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We studied the synaptic profile of thalamic inputs to cells in layers 2/3 and 4 of primary somatosensory (S1) and auditory (A1) cortices using thalamocortical slices from mice age postnatal days 10–18. Stimulation of the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM) or ventral division of the medial geniculate body (MGBv) resulted in two distinct classes of responses. The response of all layer 4 cells and a minority of layers 2/3 cells to thalamic stimulation was Class 1, including paired-pulse depression, all-or-none responses, and the absence of a metabotropic component. On the other hand, the majority of neurons in layers 2/3 showed a markedly different, Class 2 response to thalamic stimulation: paired-pulse facilitation, graded responses, and a metabotropic component. The Class 1 and Class 2 response characteristics have been previously seen in inputs to thalamus and have been described as drivers and modulators, respectively. Driver input constitutes a main information bearing pathway and determines the receptive field properties of the postsynaptic neuron, whereas modulator input influences the response properties of the postsynaptic neuron but is not a primary information bearing input. Because these thalamocortical projections have comparable properties to the drivers and modulators in thalamus, we suggest that a driver/modulator distinction may also apply to thalamocortical projections. In addition, our data suggest that thalamus is likely to be more than just a simple relay of information and may be directly modulating cortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]