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Cognitive-experiential self-theory is a unique model for exploring restaurant patrons' decision making. Fear and its impact on diners' decision making, particularly related to specific dining contexts (dine-in, takeout, and delivery), are limited in their representation in the literature. The COVID-19 pandemic provided an instance where a single fear could be explored universally for dining patrons. This study explores how fear influences diners' perception of risk, antipathy, and avoidance toward restaurant dining and how these factors impact their intention to dine in a restaurant. Furthermore, it investigates how those constructs influence diner decision making regarding the selection of one of the identified dining contexts. Online survey data (n = 1225) of diners were analyzed using SEM. The research finds that fear impacts dining contexts differentially. Additionally, environmental control is identified as a valuable tool in the mitigation of diners' fear. The pandemic had devastating impacts on the restaurant industry, partly due to the lack of research into fear, particularly in dining contexts. This research helps to fill the important research gap through the findings and theoretical and managerial implications provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Many psychiatric patients engage in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Despite this, studies show that psychiatric nurses display a stigma toward patients who engage in self-harm, often due to the fact that nurses report a lack of understanding about the behavior. In addition, nurses can struggle with professional quality of life (ProQOL). The purpose of this study was to provide an educational intervention on NSSI and measure its effects on antipathy as well as to determine if ProQOL has an impact on overall antipathy. Methods: A sample of psychiatric nurses was recruited and randomly assigned to either the educational intervention or control group. Both groups took the Self-Harm Antipathy Scale (SHAS) and ProQOL-V; the intervention group was asked to repeat the SHAS immediately following an educational video, and the control was asked to repeat the SHAS at least 2 weeks later. Qualitative data were also collected. Results: The ProQOL-V CS subscale and pretest SHAS total scores (n = 23, r = −0.432, p =.039) and SHAS Needs Function (NF) (n = 23, r = −0.454, p =.029) showed a significant moderate negative correlation. There was also a significant moderate positive correlation between the ProQOL-V Burnout subscale and SHAS NF pretest scores (n = 23, r = 0.483, r = 0.02). Conclusions: A relationship between high compassion satisfaction and low antipathy, as well as between high burnout and high antipathy, particularly in the area of understanding the reasons patients self-harm (NF) was found. Educating nurses on the reasons for NSSI may reduce their antipathy. It may also be beneficial to support nurses to prevent burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The origin of different human emotions directed towards animals (whether in the utilitarian, affective, conflictual, or cosmological context) is strongly influenced by sociocultural factors, although our genetic predispositions also play an important role in the origin of these emotions. Such emotions guide people's representations of different species, which in turn affect their attitudes toward them. For this reason, understanding the factors that guide such attitudes becomes a key element in making conservationist decisions. In this sense, the main objective of this study was to analyze how sociocultural characteristics and bioecological representations can influence students' attitudes of empathy or antipathy towards vertebrate species; as well as which classes and species are related to greater and lesser support in people for their conservation. Methods: To do so, 667 interviews were conducted with students from urban (n = 1) and rural (n = 2) schools in the Brazilian semi-arid region. We used mixed generalized linear models (GLMM) to examine the effect of social factors and bioecological representations on empathy and antipathy attitudes and multiple factor analysis (MFA) to examine the relationship between the biological characteristics of the animals (positive or negative) and the attitudes toward them (antipathetic or empathetic). Results: Through GLMM, we found that students from the urban area and from lower school levels are more extreme in their responses, more frequently expressing both empathy and antipathy towards wild animals. Regarding gender, women had a higher frequency of responses associated with aversion than men for species perceived as dangerous and poisonous (p < 0.001). Through the MFA, we found greater support (empathy) for the conservation of fish species (31.56%), birds (29.37%) and mammals (25.94%), with emphasis on the Red-cowled cardinal (Paroaria dominicana) and clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) species, and less support (antipathy) for reptile and amphibian species such as rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus) and horned frogs (Ceratophrys joazeirensis). Conclusions: The attitudinal ambivalence reflected by varying empathy for certain species and antipathy to others has important implications for wildlife conservation. Understanding the socioeconomic factors and emotions that influence attitudes towards animals can enable integrating educational strategies for the conservation of species, especially those which are culturally important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in the field of developmental psycho-criminology shows that conduct disorders and deviant behaviours are frequently associated with traumatic and adverse developmental experiences. Personality traits and psychopathological symptoms also increase the risk of criminality. However, the role of psychopathological symptoms in the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and offending has rarely been researched. The present study was designed to throw further light on these issues by analysing risk factors in a group of adolescents and young adults in a juvenile detention centre in southern Italy. Results support the idea that the accumulation of risk factors is a major factor in recidivism and highlight the key role played by the contexts and emotional environments in which children and adolescents grow up. They also underline the link between paternal antipathy and hostile behaviours and the potential impact of paternal antipathy and hostility on triggering delinquent trajectories. Our study's main limitations are its small sample size and the absence of longitudinal measures. Nevertheless, combining detailed measures of a wide variety of factors with risk assessments drawn up by professionals who work with young offenders provided insights into the most suitable interventions for young delinquents. More precisely, because young offenders are victims of adverse childhood experiences as well as perpetrators of delinquent acts, interventions aimed at changing their life courses must adopt a global perspective that encompasses both their personal characteristics and their family circumstances, in order to provide an external environment conducive to non-recidivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an evolutionary game theory model in which polarization, antipathy, and political activism are simultaneous consequences of the evolution of individuals' ideologies and their attitudes toward other ideologies. We show that the evolutionary process is likely to result in a vicious path with individuals becoming increasingly extreme and polarized on the ideological spectrum and the society ending up with two politically engaged groups sharing no common grounds and strong hatred against each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Existing reviews of trauma and psychosis have identified associations between childhood emotional abuse (CEA) and psychosis. However, conceptual issues relating to assessment of CEA limit the conclusions that can be drawn from the literature. The aim of this review was to identify and evaluate studies reporting an association between childhood experiences of caregiver antipathy (i.e. criticism, hostility, coldness, or rejection from a parental figure experienced prior to age 17 years) and psychosis symptoms/diagnosis. Methods: Five databases were systematically searched for articles published until May 2020. Studies were evaluated against inclusion/exclusion criteria, and a narrative synthesis of findings was completed. Study quality was assessed by two independent raters. Results: Fourteen studies comprised of 1,848 participants met inclusion criteria. Twelve of these studies found significant associations between caregiver antipathy and psychosis, and two did not. There was evidence that adults with schizophrenia‐spectrum diagnoses report more severe caregiver antipathy in childhood than non‐clinical controls and that caregiver antipathy severity is positively correlated with psychosis symptom severity. Most studies received weak or moderate quality ratings and all used cross‐sectional or case–control designs which showed associations, rather than causal relationships, between childhood caregiver antipathy and later psychosis. Conclusions: Future research would benefit from more rigorous and valid assessment of CEA, use of multivariate methods to account for possible patterns of co‐occurrence, and longitudinal study designs to make more robust causal claims. The findings may have important implications for the delivery of psychological care for people with psychosis who report adverse caregiving experiences. Practitioner points: People with schizophrenia‐spectrum diagnoses may report more severe caregiver antipathy in childhood than non‐clinical controls.Caregiver antipathy severity appears to be positively correlated with psychosis symptom severity in clinical and non‐clinical populations.Clinicians should consider the possible impact of caregiver antipathy on psychosis symptoms, their content and distress maintenance.Clinicians should also recognise the potential impact of adverse caregiving experiences on therapeutic relationships, patterns of help‐seeking and service engagement.Best practice in clinical services would be to adopt individual, formulation‐based approaches within trauma‐informed models of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Film Studies is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: This study aimed to identify whether paramedic students' perceptions of patients who self-harm changed following an educational intervention. Background: Self-harm is a major public health concern with an increasing number of incidents being reported in England. Paramedics are often the first contact for those who self-harm and antipathy to these patients among caregivers, including paramedics, has been reported. Negative attitudes to patients who self-harm from health professionals is a considerable barrier to their care. Education on self-harm for paramedics has been historically inadequate, even though it can potentially improve attitudes and how these practitioners engage with those who self-harm. Method: A pre- and post-survey analysis was undertaken to examine whether any identified unsympathetic perceptions of paramedic students (n=30) towards patients who self-harm would decrease following an educational intervention, using a validated questionnaire measuring attitudes to self-harm. Results: Perceptions of people who self-harm were generally moderately negative prior to the educational intervention, with a significant drop in negative attitudes after it was completed. A survey showed that this drop was also mostly sustained 10 months later. Conclusion: Educational interventions may help to reduce negative perceptions of patients who self-harm in paramedic students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disney's animated villains have recently changed to show less conventionally villainous traits: They look and express themselves more like sympathetic characters, and they are usually only outed as villains late in the plot. This shift has prompted much academic commentary on the psychological and cultural significance of Disney's new villains. We add to the existing literature on Disney's new villains in two ways. First, we analyze shifts in the vocalizations of villains between the 1990s and 2010s. Second, we integrate this analysis in a biocultural account of Disney's shifting overall representations of villains. We argue that while Disney has long employed evolutionarily explicable cues to villainy, such as a foreign accent and an unappealing exterior, the company is now reacting to challenges to norms of social representation that proscribe the linking of such overt traits with immorality. Consequently, recent Disney films do not employ socially stigmatizing cues. However, Disney continues to employ nonstigmatizing cues, such as evil laughter and abiding anger, because these cues foster antipathy in audiences at no sociomoral risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many narrative fi lms feature villains, major characters that audiences are meant to condemn. This article investigates the cognitive-affective underpinnings of audience antipathy in order to shed light on how fi lmic villainy is constructed. To that end, the article introduces an analytical framework at the intersection of cognitive fi lm theory and moral psychology. The framework analyzes villainy into three categories: guilty intentionality, consequential action, and causal responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To investigate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Self- Harm Antipathy Scale ( SHAS-K) to be used to measure nurses' antipathy towards patients who self-harm. Methods The internal consistency reliability and construct validity, using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, was evaluated.The survey data were collected from 249 nurses who worked in emergency care facilities in South Korea. Results The Cronbach's α values regarding internal consistency were 0.54-0.88 for the subscales of the SHAS-K. The factor loadings of the 26 items on the four subscales ranged from 0.44 to 0.86. The four-subscale model was validated by a confirmatory factor analysis. Conclusion This study shows that the SHAS-K should be used with caution when measuring nurses' antipathy towards patients in Korea who self-harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper interprets the work of Hans Bellmer, who took pictures after making a doll and distorting its form, and Diane Arbus, who took documentary photographs of unusual and marginalized people, as uncanny anxiety referred to by Freud. Through these two photographers' works, this paper examined how anxiety was used as an aesthetic strategy, and discussed the uncanny as an aesthetic experience. Uncanny refers to the phenomenon of familiar things being repressed and returning to their original place, or the phenomenon of familiarity being alienated due to repression. The aesthetic strategy of uncanny is used to bring a blind spot in reality that can be easily missed with an ordinary vision into the fore, by allowing for the slight shock to an appreciator. The ultimate goal of uncanny aesthetics is to promote both inner and external changes as well as to expand the scope of imagination, through freely crossing the borders between consciousness and unconsciousness, sympathy and antipathy, and reality and fiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Filosofija, Sociologija is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Friendship is seen as an important factor in influencing the peer-to-peer social relationships and attitudes during their adolescence. However, few researchers observe adolescents' antipathy networks and study the extent to which such negative relationship influences adolescents' behaviours and attitudes. In this study, I use social network analysis to estimate the influence of friendship and antipathy between adolescents by calculating Euclidean distance in network structure and compare the distance effects of these two opposite forces on their attitude similarity. The preliminary findings show that friends do not necessarily have similar attitudes towards any dimensions of life experience, but strong friendship networks provide significant support for adolescents' emotional stability, while antipathy networks enhance the tension and conflict between peer foes because of their similar attitudes on the strong sense of ego. This result implies that friends' similarity is not as significant as studies have overwhelmingly shown as prior studies argue. Friends' and foes' similarity could be associated with the friendship and antipathy networks only by understanding the context of the interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights avoids the devices which have traditionally been seen as functioning in novels to invoke sympathy, even basic character identification. Wuthering Heights is an antipathetic novel in this sense: Emily Brontë refuses to awaken the capacity for sympathetic identification in her readers. Moreover, her novel destabilizes the idea of a common 'human nature' which sets mankind apart from animal nature. Her animalizing language undermines the singularity of 'the Human' as a unitary concept. There is in Wuthering Heights such variety within human nature that there is no fundamental common essence to human beings, no 'human nature' at all, in which sympathy as traditionally understood can take root. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the childhood experiences of physical and sexual abuse in relation to the risk of adult depression among female university students. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of abusive experiences in childhood, to examine if childhood physical and sexual abuse, parental antipathy and neglect correlated to depression, and to determine the risk factors of depression in this population. A translated childhood experience of care and abuse questionnaire (CECA-Q) was randomly distributed to the students. The results showed that the reliability of the CECA-Q was good and stable. The prevalent rate of childhood physical abuse in this population was 19% and childhood sexual abuse was 5%. Childhood physical abuse by the mother was a significant risk factor in contributing to depression. The study provides evidence of a correlation between childhood abuse and depression among female university students. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study we consider whether bullies and victims are disliked by most of their classmates, or whether antipathy is concentrated among the occupants of these roles. Antipathy nominations were collected from a community sample of 699 Finnish adolescents (14 to 17 years of age), who described their own bullying and victimization, as well as problem behaviors and school engagement. Victimization was associated with antipathy, but the strength of the association differed according to characteristics of the nominator. Victimization was related to antipathy when the nominator was high on bullying but not low. Similarly, bullying was related to antipathy when the nominator was high on victimization, but not low. The findings indicate that although bullies and victims have elevated mean levels of rejection, they are not disliked by most peers but rather by those who report themselves to be high on these attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food shortage is currently a serious worldwide problem, and the fact that it will become an even greater problem in the coming decades underscores the necessity for more translational research in plant sciences that is directed towards crop breeding. Biotic stresses are important determinants of reduced crop production and, therefore, a better understanding of the resistance mechanisms utilized by plants to survive and remain productive following attacks by pathogens and pests is a major research goal of plant scientists and crop breeders. During the last two decades tremendous progress has been made in this field. Here we first summarize recent findings on how plants respond to their pathogens and pests and then we discuss resistance mechanisms in three categories based on differences in spectrum, durability and evolution. We also review different breeding strategies that have been adopted on the basis of these findings for improving resistance to pests and pathogens in crops and evaluate these strategies for their sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the ways in which particular individuals or groups are cast as problematically other at certain times by exploring the relationship between empathy and antipathy – identified as products of ‘resonance’, or a certain kind of responsiveness to embodied encounters with others and also to concerns, ideas and discourses that originate locally or from elsewhere. Consequent effects on subject-formation and affordances of social possibilities are explored through an intensive focus on one Muslim man. The notion of a ‘laminated subjectivity’ is presented and elucidated. The paper draws on ethnography conducted in a Tamil town and is set against the backdrop of Hindu–Muslim relations in India. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The study proposed an etiological model for sexually offending behavior against younger victims. In a sample of adolescent sexual offenders (N = 329), it tested whether attachment disruptions, specific maltreatment experiences, or combinations of early abuse experiences played a role in the development of certain unique, core personality traits (i.e., sexual inadequacy, psychopathy, child sexual arousal) that mediate the prediction of sexually coercive behavior. Juvenile sexual offenders were administered the Multidimensional Assessment of Sex and Aggression. In a structural equation model, four significant paths and one minimal path emerged that predicted the preference for younger victims. The model supports the contributory role of emotional abuse (i.e., neglect and antipathy) to the development of the latent variable psychopathy analysis inadequacies and suggests unique features in a subgroup of adolescent child molesters. Thus, this model provides data for the preliminary design of a dimensional model of adolescent sexual coercion against younger children. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Most mental health nurses engage at some point with clients who harm themselves and these nurses often experience strong negative emotional reactions. Prolonged engagement with relapsing clients can lead to antipathy, and ‘malignant alienation’. The study reported here has the aim of developing a brief, robust instrument for assessing nurse attitudes in this area. The Self-Harm Antipathy Scale, developed here on a sample of 153 healthcare professionals, has 30 attitudinal items with six factors. It has acceptable face validity, good internal consistency and some evidence of good test–retest reliability. It discriminates effectively between criterion groups. Overall this is evidence for the complexity of nurses' responses to this client group but such complex attitudes can still be assessed using a relatively brief structured instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]