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We present the first photographic records of the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) at the remote Rapa Nui (Easter Island) in the south‐east Pacific. Previous anecdotal sightings exist for tiger sharks in this region; however these records have not been reported within the scientific domain. The present sighting occurred in a period of unusually warm sea surface temperature, which has been shown to influence tiger shark range extensions elsewhere. Novel and historic species occurrence records are valuable for determining and predicting species' environmental tolerances, migratory routes, and distributional limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic ectotherms often attain smaller body sizes at higher temperatures. By analysing ~15,000 coastal‐reef fish surveys across a 15°C spatial sea surface temperature (SST) gradient, we found that the mean length of fish in communities decreased by ~5% for each 1°C temperature increase across space, or 50% decrease in mean length from 14 to 29°C mean annual SST. Community mean body size change was driven by differential temperature responses within trophic groups and temperature‐driven change in their relative abundance. Herbivores, invertivores and planktivores became smaller on average in warmer temperatures, but no trend was found in piscivores. Nearly 25% of the temperature‐related community mean size trend was attributable to trophic composition at the warmest sites, but at colder temperatures, this was <1% due to trophic groups being similarly sized. Our findings suggest that small changes in temperature are associated with large changes in fish community composition and body sizes, with important ecological implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Person-Case Constraint (PCC) is a family of restrictions on the relative person of the two objects of a ditransitive. PCC effects offer a testing ground for theories of Agree and of syntactic features, both those on nominals and those found on agreement probes. This article offers a new theory of PCC effects in an interaction/satisfaction theory of Agree (Deal 2015a) and shows the advantages of this framework in capturing PCC typology. On this model, probes are specified for interaction, determining which features will be copied to them, and for satisfaction, determining which features will cause probing to stop. Applied to the PCC, this theory (a) captures all four types of PCC effect recognized by Nevins (2007) under a unified notion of Agree; (b) captures the restriction of PCC effects to contexts of "Double Weakness" in many prominent examples (e.g., in Italian, Greek, and Basque, where PCC effects hold only when both objects are expressed with clitics); (c) naturally extends to PCC effects in syntactic environments without visible clitics or agreement for one or both objects, as well as to the absence of PCC effects in some languages with clitics or agreement for both objects. Two refinements of the interaction/ satisfaction theory are offered: a new notation for probes' interaction and satisfaction specifications, clarifying the absence of uninterpretable/unvalued features as drivers of Agree; and a proposal for the way that probes' behavior may change over the course of a derivation, dubbed dynamic interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to control and direct fire is a major evolutionary step in the human story. The development of aceramic cooking technologies is less well understood as they rarely survive in the archaeological record. However, inferential evidence such as fire-cracked rocks, earthen pits and heated bones suggest a variety of cooking methods were used prior to the invention of ceramics. Yet there is a paucity of experimental evidence testing the efficacy of perishable organic containers in tasks involving their use with heat. The study presents experimental results of organic containers and their use for heating water related to cooking. Containers were made from deer hide and pig stomach and water was heated using two different techniques: placing the container directly above a fire and placing hot stones into the container. The results suggest that different organic containers and heating types could attain and maintain a sub-boiling cooking temperature; however, not all could reach boiling point. It is argued that these sub-boiling methods may be as, or perhaps more, desirable than boiling, with potential implications for the development of vessels prior to the adoption of ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bowel ischaemia significantly increases morbidity and mortality from adhesional small bowel obstruction. Current biomarkers and clinical parameters have poor predictive value for ischaemia. Our study investigated whether neutrophil‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) could be used to predict bowel ischaemia in adhesional small bowel obstruction. Methods: This single‐centre retrospective study collected clinical, biochemical and radiological data from patients with adhesional small bowel obstruction between 2017 and 2020 who underwent operative management. The presence or absence of bowel ischaemia/infarction was used to distinguish two populations. Biochemical markers on admission and immediately prior to operation were collected to give platelet‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR0 and PLRPRE‐OP, respectively) and neutrophil‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR0 and NLRPRE‐OP, respectively). SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) software was used for data analysis with Mann–Whitney U testing for continuous variables and Pearson Chi‐square test for categorical variables. Sensitivity and specificity for PLR and NLR were calculated by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Twenty‐seven patients had intra‐operative bowel ischaemia whilst the remaining 73 had no evidence of bowel ischaemia. Both median PLRPRE‐OP and NLRPRE‐OP were significantly higher in patients with bowel ischaemia compared to those without (PLRPRE‐OP 272 [IQR 224–433] and 231 [IQR 146–295] respectively, P = 0.027; NLRPRE‐OP 12.5 [IQR 8.6–21.3] v. 5.5 [IQR 3.5–10.2] respectively, P ≤ 0.001). Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.762 for NLRPRE‐OP, with a sensitivity of 85.1% and specificity of 63% for NLR 7.4. Conclusion: Raised NLR is predictive of bowel ischaemia in patients with adhesional small bowel obstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrient input from internal and external sources could regulate the variability and abundance of algal and macrophytes in freshwater lakes. This study explores the response of algal and macrophyte growth in relation to internal and external nutrient loading. This study was conducted over a 12-month period in a eutrophic shallow urban lake known as Slim River Lake, which located in Perak state, Malaysia. The internal nutrient loading was calculated during five identified dry periods. Meanwhile, external nutrient loading was measured from stormwater runoff after storm events. Algal biomass was measured twice a month, while total macrophyte abundance was measured once in a month. In this lake, internal nutrient loading could contribute up to 7538.33 kg total phosphorus and 42.23 kg total nitrogen during dry periods. Meanwhile, external nutrient loading quantified from the stormwater runoff contributed up to 401,500 kg total phosphorus and 4611.67 kg total nitrogen. The highest monthly mean for algal biomass and total macrophyte abundance was recorded as 60,343.75 cells/mL and 821.50, respectively. Based on the Pearson correlation analysis, algal biomass was significantly correlated with the internal total phosphorus loading (r = 0.54, p < 0.05). In addition, algal biomass also shows an inverse relationship with the external total phosphorus loading (r = − 0.44, p < 0.05). In contrast, total macrophyte abundance was significantly correlated with the external total phosphorus loading (r = 0.50, p < 0.05) and external total nitrogen loading (r = 0.44, p < 0.05). These results suggest that variation of nutrient sources triggers a different response by algal and macrophytes in the study lake. In implications, these findings show that a combination approach in reducing nutrients from sediment and anthropogenic sources is required for potential lake restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and fisheries exploitation are dramatically changing the abundances, species composition, and size spectra of fish communities. We explore whether variation in 'abundance size spectra', a widely studied ecosystem feature, is influenced by a parameter theorized to govern the shape of size‐structured ecosystems—the relationship between the sizes of predators and their prey (predator–prey mass ratios, or PPMRs). PPMR estimates are lacking for avast number of fish species, including at the scale of trophic guilds. Using measurements of 8128 prey items in gut contents of 97 reef fish species, we established predator–prey mass ratios (PPMRs) for four major trophic guilds (piscivores, invertivores, planktivores, and herbivores) using linear mixed effects models. To assess the theoretical predictions that higher community‐level PPMRs leads to shallower size spectrum slopes, we compared observations of both ecosystem metrics for ~15,000 coastal reef sites distributed around Australia. PPMRs of individual fishes were remarkably high (median ~71,000), with significant variation between different trophic guilds (~890 for piscivores; ~83,000 for planktivores), and ~8700 for whole communities. Community‐level PPMRs were positively related to size spectrum slopes, broadly consistent with theory, however, this pattern was also influenced by the latitudinal temperature gradient. Tropical reefs showed a stronger relationship between community‐level PPMRs and community size spectrum slopes than temperate reefs. The extent that these patterns apply outside Australia and consequences for community structure and dynamics are key areas for future investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report new records of the fisheries‐harvested subtropical greater amberjack Seriola dumerili for the south‐east Pacific Ocean. Despite local fishers' asserting that three Seriola morphotypes exist in the region, only one species (the yellowtail amberjack Seriola lalandi) was previously scientifically recorded for Rapa Nui (also known as Easter Island). Whilst we present the first "scientific record", S. dumerili, traditional ecological knowledge suggests that this is likely a pre‐existing (albeit transient) species of the Rapa Nui ecoregion. Establishing the existing/historic distributional limits of commercially and ecologically valuable species is key for observing climate‐driven distribution shifts, and the inclusion of traditional ecological knowledge is particularly important in areas with relatively lower scientific effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To perform a systematic review of design and reporting of imaging studies applying convolutional neural network models for radiological cancer diagnosis. Methods: A comprehensive search of PUBMED, EMBASE, MEDLINE and SCOPUS was performed for published studies applying convolutional neural network models to radiological cancer diagnosis from January 1, 2016, to August 1, 2020. Two independent reviewers measured compliance with the Checklist for Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging (CLAIM). Compliance was defined as the proportion of applicable CLAIM items satisfied. Results: One hundred eighty-six of 655 screened studies were included. Many studies did not meet the criteria for current design and reporting guidelines. Twenty-seven percent of studies documented eligibility criteria for their data (50/186, 95% CI 21–34%), 31% reported demographics for their study population (58/186, 95% CI 25–39%) and 49% of studies assessed model performance on test data partitions (91/186, 95% CI 42–57%). Median CLAIM compliance was 0.40 (IQR 0.33–0.49). Compliance correlated positively with publication year (ρ = 0.15, p =.04) and journal H-index (ρ = 0.27, p <.001). Clinical journals demonstrated higher mean compliance than technical journals (0.44 vs. 0.37, p <.001). Conclusions: Our findings highlight opportunities for improved design and reporting of convolutional neural network research for radiological cancer diagnosis. Key Points: • Imaging studies applying convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for cancer diagnosis frequently omit key clinical information including eligibility criteria and population demographics. • Fewer than half of imaging studies assessed model performance on explicitly unobserved test data partitions. • Design and reporting standards have improved in CNN research for radiological cancer diagnosis, though many opportunities remain for further progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hostage and crisis negotiation is one tactical option available to incident commanders when responding to critical incidents. Whilst several models of negotiation exist, there is limited research addressing negotiation from a United Kingdom perspective. This paper presents findings from semi-structured interviews with 15 negotiators from nine police forces in England. Data were analysed using grounded theory and 6 primary, 11 secondary, 19 tertiary, and 23 quaternary categories were identified to depict the procedural, operational and communicational aspects of negotiation. Findings indicate that negotiation takes place sequentially in three stages, with the core aspects being conceptualised using the D.I.A.M.O.N.D. mnemonic: 1) Deployment; 2) Information and intelligence gathering; 3) Assessment of risk and threat; 4) Methods of communication; 5) Open dialogue with subject; 6) Negotiator toolbox and repertoire, and 7) Debriefing procedures. The model represents the first attempt at modelling negotiation from an Anglo-centric perspective and provides insight into the entire critical incident management process, as opposed to focusing solely on the aspect of communication between negotiator and subject that has historically dominated the literature. The model highlights the breadth and complexity of the negotiator role and enables several recommendations to be made in relation to the training and operational support of negotiators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information on changes in total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations of lake in response to variations of different nutrients loading is critical for the selection of an appropriate lake management strategy. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of internal and external nutrients loading in controlling in-lake nutrient concentrations in a shallow lake system. This study was conducted in Slim River Lake for 12 months to quantify internal, external total phosphorus and total nitrogen loading, and in-lake total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations. Total phosphorus and total nitrogen in storm water and grab water samples were quantified using ascorbic acid and hydrazine reduction method. Study results indicated that internal total phosphorus and total nitrogen loading fluctuated from 150.17 kg to 7,538.33 kg and 2.72 kg to 42.23 kg, respectively, thus suggesting the significant sediment phosphorus and nitrogen released into the water column. Mobilization of nutrients from the surrounding area was indicated by external total phosphorus and total nitrogen loading, which ranged from 19,800 kg to 401,500 kg and 67.81 kg to 4,611.67 kg, respectively. In-lake total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations ranged from 1.2 mg/L to 46.22 mg/L and from 0.14 mg/L to 0.65 mg/L, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis suggests that in-lake nutrient concentrations were only significantly correlated to the internal total phosphorus (r = 0.82, p < 0.05) and internal total nitrogen (r = 0.60, p < 0.05) loading. These results indicated that the internal total phosphorus and total nitrogen loading could have more impact on the lake eutrophication as compared to external sources. Hence, future restoration strategies that include internal and external nutrients management should be considered to restore Slim River Lake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a tracker for the deliverables of the capstone projects of the College of Computer Studies of Cebu Institute of Technology - University. This tracker has three types of users - student, adviser and super adviser. This tracker allows the student to create a project, view the progress of each deliverable of the project as well as allowing the project leader to assign tasks to each member of the team. This tracker will then provide a Gantt Chart and Work Breakdown Structure to give a visual representation of the tasks of a project. For the adviser, this tracker provides a feature to check if a task specified has already been submitted and rate the completion of the task. This also allows the adviser to assign a new project leader and view the tasks assigned to each member. The super adviser, on the other hand, can view all projects, delete a project, assign a new adviser, delete an adviser account and modify the Work Breakdown Structure. This project tracker was presented and used by select students and faculty adviser of the college. A survey was conducted to these select respondents using System Usability Scale (SUS) survey. The average result of the survey was 78 points - which means the system is above average and is highly acceptable by the users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper outlines the findings from an exploratory analysis of the hostage and crisis negotiator deployment database that was piloted within Norfolk and Suffolk Constabularies prior to national rollout of a centralised and standardised online recording mechanism for negotiator deployments across the majority of police forces within the UK. The research utilised a descriptive research design, whereby the secondary data from an initial 24-month recording period was analysed using descriptive statistics. The findings provide a descriptive representation of (1) the socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects encountered by negotiators, (2) the typical situational characteristics/circumstances in which subjects present and the most frequently encountered subject impact factors and (3) how hostage/crisis incidents are typically resolved. The findings are discussed with relevance to the implications for negotiator practice and policy. An emphasis is placed on identification of recommendations for improving the discipline of hostage and crisis negotiation via the standardisation of deployment recording and targeted/focused training and continuing professional development of negotiators based on the characteristics of deployments observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 20 December 2017, a mature Triaenodon obesus was observed at Hanga Roa Bay, Rapa Nui (Easter Island) at c.18 m depth. This observation increases both the range of T. obesus in the Pacific Ocean and the number of elasmobranch species at Rapa Nui. In combination with other recent sightings further extending the southern range of this species during the Austral summer, sea surface temperature is suggested as key to southern dispersal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hostage and crisis negotiators serve a vital function within modern-day policing and can play a role in whether individuals live or die. As such, it is important for us to understand which police officers are more suited to this complex and challenging role, to ensure that the most effective negotiators are selected and trained. The current paper outlines the findings from interviews conducted with 15 negotiators from nine English police forces. Using a grounded theoretical approach, a conceptual model of the successful negotiator profile was developed comprising three primary and 19 secondary categories. The three primary categories consisted of: 'Negotiator entry requirements', 'Negotiator attributes', and 'Negotiator skills' which taken together, can be used to depict a profile of the successful hostage and crisis negotiator. The profile is discussed with reference to the potential implications for current hostage and crisis negotiator/police officer selection and training practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Hostage and crisis negotiators serve a vital function within society by resolving hostage/crisis incidents. This role, performed by specially trained police "volunteers", helps to prevent numerous fatalities and forms an important part of the modern policing repertoire. There is limited research that identifies the experiences of police officers that dedicate their lives to saving others by volunteering in this capacity. This paper aims to provide an insight into this fundamental police role using negotiator's personal narratives. Design/methodology/approach: This study consisted of an exploratory qualitative grounded theoretical analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with 15 negotiators from nine English police forces. Findings: The analysis revealed 3 primary, 7 secondary and 23 tertiary categories that form a conceptual model of the negotiator experience. The three primary categories consisted of "negotiator positives", "negotiator negatives" and "negotiator ambivalences", which provide an insight into the experiences and identities of negotiators in England. Practical implications: The findings identify several positive factors that could be used to market the role more effectively within police forces and enhance future recruitment processes. Equally, the findings highlight several operational and organisational issues that have a negative impact on the negotiator experience. The findings are, therefore, discussed in light of the practical implications for negotiator training/continuing professional development, policy and practice. Originality/value: This paper depicts the findings from one of the first qualitative analyses of negotiator experiences and provides a unique insight into the negotiator role from an Anglo-centric perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applicatives of unaccusatives provide a crucial test case for the inherent-case view of ergativity. If ergative is assigned only to external arguments, in their θ-positions, there can be no "raising to ergative" in applicative unaccusatives; an internal argument subject can never receive ergative case. In this article, I present evidence from Nez Perce (Sahaptian) that this prediction is false. In Nez Perce applicative unaccusatives, the theme argument raises over the applicative argument and is accordingly marked with ergative case. Nez Perce thus demonstrates raising to ergative. Departing from Baker's (2014) conclusions for similar phenomena in Shipibo (Panoan), I argue that apparently nonlocal movement of the theme in the raising-to-ergative pattern involves not a covert adpositional structure, but rather a response to independently motivated constraints on antilocal movement and remnant movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hostage and crisis negotiation is well established as a police tool, and there is a growing body of literature that provides academic insight into the phenomenon. Academics have developed a corpus of literature to explain the way negotiators operate or how they can resolve incidents successfully. Whilst research in this area has originated from various countries and addressed negotiation from a variety of perspectives, there is limited research that has focused specifically on negotiation from an Anglo‐centric perspective. This article presents the findings from a detailed academic examination of negotiator experiences in England, whereby semistructured interviews were conducted with 15 negotiators from nine forces. Analysis using grounded theory revealed 12 deployment categories, situated within a recurring context involving subjects experiencing personal, emotional, or psychological crisis. These categories can be used to enhance our understanding of negotiator deployment in England and are discussed with reference to the implications for negotiator training and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake in Figures 2 and 3 and the time frame for data collection was reported incorrectly. Thus, this erratum is presented to fix the errors, providing the correct images and time frame for data collection (i.e. 24 months). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research described in this article explores decision-making styles and levels of emotional intelligence displayed by police hostage and crisis negotiators in the UK. One hundred and seventeen negotiators from 21 police forces took part in the research, and their data were compared with 118 non-negotiator-trained police officers and 203 university students. Participants completed the General Decision-Making Style Questionnaire (Scott and Bruce Educ Psychol Meas 55(5):818-831, 1995) and the Emotional Intelligence Inventory (Gignac 2008), with data analysed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and t tests. When controlling for the effects of age and social desirability, significant differences were found between both police samples and the student sample. All police officers displayed significantly lower levels of avoidant decision-making and significantly higher levels of overall emotional intelligence than students and these findings were also reflected within certain facets of emotional intelligence, specifically. These findings provide support for the existence of a unique ‘police officer profile’, but fail to support the premise of a distinct ‘hostage and crisis negotiator profile’ within the UK police population. The findings are discussed with relevance to the practice of hostage and crisis negotiation and future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nez Perce is one among many ergative languages that consistently use nominative case, rather than ergative, for 1st and 2nd person transitive subjects. Two major lines of analysis have been proposed for the synchronic grammar of this type of ergative split. Morphological analyses approach the phenomenon as a case of syncretism between ergative and nominative in 1st and 2nd person; all transitive subjects are assigned an identical syntax. Syntactic analyses posit a featural or structural distinction between 3rd person subjects and 1st and 2nd person subjects, or the clauses containing them. On the basis of modification and coordination patterns, I argue that person-based split ergativity in Nez Perce requires a syntactic analysis. Comparison of the Nez Perce data with recent findings by Legate (2014) reveals variation among languages showing person-based split ergativity: some languages require a morphological analysis, and some (like Nez Perce) require a syntactic analysis. A treatment of the syntactic type of person-based split ergativity is proposed, making use of person-sensitive phrase structure as introduced by Bianchi (2006) and Merchant (2006). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article studies two aspects of movement in relative clauses, focusing on evidence from Nez Perce. First, I argue that relativization involves cyclic Ā -movement, even in monoclausal relatives: the relative operator moves to Spec,CP via an intermediate position in anĀ outer specifier of TP. The core arguments draw on word order, complementizer choice, and a pattern of case attraction for relative pronouns. Ā cyclicity of this type suggests that the TP sister of relative C constitutes a phase--a result whose implications extend to an ill-understood corner of the English that-trace effect. Second, I argue that Nez Perce relativization provides new evidence for an ambiguity thesis for relative clauses, according to which some but not all relatives are derived by head raising. The argument comes from connectivity and anticonnectivity in morphological case. A crucial role is played by a pattern of inverse case attraction, wherein the head noun surfaces in a case determined internal to the relative clause. These new data complement the range of existing arguments concerning head raising, which draw primarily on connectivity effects at the syntax-semantics interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A defining aspect of human cognition is the ability to integrate conceptual information into complex semantic combinations. For example, we can comprehend "plaid" and "jacket" as individual concepts, but we can also effortlessly combine these concepts to form the semantic representation of "plaid jacket." Many neuroanatomic models of semantic memory propose that heteromodal cortical hubs integrate distributed semantic features into coherent representations. However, little work has specifically examined these proposed integrative mechanisms and the causal role of these regions in semantic integration. Here, we test the hypothesis that the angular gyrus (AG) is critical for integrating semantic information by applying high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to an fMRI-guided region-of-interest in the left AG.Wefound that anodal stimulation to the leftAGmodulated semantic integration but had no effect on a letter-string control task. Specifically, anodal stimulation to the left AG resulted in faster comprehension of semantically meaningful combinations like "tiny radish" relative to non-meaningful combinations, such as "fast blueberry," when compared to the effects observed during sham stimulation and stimulation to a right-hemisphere control brain region. Moreover, the size of the effect from brain stimulation correlated with the degree of semantic coherence between the word pairs. These findings demonstrate that the left AG plays a causal role in the integration of lexical-semantic information, and that high-definition tDCS to an associative cortical hub can selectively modulate integrative processes in semantic memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semantic representations capture the statistics of experience and store this information in memory. A fundamental component of this memory system is knowledge of the visual environment, including knowledge of objects and their associations. Visual semantic information underlies a range of behaviors, from perceptual categorization to cognitive processes such as language and reasoning. Here we examine the neuroanatomic system that encodes visual semantics. Across three experiments, we found converging evidence indicating that knowledge of verbally mediated visual concepts relies on information encoded in a region of the ventralmedial temporal lobe centered on parahippocampal cortex. In an fMRI study, this region was strongly engaged by the processing of concepts relying on visual knowledge but not by concepts relying on other sensory modalities. In a study of patients with the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (semantic dementia), atrophy that encompassed this region was associated with a specific impairment in verbally mediated visual semantic knowledge. Finally, in a structural study of healthy adults from the fMRI experiment, gray matter density in this region related to individual variability in the processing of visual concepts. The anatomic location of these findings aligns with recent work linking the ventral-medial temporal lobe with high-level visual representation, contextual associations, and reasoning through imagination. Together, this work suggests a critical role for parahippocampal cortex in linking the visual environment with knowledge systems in the human brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research demonstrates that deaf offenders are over-represented within the criminal justice system. In addition, those deaf offenders who are incarcerated within prison estates or psychiatric units are predominantly incarcerated for sexual offences. This paper will evaluate the existing literature surrounding the reasons behind this bias. In particular, this review will examine the characteristics of deaf offenders in relation to their personalities, language and brain development and abilities to communicate. This paper will consider proposed associations between mental illness and childhood sexual abuse amongst deaf individuals and later sexual offending. This paper attempts to evidence differences between deaf and hearing offenders in order to explain why more deaf offenders commit sexual crimes than hearing offenders. This paper will conclude that the research is scarce and inconclusive and that current assessments and treatment are potentially inadequate due to the profound difficulties associated with accurately understanding and communicating with the deaf offender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various languages allow instances of external possession--possessive encoding without a possessive structure in DP. The analysis of these cases has long been a battleground of raising versus control. I provide a new argument from Nez Perce in support of possessor raising of a type thematically parallel to raising to subject. The possessor phrase moves from a possessum-DP-internal position to an athematic A-position within vP. Like raising to subject, this movement is obligatory and does not result in the assignment of a new θ-role to the moving element. A case-driven treatment of possessor raising is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While expletive there has primarily been studied in the context of the existential construction, it has long been known that some but not all lexical verbs are compatible with there insertion. This paper argues that there insertion can be used to diagnose vPs with no external argument, ruling out transitives, unergatives, and also inchoatives, which are argued to project an event argument on the edge of vP. Based on the tight link between there insertion and low functional structure, I build a case for low there insertion, where the expletive is first merged in the specifier of a verbalizing head v. The low merge position is motivated by a stringently local relationship that holds between there and its associate DP; this relationship plays a crucial role in the interaction of there with raising verbs, where local agreement rules out cases of “too many theres” such as * There seemed there to be a man in the room. An account of these cases in terms of phase theory is explored, in which I ultimately suggest that there must be merged in a nonthematic phasal specifier position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The metatarsophalangeal joints (MTPJ) are the only joints that bear weight directly through synovium. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an association between synovial stresses during running and increases in volume of joint fluid.Materials and Methods: This was a prospective case controlled study (nine healthy athlete volunteers acting as own controls). High-resolution coronal 3D T2W magnetic resonance imaging of the MTPJs were obtained following 24 h rest and after a 30-min run. The volume of joint fluid in each MTPJ (n = 90) was measured by two independent observers using an automated propagating segmentation tool.Results: The median volume of synovial fluid in the MTPJs at rest was 0.018 ml (inter-quartile range (IQ) range 0.005-0.04) and after running 0.019 ml (IQ range 0.005-0.04, p = 0.34, 99% confidence interval (CI), 0.330.35). The volume of fluid in the MTPJs of the great toes was substantially larger than other toes (0.152 ml at rest, 0.154 ml after exercise, p = 0.903). Median volumes decrease from second to fifth MTPJs (0.032-0.007 ml at rest and 0.035-0.004 ml after exercise). Subset analysis for each toe revealed no significant difference in volumes before and after running (p = 0.39 to p = 0.9). The inter-rater reliability for observer measurements was good with an intra-class correlation of 0.70 (95% CI, 0.60 to 0.78).Conclusion: It appears to be normal to find synovial fluid, particularly in the MTPJs of the great toes, of athletes at rest and after running. There does not appear to be an association between moderate distance running and an increase in the volume of synovial fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors qualitatively examine parent experiences in groups for persons seeking parental rights through Child Protective Services (CPS). The study focuses on 16 custody-seeking parent figures who participated in dialogical groups designed from a Collaborative Language Systems perspective. The grounded-theory analysis shows that parents initially described overwhelming emotions and conflictual relationships with CPS. It also identifies five therapeutic group processes that appeared to influence perceptions of hope and personal power and contribute to how parents position themselves relative to CPS: validation, sharing practical information and networking, highlighting strengths and resources, supportive confrontation, and sharing stories of change. The analysis provides insight into CPS parents' experiences, suggests that dialogical approaches may have potential to assist in reshaping experiences in CPS, and draws attention to the need for interventions at the structural and administrative levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to assess the efficacy of x-ray quality assurance tests undertaken on fluoroscopy units in the UK. Information was gathered on the results of dosimetry and safety tests recommended by the reports of the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine, and those additionally undertaken by medical physics departments. The assessment of efficacy considers the frequency with which a test result breaches the remedial level or other relevant threshold where applicable. The third quartile of those results exceeding the remedial level or threshold is used to estimate the severity of such a breach in terms of potential impact on patient dose and image quality. A risk assessment approach is then used to recommend to what degree, if any, the test should be included in an on-going test regimen. Data was analysed from 468 testing sessions to 336 unique fluoroscopy units throughout the UK. Across all tests, the rate with which the remedial level was exceeded varied from 0%–29.5%, with severity ranging from little or none to major degradation to image quality or significant increase on population dose. Where possible, the data has also been used to produce representative ranges for the results of dosimetric tests. These could be useful as an up to date comparator for those sites considering the purchase of or commissioning new equipment. Overall the results indicate a wide range for the efficacy of those tests undertaken at present; this can be used to review local test protocols and to inform future changes to national guidance in the UK. The results also highlight some tests where measurement technique varies significantly throughout the UK, making any valid comparison difficult. This may indicate a need for further guidance on how best to undertake these tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Protein degradation is known to be a key component of expression regulation for individual genes, but its global impact on gene expression has been difficult to determine. We analyzed a parallel gene expression dataset of yeast meiotic differentiation, identifying instances of coordinated protein-level decreases to identify new cases of regulated meiotic protein degradation, including of ribosomes and targets of the meiosis-specific anaphase-promoting complex adaptor Ama1. Comparison of protein and translation measurements over time also revealed that, although meiotic cells are capable of synthesizing protein complex members at precisely matched levels, they typically do not. Instead, the members of most protein complexes are synthesized imprecisely, but their protein levels are matched, indicating that wild-type eukaryotic cells routinely use post-translational adjustment of protein complex partner levels to achieve proper stoichiometry. Outlier cases, in which specific complex components show divergent protein-level trends, suggest timed regulation of these complexes. Graphical Abstract Highlights • The synthesis of most protein complex components during meiosis is imprecisely matched • The levels of most protein interaction partners are post-translationally adjusted • Ribosomal proteins are degraded and re-synthesized late in the meiotic program • Analysis of meiotic protein levels over time points to additional Ama1-APC/C targets Eisenberg et al. leverage global translation and protein data to identify cases of regulated protein degradation in meiosis. Analyses of temporal trends reveal that members of protein complexes can be synthesized at ideal stoichiometry but that they are usually made imprecisely and their levels adjusted by degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to assess the efficacy of current x-ray quality assurance (QA) testing regimes on tube and generator systems for general radiographic usage in the UK. 1393 sets of QA results data from nine UK medical physics departments were collected and analysed. Test failure rates ranged from 0% to 39% and were used to assess the likelihood of the test finding a fault. The magnitude of the recorded faults were used to assess the severity of the failure with due consideration to its impact on image quality and patient dose. The severity and likelihood of the faults were used along with a risk matrix to assess the efficacy of each test. Eleven tests were graded 'orange' (indicating an effective test that should be continued), four tests were graded 'yellow' (indicating a less effective test that may be continued with a lower frequency considered) and four tests were graded green (indicating a low efficacy test that could be removed from test regimes). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented which discusses a case of birth injury-related diaphragmatic palsy with symptoms of vomiting and protracted dependency on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including criminal justice process, sexual abuse, and attitudes towards rape.