complete tumour removal and the absence of recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose:To assess whether the combination of letrozole, metronomic cyclophosphamide and sorafenib (LCS) is well tolerated and shows activity in primary breast cancer (BC).Methods:Thirteen oestrogen receptor-positive, postmenopausal, T2-4, N0-1 BC patients received the LCS combination for 6 months. In these patients we examined the pharmacokinetics of sorafenib and cyclophosphamide, toxicity of the regimen, the clinical response to therapy and changes in the levels of biologically relevant biomarkers.Results:Adequate plasma concentrations of sorafenib were achieved in patients when it was dosed in combination with L+C. The mean plasma concentrations of C were consistently lower following administration of LCS, compared with administration of L+C only. The most common drug-related grade 3/4 adverse events were skin rash (69.3%), hand-foot skin reaction (69.3%) and diarrhoea (46.1%). According to RECIST Criteria, a clinical complete response was observed in 6 of 13 patients. A significant reduction in tumour size, evaluated with MRI, was also observed between baseline and 14 days of treatment in all 13 patients (P=0.005). A significant reduction in SUV uptake, measured by 18FDG-PET/CT, was observed in all patients between baseline and 30 days of treatment (P=0.015) and between baseline and definitive surgery (P=0.0002). Using modified CT Criteria, a response was demonstrated in 8 out of 10 evaluable patients at 30 days and in 11 out of 13 evaluable patients at the definitive surgery. A significant reduction in Ki67 expression was observed in all patients at day 14 compared with baseline (P<0.00001) and in 9 out of 13 patients at the definitive surgery compared with baseline (P<0.03). There was also a significant suppression of CD31 and VEGF-A expression in response to treatment (P=0.01 and P=0.007, respectively).Conclusions:The LCS combination is feasible and tolerable. The tumour response and target biomarker modulation indicate that the combination is clinically and biologically active. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Stratification of patients for treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is suboptimal, with high systemic overtreatment rates.Methods:A training set of 95 tumours from women with pure DCIS were immunostained for proteins involved in cell survival, hypoxia, growth factor and hormone signalling. A generalised linear regression with regularisation and variable selection was applied to a multiple covariate Cox survival analysis with recurrence-free survival 10-fold cross-validation and leave-one-out iterative approach were used to build and test the model that was validated using an independent cohort of 58 patients with pure DCIS. The clinical role of a COX-2-targeting agent was then tested in a proof-of-concept neoadjuvant randomised trial in ER-positive DCIS treated with exemestane 25 mg day−1±celecoxib 800 mg day−1.Results:The COX-2 expression was an independent prognostic factor for early relapse in the training (HR 37.47 (95% CI: 5.56-252.74) P=0.0001) and independent validation cohort (HR 3.9 (95% CI: 1.8-8.3) P=0.002). There was no significant interaction with other clinicopathological variables. A statistically significant reduction of Ki-67 expression after treatment with exemestane±celecoxib was observed (P<0.02) with greater reduction in the combination arm (P<0.004). Concomitant reduction in COX-2 expression was statistically significant in the exemestane and celecoxib arm (P<0.03) only.Conclusions:In patients with DCIS, COX-2 may predict recurrence, aiding clinical decision making. A combination of an aromatase inhibitor and celecoxib has significant biological effect and may be integrated into treatment of COX2-positive DCIS at high risk of recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stratification of patients for treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is suboptimal, with high systemic overtreatment rates.Methods: A training set of 95 tumours from women with pure DCIS were immunostained for proteins involved in cell survival, hypoxia, growth factor and hormone signalling. A generalised linear regression with regularisation and variable selection was applied to a multiple covariate Cox survival analysis with recurrence-free survival 10-fold cross-validation and leave-one-out iterative approach were used to build and test the model that was validated using an independent cohort of 58 patients with pure DCIS. The clinical role of a COX-2-targeting agent was then tested in a proof-of-concept neoadjuvant randomised trial in ER-positive DCIS treated with exemestane 25 mg day(-1)± celecoxib 800 mg day(-1).Results: The COX-2 expression was an independent prognostic factor for early relapse in the training (HR 37.47 (95% CI: 5.56-252.74) P=0.0001) and independent validation cohort (HR 3.9 (95% CI: 1.8-8.3) P=0.002). There was no significant interaction with other clinicopathological variables. A statistically significant reduction of Ki-67 expression after treatment with exemestane ± celecoxib was observed (P<0.02) with greater reduction in the combination arm (P<0.004). Concomitant reduction in COX-2 expression was statistically significant in the exemestane and celecoxib arm (P<0.03) only.Conclusions: In patients with DCIS, COX-2 may predict recurrence, aiding clinical decision making. A combination of an aromatase inhibitor and celecoxib has significant biological effect and may be integrated into treatment of COX2-positive DCIS at high risk of recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Although Trastuzumab has improved survival of HER2+ breast cancer patients, resistance to the agent pre-exists or develops through the course of therapy. Here we show that a specific metabolism and autophagy-related cancer cell phenotype relates to resistance of HER2+ breast cancer to Trastuzumab and chemotherapy.Methods:Twenty-eight patients with locally advanced primary breast cancer were prospectively scheduled to received one cycle of Trastuzumab followed by a new biopsy on day 21, followed by taxol/Trastuzumab chemotherapy for four cycles before surgery. FDG PET/CT scan was used to monitor tumour response. Tissue samples were immunohistochemically analysed for metabolism and autophagy markers.Results:In pre-Trastuzumab biopsies, the LC3A+/HER2+ cell population was correlated with HIF1α expression (P=0.01), while GLUT1 and LC3B expression were correlated with Ki67 proliferation index (P=0.01 and P=0.01, respectively). FDG PET tumour dimensions before therapy were correlated with LC3B expression (P=0.005). Administration of Trastuzumab significantly reduced clinical and PET-detected tumour dimensions (P<0.01). An inverse association of tumour response with the percentage of cells expressing HIF1α at baseline was documented (P=0.01). Administration of Trastuzumab resulted in a decrease of the proliferation index (P=0.004), GLUT1 (P=0.04) and HER2 (P=0.01) expression. In contrast, the percentage of LC3A+/HER2+ cells was increased (P=0.01). High baseline HIF1α expression was the only parameter associated with poorer pathological response to preoperative chemotherapy (P=0.001).Conclusions:As the HER2+/LC3A+ phenotype, which often overexpresses HIF1α, is a major subpopulation increasing after therapy with Trastuzumab, LC3A- and HIF1α-targeting therapies should be investigated for the augmentation of anti-HER2 therapy efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:The objective of this study was to determine the optimal scheduling of 2.5 mg daily letrozole in neoadjuvant breast cancer patients to obtain pathological complete response (pathCR) and assess Ki-67 expression as an early predictor of response.Patients and methods:This single institution study comprised 120 oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer (clinical stage T2, N0-1), from three sequential cohorts (cohort A of 40, cohort B of 40 and cohort C of 40 patients, respectively) based on different duration of the neoadjuvant letrozole. Biological markers such as ER, progesterone receptor, HER2 and Ki-67 expression were tested at diagnosis and at definitive surgery.Results:A total of 89 patients (75.4%) achieved an objective response with 44 (37.3%) clinical CRs and 45 (38.1%) partial responses. The clinical CRs were significantly observed in cohort C (23 out of 40 patients, 57.5%) and B (16 out of 38 patients, 42.1%) compared with cohort A (5 out of 40 patients, 12.5%) (P-value for trend <0.001). Letrozole induced a similar significant reduction in Ki-67 index after treatment in all cohorts. The pathCR rate was significantly more frequent in cohort C (7 out of 40 patients, 17.5%) than in cohort A (1 out of 40 patients, 2.5%) and B (2 out of 40 patients, 5.0%) (P-value for trend <0.04).Conclusion:One-year neoadjuvant letrozole therapy leads to a higher pathCR rate and may be the optimal length of drug exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent circadian rhythm of bone turnover in bone metastatic breast cancer suggests greater skeletal retention of bisphosphonates if administered in the night. We assessed differential effects of night vs morning administration of zoledronic acid (ZA) on bone turnover. Forty-four breast cancer patients with bone metastases were randomised to receive intravenous ZA (4 mg) at 1100 or 2300 hours every 28 days for four times. Urinary concentration N-telopeptide of type-I collagen (NTX) and deoxypyridinolines, and serum C-telopeptide of type-I collagen (CTX), bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin and Parathyroid hormone (PTH) was measured in the morning at baseline and after 4, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 84 days. Urinary ZA concentration was also measured. Zoledronic acid caused significant decreases of NTX and CTX (P<0.001), without any difference in percent changes between night and morning arms. Bone ALP and osteocalcin were also significantly affected by ZA (P=0.001), without any difference between arms. Parathyroid hormone significantly increased in both the arms; PTH increase was lower in the night arm (P=0.001). From the second administration onwards, urinary ZA level was significantly higher in the night arm (P<0.01). Administration of ZA at two opposite phases of the circadian cycle causes similar changes of bone-turnover marker levels, but has differential effects on the level of serum PTH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variability of serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) and soluble RANKL (sRANKL) along the 24-h cycle was assessed in 20 healthy women. No rhythmic variations of serum OPG, sRANKL or sRANKL/OPG ratio were detected as a group phenomenon. Timing of sampling is unlikely to influence the results of measurements of circulating OPG and sRANKL. Physiological bone turnover shows diurnal variations. The aim of the study was to assess variability of OPG and sRANKL serum levels along the 24-h cycle. Blood was collected from 20 healthy women (median age 31 years, range 25–65 years) at 4-h intervals between 08:00 and 24:00 and at 2-h intervals between 24:00 and 08:00. Serum albumin, cortisol, osteocalcin (OC), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), OPG and total sRANKL were measured. Temporal variations were assessed by the COSINOR model. Circadian rhythms of cortisol and albumin documented a normal synchronization within the circadian structure. Serum OC and CTX showed rhythmic variations, peaking at night-time. Rhythmic variations of serum OPG, sRANKL and sRANKL/OPG ratio were not detected as a group phenomenon. On an individual basis, rhythmic changes were detected in ten patients for OPG and eight patients for sRANKL, with very small amplitudes and heterogeneous acrophases. The absence of consistent rhythmic variations of circulating OPG and sRANKL levels may reflect the absence of rhythmic variations of their expression in the bone microenvironment. Were this the case, the nocturnal rise of bone resorption should be accounted for by different, not RANKL/OPG-mediated factors. Since circulating OPG and sRANKL may derive from sources other than bone, rhythmicity could be masked by non-rhythmic or non-synchronized rhythmic expression in these sources. Timing of sampling is unlikely to influence the results of measurements of circulating OPG and sRANKL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether tumour response to primary chemotherapy in human breast cancer is influenced by baseline haemoglobin (Hb) status. A total of 157 patients with T2-4, N0-1 M0 breast cancer were treated with chemotherapy consisting of either the CMF regimen + tamoxifen (the first 76 cases) or the single-agent epirubicin (the subsequent 81) before definitive surgery. In total, 144 patients were fully assessable. Ki67, p53, bcl-2, c-erbB2, steroid hormone receptor, and microvessel density were evaluated immunohistochemically in tumour specimens obtained before chemotherapy and at surgery. Tumour shrinkage >50% occurred in 72.1% of patients. Responding patients had higher baseline Hb levels and red blood cell counts than nonresponders (P<0.01 and <0.003, respectively). The distribution of disease response according to increasing cutoffs of baseline Hb status showed that from 12.5 mg l(-1) onwards, patients with Hb levels above the cutoff obtained a greater response rate than those with lower Hb values. The difference attained the statistical significance at 12.5 (76.1 vs 59.5%, P<0.05) and 13.0 g/dl(-1) (81.0 vs 57.6%, P<0.002) cutoffs, respectively. The predictive role of Hb levels was maintained in multivariate analysis after adjustment for clinical and biological characteristics and treatment regimen. Patients with baseline Hb levels

The association between tumour shrinkage and reduction in kinetic cell activity after primary chemotherapy in human breast cancer is still a matter of investigation. 157 patients with T2-4, N0-1, M0 breast cancer received primary chemotherapy consisting of either the CMF regimen + tamoxifen (the first consecutive 76 cases) or the single agent epirubicin (the subsequent 81). Ki67, p53, bcl2, c-erbB2 and steroid hormone receptors were evaluated immunohistochemically in tumour specimens obtained before chemotherapy and at surgery. Tumour shrinkage of >50% occurred in 72.4% of patients. Ki67 expression significantly decreased after chemotherapy; the reduction correlated with tumour response in both univariate (P < 0.005) and multivariate analysis (P = 0.02). p53, bcl-2, steroid hormone receptor and c-erbB2 immunostaining were scarcely affected. Baseline bcl2 (P = 0.04) and c-erbB2 (P = 0.02) were directly and inversely associated with the reduction in Ki67 immunostaining, respectively. Baseline p53 expression (P < 0.01) was directly related with Ki67 expression at residual tumour, whereas oestrogen receptor expression (P < 0.001) was inversely related. Ki67 at residual tumour was a better predictor for relapse-free survival (RFS) than baseline Ki67. Clinical response (P < 0.03), but not reduction in Ki67, was a significant independent predictor for disease recurrence. Chemotherapy was found to induce tumour shrinkage and to reduce the number of cells in the cell cycle, but its effect on tumour biology/aggressiveness was minimal. Reduction in Ki67 immunostaining correlated with clinical response but failed to be related to RFS. Ki67 expression at surgery rather than at baseline appears to be a better predictor for disease relapse. The association between tumour shrinkage and reduction in kinetic cell activity after primary chemotherapy in human breast cancer is still a matter of investigation. 157 patients with T2-4, N0-1, M0 breast cancer received primary... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]