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In this first-principles investigation, we explore the polymorphic features of pseudo-cubic alloys, focusing on the impact of mixing organic and inorganic cations on their structural and electronic properties, configurational disorder, and thermodynamic stability. Employing an automated cluster expansion within the generalized quasichemical approximation (GQCA), our results reveal how the effective radius of the organic cation (rMA = 2.15 Å, rFA = 2.53 Å) and its dipole moment (μMA = 2.15 D, μFA = 0.25 D), influences Glazer's rotations in the A1−xCsxPbI3 (A = MA, FA) sublattice, with MA-based alloy presenting a higher critical temperature (527 K) and being stable for x > 0.60 above 200 K, while its FA analog has a lower critical temperature (427.7 K) and is stable for x < 0.15 above 100 K. Additionally, polymorphic motifs magnify relativistic effects, impacting the thermodynamic behavior of the systems. Our methodology leverages the SimStack framework, an automated scientific workflow that enables the nuanced modeling of polymorphic alloys. This structured approach allows for comprehensive calculations of thermodynamic properties, phase diagrams, optoelectronic insights, and power conversion efficiencies while meticulously incorporating crucial relativistic effects like spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and quasi-particle corrections. Our findings advocate for the rational design of thermodynamically stable compositions in solar cell applications by calculating power conversion efficiencies using a spectroscopic limited maximum efficiency model, from which we obtained high efficiencies of about 28% (31–32%) for MA1−xCsxPbI3 with 0.50 < x < 1.00 (FA1−xCsxPbI3 with 0.0 < x < 0.20) as thermodynamically stable compositions at room temperature. The workflow's significance is highlighted by a Colab-based notebook, which facilitates the analysis of raw data output, allowing users to delve into the physics of these complex systems. Our work underscores the pivotal role of composition and polymorphic degrees in determining the stability and optoelectronic properties of MHP alloys. It demonstrates the effectiveness of the SimStack workflow in advancing our understanding of these materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Body mass index (BMI) is the primary criterion differentiating anorexia nervosa (AN) and atypical anorexia nervosa despite prior literature indicating few differences between disorders. Machine learning (ML) classification provides us an efficient means of accurately distinguishing between two meaningful classes given any number of features. The aim of the present study was to determine if ML algorithms can accurately distinguish AN and atypical AN given an ensemble of features excluding BMI, and if not, if the inclusion of BMI enables ML to accurately classify between the two. Methods: Using an aggregate sample from seven studies consisting of individuals with AN and atypical AN who completed baseline questionnaires (N = 448), we used logistic regression, decision tree, and random forest ML classification models each trained on two datasets, one containing demographic, eating disorder, and comorbid features without BMI, and one retaining all features and BMI. Results: Model performance for all algorithms trained with BMI as a feature was deemed acceptable (mean accuracy = 74.98%, mean area under the receiving operating characteristics curve [AUC] = 74.75%), whereas model performance diminished without BMI (mean accuracy = 59.37%, mean AUC = 59.98%). Discussion: Model performance was acceptable, but not strong, if BMI was included as a feature; no other features meaningfully improved classification. When BMI was excluded, ML algorithms performed poorly at classifying cases of AN and atypical AN when considering other demographic and clinical characteristics. Results suggest a reconceptualization of atypical AN should be considered. Public Significance: There is a growing debate about the differences between anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa as their diagnostic differentiation relies on BMI despite being similar otherwise. We aimed to see if machine learning could distinguish between the two disorders and found accurate classification only if BMI was used as a feature. This finding calls into question the need to differentiate between the two disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-lagged panel models (CLPMs) are commonly used to estimate causal influences between two variables with repeated assessments. The lagged effects in a CLPM depend on the time interval between assessments, eventually becoming undetectable at longer intervals. To address this limitation, we incorporate instrumental variables (IVs) into the CLPM with two study waves and two variables. Doing so enables estimation of both the lagged (i.e., "distal") effects and the bidirectional cross-sectional (i.e., "proximal") effects at each wave. The distal effects reflect Granger-causal influences across time, which decay with increasing time intervals. The proximal effects capture causal influences that accrue over time and can help infer causality when the distal effects become undetectable at longer intervals. Significant proximal effects, with a negligible distal effect, would imply that the time interval is too long to estimate a lagged effect at that time interval using the standard CLPM. Through simulations and an empirical application, we demonstrate the impact of time intervals on causal inference in the CLPM and present modeling strategies to detect causal influences regardless of the time interval in a study. Furthermore, to motivate empirical applications of the proposed model, we highlight the utility and limitations of using genetic variables as IVs in large-scale panel studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the effects of the main categories of fiscal rules (debt, revenue, expenditure and results) on the economic aggregates that each seeks to control. Using a dataset covering 180 countries from 1996 to 2020, the interaction between fiscal rules and government efficiency was analyzed. To measure the impact of these rules, we used the generalized method of moments (GMM). The results indicate that the effect of the rule, through the debt rule, is associated with expenditure control and a higher fiscal result. Furthermore, while the rules were shown to be substitutes for government efficiency in terms of debt control and higher fiscal results, they were also shown to be complementary in the case of expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conjugated copolymers possess intriguing electronic characteristics that can be precisely modulated by manipulating their chemical structures. In this study, we explored two approaches for fine‐tuning the energy levels of these copolymers: the incorporation of heterocyclic moieties between the donor and acceptor units, and the substitution of a chalcogen atom in the acceptor unit. Specifically, we investigated the insertion of a thiophene along the polymer backbone and the replacement of sulfur with selenium in the acceptor unit. A series of copolymers were synthesized and thoroughly characterized using both experimental and theoretical methods. Partial density distribution of states analysis revealed that the inclusion of a thiophene significantly altered the HOMO level. Furthermore, the resulting Eg exhibited a decrease of approximately 0.8–0.9 eV compared to the copolymer without thiophene, indicating an enhanced planarization of the chain and increased conjugation length. Experimental data obtained from cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that both the conjugation length and the chalcogen atom in the acceptor unit played crucial roles in controlling the energy levels of the HOMO and LUMO. These findings establish a clear correlation between the chemical structure and the properties of the copolymers, demonstrating the potential for precise control and tailoring of their electronic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction projects demand a higher amount of energy predominantly for heating, ventilation, and illumination purposes. Modular construction has come into the limelight in recent years as a construction method that uses sustainable building materials and optimizes energy efficiency. Ventilation openings in buildings are designed to facilitate air circulation by naturally driven ventilation and could aid in reducing energy consumption in construction projects. However, a knowledge gap makes it difficult to propose the best dimensions of ventilation openings in buildings. Hence, the aim of this work is to empower the decision-making process in terms of proposing the best ventilation opening dimensions toward sustainable energy use and management in buildings. A novel framework is presented herein to evaluate the impact and propose the best dimensions of ventilation openings for metal frame modular construction in Brazil, using building information modeling. The ventilation openings were constructed and their dimensions evaluated in eight Brazilian cities, based on the bioclimatic zone (BioZ) classification indicated in ABNT NBR 15220: Curitiba (1st BioZ); Rio Negro (2nd BioZ); São Paulo (3rd BioZ); Brasília (4th BioZ); Campos (5th BioZ); Paranaíbe (6th BioZ); Goiás (7th BioZ); and Rio de Janeiro (8th BioZ). The study results show that the energy consumption of the same building model would vary based on the dimensions of ventilation openings for each BioZ in Brazil. For instance, modeling the same modular construction unit in the city of Rio Negro could consume around 50% of the energy compared to the same unit constructed in the city of Rio de Janeiro, using the small opening sizes based on the smallest dimensions of the ventilation openings. Similarly, modeling the construction unit in Curitiba, São Paulo, Brasília, Campos, Paranaíba, and Goiás could reduce energy consumption by around 40%, 34%, 36%, 18%, 20%, and 16%, respectively, compared to constructing the same building in the city of Rio de Janeiro, using the small opening sizes based on the smallest dimensions of the ventilation openings. This work could help practitioners and professionals in modular construction projects to design the best dimensions of the ventilation openings based on each BioZ towards increasing energy efficiency and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of instability issues presented by metal halide perovskites based on methylammonium (MA), its replacement to Cs has emerged as an alternative to improve the materials' durability. However, the impact of this replacement on electronic properties, especially gap energy and bulk Rashba splitting remains unclear since electrostatic interactions from organic cations can play a crucial role. Through first‐principles calculations, we investigated how organic/inorganic cations impact the electronic properties of MAPbI3 and CsPbI3 perovskites. Although at high temperatures the organic cation can assume spherical‐like configurations due to its rotation into the cages, our results provide a complete electronic mechanism to show, from a chemical perspective based on ab initio calculations at 0K, how the MA dipoles suppression can reduce the MAPbI3 gap energy by promoting a degeneracy breaking in the electronic states from the PbI3 framework, while the dipole moment reinforcement is crucial to align theory ↔ experiment, increasing the bulk Rashba splitting through higher Pb off‐centering motifs. The lack of permanent dipole moment in Cs results in CsPbI3 polymorphs with a pronounced Pb on‐centering‐like feature, which causes suppression in their respective bulk Rashba effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a single species, human kinship organization is both remarkably diverse and strikingly organized. Kinship terminology is the structured vocabulary used to classify, refer to, and address relatives and family. Diversity in kinship terminology has been analyzed by anthropologists for over 150 years, although recurrent patterning across cultures remains incompletely explained. Despite the wealth of kinship data in the anthropological record, comparative studies of kinship terminology are hindered by data accessibility. Here we present Kinbank, a new database of 210,903 kinterms from a global sample of 1,229 spoken languages. Using open-access and transparent data provenance, Kinbank offers an extensible resource for kinship terminology, enabling researchers to explore the rich diversity of human family organization and to test longstanding hypotheses about the origins and drivers of recurrent patterns. We illustrate our contribution with two examples. We demonstrate strong gender bias in the phonological structure of parent terms across 1,022 languages, and we show that there is no evidence for a coevolutionary relationship between cross-cousin marriage and bifurcate-merging terminology in Bantu languages. Analysing kinship data is notoriously challenging; Kinbank aims to eliminate data accessibility issues from that challenge and provide a platform to build an interdisciplinary understanding of kinship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciencia y Educación (2707-3378) is the property of Duanys Miguel Pena Lopez and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two-dimensional hybrid lead iodide perovskites based on methylammonium (MA) cation and butylammonium (BA) organic spacer—such as BA 2 MA n - 1 Pb n I 3 n + 1 —are one of the most explored 2D hybrid perovskites in recent years. Correlating the atomistic profile of these systems with their optoelectronic properties is a challenge for theoretical approaches. Here, we employed first-principles calculations via density functional theory to show how the cation partially canceled dipole moments through the NH 3 + terminal impact the structural/electronic properties of the Pb n I 3 n + 1 sublattices. Even though it is known that at high temperatures, the organic cation assumes a spherical-like configuration due to the rotation of the cations inside the cage, our results discuss the correct relative orientation according to the dipole moments for ab initio simulations at 0 K, correlating well structural and electronic properties with experiments. Based on the combination of relativistic quasiparticle correction and spin-orbit coupling, we found that the MA horizontal-like configuration concerning the inorganic sublattice surface leads to the best relationship between calculated and experimental gap energy throughout n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 number of layers. Conversely, the dipole moments cancellation (as in BA-MA aligned-like configuration) promotes the closing of the gap energies through an electron depletion mechanism. We found that the anisotropy → isotropy optical absorption conversion (as a bulk convergence) is achieved only for the MA horizontal-like configuration, which suggests that this configuration contribution is the majority in a scenario under temperature effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing causality is an essential step towards developing interventions for psychiatric disorders, substance use and many other conditions. While randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for causal inference, they are unethical in many scenarios. Mendelian randomization (MR) can be used in such cases, but importantly both RCTs and MR assume unidirectional causality. In this paper, we developed a new model, MRDoC2, that can be used to identify bidirectional causation in the presence of confounding due to both familial and non-familial sources. Our model extends the MRDoC model (Minică et al. in Behav Genet 48:337–349, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-018-9904-4, 2018), by simultaneously including risk scores for each trait. Furthermore, the power to detect causal effects in MRDoC2 does not require the phenotypes to have different additive genetic or shared environmental sources of variance, as is the case in the direction of causation twin model (Heath et al. in Behav Genet 23:29–50, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01067552, 1993). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper inquires into the dynamic imaginaries of the Ethereum project. We present Ethereum as animated by three such imaginaries: the world computer (technical), productive money (economic) and public goods (political). We examine how these imaginaries are materialized, carried forward and evolve through the Ethereum ecosystem, focusing on how Ethereum's prefigurative logic underpins this dynamism. In our analysis, we pay particular attention to how the imaginaries overlap and often generate contradictions that nonetheless do not seem to undermine the cohesion of the project. We introduce the concept of 'prefigurative imaginaries' to describe how prefiguration works to create multiple, mutually entangled but distinct imaginaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BOEM is the property of Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Physical, emotional, and social changes, including exposure to poverty, abuse, or violence, increases youth vulnerability to mental illness. These factors interfere with development, limit opportunities, and hamper achievement of a fulfilling life as adults. Addressing these issues can lead to improved outcomes at the population level and better cost-effectiveness for health services. Cash transfer programs have been a promising way to address social drivers for poor mental health. However, it is still unclear which pathways and mechanisms explain the association between socioeconomic support and lower mental illness among youth. Therefore, we will evaluate the effect of social drivers on youth mental health-related hospitalizations and suicide, test mechanisms and pathways of a countrywide socioeconomic intervention, and examine the timing of the intervention during the life course. Methods: We will combine individual-level data from youth national hospitalization, mental health disorders and attempted suicide, suicide registries and notifications of violence, with large-scale databases, including "The 100 Million Brazilian Cohort", over an 18-year period (2001–2018). Several approaches will be used for the retrospective quasi-experimental impact evaluations, such as Regression Discontinuity Designs, Propensity Score Matching and difference-in-differences, combined with multivariable regressions for cohort analyses. We will run multivariate regressions based on hierarchical analysis approach to evaluate the association between important social drivers (mental health care, demographic and economic aspects) on mental health-related hospitalizations and suicide among youth. Furthermore, we will perform microsimulations to generate projections regarding how mental health-related hospitalizations and suicide trends will be in the future based on the current state, and how BFP implementation scenarios will affect these trends. Discussion: The results of this project will be of vital importance to guide policies and programs to improve mental health and reduce mental health-related hospitalizations and suicide in youth. It will provide information to improve the effectiveness of these programs worldwide. If cash transfers can decrease mental health problems among youth and reduce suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The presence of two or more chronic diseases results in worse clinical outcomes than expected by a simple combination of diseases. This synergistic effect is expected to be higher when combined with some conditions, depending on the number and severity of diseases. Multimorbidity is a relatively new term, with the first fundamental definitions appearing in 2015. Studies usually define it as the presence of at least two chronic medical illnesses. However, little is known regarding the relationship between mental disorders and other non-psychiatric chronic diseases. This review aims at investigating the association between some mental disorders and non-psychiatric diseases, and their pattern of association. Methods: We performed a systematic approach to selecting papers that studied relationships between chronic conditions that included one mental disorder from2015 to 2021. These were processed using Covidence, including quality assessment. Results: This resulted in the inclusion of 26 papers in this study. It was found that there are strong associations between depression, psychosis, and multimorbidity, but recent studies that evaluated patterns of association of diseases (usually using clustering methods) had heterogeneous results. Quality assessment of the papers generally revealed low quality among the included studies. Conclusions: There is evidence of an association between depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and psychosis with multimorbidity. Studies that tried to examine the patterns of association between diseases did not find stable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eating disorders (EDs) are highly comorbid with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), with comorbidity rates as high as 41%. In the current review, we summarize the literature regarding the prevalence of ED-OCD comorbidity. We also identify and review the literature assessing shared features (i.e., shared characteristics or symptoms) and mechanisms (i.e., variables that may explain ED or OCD symptoms) of EDs and OCD. Potential shared features of EDs and OCD include age of onset, course of illness, obsessions, compulsions and ritualistic behaviors, and thought action fusion. Shared mechanisms that may explain ED-OCD comorbidity include genetic and neurobiological mechanisms, anxiety and fear, repetitive negative thinking, perfectionism, intolerance of uncertainty, distress tolerance, and impulsivity. Based on these shared features and mechanisms, a theoretical conceptualization of ED and OCD comorbidity is developed, and outline considerations for assessment, differential diagnosis, treatment, and future research regarding ED-OCD comorbidity are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In developing economies, 30% of the gross domestic product on average is undertaken by unregistered businesses. The informal economy leads to high opportunity costs by preventing gains from trade with strangers. To overcome this obstacle, sellers who usually operate in the informal economy should strive to move to formal markets. Current theories are drawn from a view of markets as institutions governed by formal and informal rules. In a nutshell, informal-formal market transitions must be met with a regulative solution. However, the overall results have been disappointing. This failure invites a re-diagnosis of the problem that informal sellers face to act in formal markets and suggesting novel solutions. This paper aims to address this gap. Design/methodology/approach: This is a conceptual paper. The authors adopt MacInnis's (2011) framework to characterize the approach to theory development. Findings: The authors argue that extant views of formal/informal markets differences address only one of Scott's (2014) three pillars (regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive). By drawing on Bourdieu's legacy, the authors propose a cultural-cognitive reading of institutions and suggest it offers a lens to understand the problem as an access challenge, and thus a marketing problem. This perspective allows us to conceptualize informal/formal markets as two distinct institutional fields and argues that all individuals inhabit a particular habitus and contend that moving between markets requires a habitus shift. Thus, acting in formal markets involves bridging a habitus gap. Finally, the authors argue the need for a market-facing intermediary that takes on a market habitus bridging role. Research limitations/implications: The authors suggest future research efforts could benefit from this new conceptual lens as a means of re-diagnosing other forms of market access that have produced disappointing results. Practical implications: By looking at differences between formal and informal markets as a habitus gap, the allocation of public funds to support transitions can be better targeted and spent. Social implications: The concept of market-facing intermediaries suggests that the beneficiary (e.g. informal seller) and target populations can be different. This insight could catalyze social innovation and trigger novel perspectives to design systemic solutions. Originality/value: Conceptualizing the formal-informal market transition as a habitus gap suggests new directions to resolve access challenges and a new mediator solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Money and credit are ubiquitous in actual economies, but there is an active theoretical debate on whether they are both necessary if they can both be used in all transactions. Recently, Gu et al. (2016) have shown that money and credit cannot be simultaneously essential and debt limits do not matter for the determination of real allocations in a class of monetary economies. In this paper, we revisit their irrelevance result in a monetary economy based on Lagos and Wright (2005), which exhibits a misallocation of liquidity that is common in search models of money. We show that monetary loans, which naturally require the use of both money and credit, implement Pareto superior allocations in which the size of debt limits matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new reason why countries may want to keep separate currencies rather than form a currency union. In a search model of a two‐country world, keeping multiple currencies with trade restrictions that favor the use of the domestic currency in domestic goods markets is socially beneficial relative to forming a currency union or letting multiple currencies circulate in all countries without restrictions. Multiple currencies improve the allocation of liquidity in the presence of trading frictions that make the use of currencies necessary to exchange commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a growing understanding of market infrastructures—the rules and socio-material arrangements that enable agreements on the properties of goods, and the calculation of value, equivalence and exchange—we know little of what lies beneath the arrangements that underpin and are implicated in exchange. The socio-material lens has done much to explain how specific assemblages circulate information and goods, but has done little to explain how different infrastructures configure relations between dispersed market practices. Using the history of the development of the market for market research we show how knowledge-based infrastructures constitute markets as knowledge objects: new expertise emerged through alliances between academia, government, and private actors form a new occupation embodied in specialist agencies that set themselves up in an infrastructural relation to marketing practices. Our conceptualization of markets as knowledge objects extends extant understandings of markets by showing how: (1) extant knowledge-based infrastructures are drawn on to construct new markets; (2) infrastructural relations emerge between different markets to constitute multiple systems of provision and demand, leading to an increasingly valuable knowledge infrastructure; and (3) organized practices in one market are often heavily reliant on connections to other markets, including knowledge-based infrastructures such as market research services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the performative role of marketing knowledge in advertising planning. It is based on an ethnography within the account planning department of a London advertising agency as it worked closely with a client and a market research agency to develop a new energy/health drink for launch in the United Kingdom. The case provides detailed support for the idea that marketing (and other) theories help perform or bring into existence that which they purport to describe. It also shows how such theories are hybridised and streamlined in the iterative battleground of a creative process, framed by the need to create plausible consumption and competitive relations. The main contribution of this article is to show how the performative power of marketing knowledge is ultimately determined not by its ‘truth value’, but by its ability to produce compelling stories that stabilise the reflexive relationships between product attributes, consumer profiles and competitive relations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To implement marketization in public healthcare systems, policymakers need to situate abstract models of prescriptive practice in complex user settings. Using a performativity lens, we show how policy processes attempt to bring about the changes they presume. Investigating the implementation of the Health and Social Care Act 2012, and the development of policy instruments and 'Clinical Commissioning Groups', we explicate the performance of a marketization programme. Our longitudinal study of the interactions amongst the multiple constituencies the Act attempted to enrol, and the existing socio‐technical arrangements the Act aimed to change, generates three contributions: (1) we characterize the performativity of policy instruments as a process of bricolage that incorporates the principled attitude of making do on both sides – those who design the policy and those who are charged to implement it; (2) we identify the mechanisms through which the performativity of an envisioned model of marketization operates at multiple scales within a complex and highly distributed system of provision; and (3) we document and explicate why specific performances result in misfires and unintended outcomes. In short, we conceptualize policy performativity as a non‐linear, dynamic process where theories and their effects are constantly being assessed, reconfigured and fed back into policymaking and implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a search model of money and public bonds in which coordination frictions lead to multiple, Pareto ranked equilibria. Whether money and bonds are substitutes or complements, is not a primitive of the economy, but an equilibrium outcome. There exists an equilibrium resembling a liquidity trap, in which money and bonds are perfect substitutes, interest rates are zero, and monetary policy is ineffective; and a superior equilibrium in which money and bonds are complements, interest rates are positive and monetary policy has a liquidity effect. On this view, the liquidity trap is a belief‐driven phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of modern mechanical components often requires the use of low-density and high-strength parts. Additive manufacturing presents competence in obtaining format complexity internally (voids, ducts, channels) and externally (shape, holes). However, parts obtained by material extrusion additive manufacturing are highly anisotropic and relatively weak. This paper aims to present a new mechanical design technique that combines the high geometry flexibility of additive manufacturing with internal structuring reinforcement by high-strength materials, which enables optimized parts with reinforcement in the most mechanical stressed areas during service, through adopting structured internal geometry filled with reinforcement material. Dense test specimens and test specimens with internal structural canals filled with reinforcement material (epoxy resin and carbon fibers) were designed, fabricated and tested physically and virtually. The obtained results provide property values for 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (typical material of additive manufacturing) and for this polymer reinforced with various reinforcement material configurations (useful for mechanical design). The reinforcement decreased anisotropy and improved mechanical properties. Optimized parts filled with resin and long carbon fibers had maximum flexural resistance of 112 MPa, with a specific weight of 1.1 g/cm3. This reinforcement provided parts with specific flexural strength similar to structural aluminum alloys, preserving the geometry and external dimension of the printed parts. The technique presented here shows the possibility of new conceptions in mechanical components design and strength optimization by internal reinforcement canals in parts. The technique is useful for mechanical design activity and allows for new product conceptions based on additive manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates practice dynamics in kitchens situated at the boundary between markets and consumption. The kitchen is conceptualized as a market-consumption junction, a space where multiple concerned actors in markets and consumption come to shape, and get shaped by, the practices in the kitchen. Drawing upon archival research of the Swedish household magazine Husmodern (1938-1958), this study traces two matters of concern in and around the kitchen: the scarcity of resources in food markets and the scarcity of time to prepare food for consumption. Findings reveal how thrifty and convenient practices became enacted, and their transformative implications for consumption, demand, and market action. The mechanisms involved in disrupting and reconnecting the dynamic elements of practices (meaning, competence, and objects) are explained through the notions of concerning, agencing, and overflows, which recursively work to redraw the boundaries between markets and consumption to establish novel practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quaestio Iuris (QI) is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quaestio Iuris (QI) is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: This paper aims to analyse in a philosophically informed way the recent National Institute of Mental Health proposal for the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework.Conclusion: Current classification systems have helped unify psychiatry and the conditions that it is most concerned with. However, by relying too much on syndromes and symptoms, they too often do not define stable constructs. As a result, inclusions and removals from the manuals are not always backed by sound reasons. The RDoC framework is an important move towards ameliorating matters. This paper argues that it improves the current situation by re-referencing constructs to physical properties (biomarkers for disorders, for example), by allowing theoretical levels within the framework, and by treating psychiatry as a special case of the cognitive sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) have increased ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (Ve/VCO(2)), which may contribute to the symptom of exercise-induced hyperpnea. We have developed a technique in which simultaneous blood volume single photon emission computed tomography imaging and transmission tomography are used to measure extravascular lung density (ELD). We investigated the correlation between Ve/VCO(2) and ELD in patients with CHF.Methods and Results: Thirteen patients with stable CHF and eleven control subjects were studied. Attenuation-corrected blood volume emission tomography was acquired with simultaneous transmission tomography to measure pulmonary blood volume and total lung density, respectively. Seven CHF patients underwent maximal exercise treadmill testing with online respiratory gas analysis. ELD was calculated as total lung density minus pulmonary blood volume. SPECT and transmission tomography were repeated immediately after exercise. CHF patients had significantly higher total lung density and ELD compared with normal subjects. No differences in pulmonary blood volume were observed. There was a significant inverse correlation between ELD and left ventricular ejection fraction at rest in CHF patients (r = -0.77, P <.001). A strong correlation was also found between post-exercise ELD and Ve/VCO(2) at peak exercise (r = 0.74, P =.008) and at anaerobic threshold (r = 0.67, P =.024).Conclusion: Patients with chronic CHF have increased ELD. The correlation between ELD and Ve/VCO(2) suggests that increased lung water may contribute to the ventilatory abnormalities seen in patients with CHF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Job regulations and the justice branch interfere on several aspects of labour contracts. We build a model which explores the role of labour courts on the wage distribution in both formal and informal sectors. We obtain that the presence of active labour courts produces a negative relation between the wage gap and the productivity of the worker, a regularity documented in the empirical literature. Active labour courts also reduce informality of unskilled workers but do not have an impact on informality of skilled workers. Some elements and implications of our model are tested using Brazilian data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the preferred taxation regime in a small economy with uncertain institutional quality. We obtain that a preferential taxation regime in which taxes can be matched to the mobility of the tax base may be worse off than a non-preferential taxation regime in which taxes are constant across bases with distinct mobility. Since the small economy takes foreign taxes as given, our result is not driven by a downward pressure on revenues caused by unconstrained tax competition. It is instead related to the ability of a non-preferential taxation regime to credibly convey information about the institutional quality of the small economy. We present some empirical evidence which corroborates our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue features a collection of papers that explore the notions of “market agencements” and “market agencing,” recently introduced in market studies, and reflect on their contribution to our understanding of consumption, markets and material culture. These notions originate from the contributions of Michel Callon. They are grounded on the core notion of actor-network, which has been renewed and refined through the notion of socio-technical “agencement.” With its etymology that refers to words like “agent,” “agency” and “agencer” (i.e. disposing, in English), the notion of market agencement is a way to describe the various entities that pragmatically enact economic calculations and shape consumer behavior. Extending Callon's original contribution, this special issue proposes a subtle and yet incisive shift from the notion of “market agencement” to the “agencing of markets.” The key idea is to move the emphasis to the collective and open procedures of market processes. This program is achieved with an opening contribution from Michel Callon, and various essays from Luis Araujo and Hans Kjellberg, Cédric Calvignac and Franck Cochoy, Céline Cholez and Pascale Trompette, Joe Deville, Susi Geiger and John Finch, and Alexandre Mallard. Each paper shows in its own way that “market agencing” helps us to move further away from focusing purely on “market devices” and their connotations of frozen socio-technical arrangements and stable structures and provides us with the means to better address the study of political creativity, innovation, and dissembling/reassembling of market issues and matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the deregulation of the US market for air travel in 1978, incumbent airlines sought to find their feet in a challenging new commercial reality. A major initiative was the creation of so-called Frequent Flyer Programs (FFPs), which quickly became a standard tool for airline marketing. We analyze the introduction and subsequent development of these FFPs as a process ofagencingresulting in multiple and novel marketagencements. We explain how the apparent success of the FFPs resulted from a series of parallel and complementary investments that went far beyond the airlines setting up their own loyalty programs. These investments contributed to reshuffle the agencies involved, not only by giving birth to the “Frequent Flyer” category but also by introducing new agential capacities for the airlines, travelers, travel agents and corporate customers of air travel. The paper concludes with reflections on how our empirical case can help us understand the evolutionary dynamics ofagencingefforts and the resultingagencements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to provide an historical account of the evolution of the purchasing and supply management (PSM) field from the perspective of resource interfaces between buying firms and their suppliers. This historical account is then used as a platform to develop a framework for understanding of the capabilities required to manage a cluster of resource interfaces. Design/methodology/approach - The paper uses an historical survey of practices and ideas in the PSM field to develop a theoretical argument on capabilities to manage resource interfaces between buying firms and their suppliers. Findings - The paper proposes a framework linking learning, interactive capacity and interactive capability as they evolve through the interplay between resource interface type, organizing principle and technology strategy. Research limitations/implications - This paper contributes a conceptual framework focussing on the capabilities that underpin the management of individual resource interfaces. Practical implications - The paper offers the following practical implications: first, the firm needs to consider what type of interface applies in the relationships with its suppliers: second, the firm needs to consider its technological strategy in light of its current supplier interfaces and organizing principles: third, the internal as well as external organizing needs to be aligned with what the firm proposes to achieve from its supplier relationships and be congruent with the interfaces deployed to manage those relationships: fourth, interacting with suppliers is a matter of learning regarding the outcomes of the interaction as well developing interactive capacities and capabilities. Originality/value - The paper provides a first attempt to go beyond the characterization of individual resource interfaces in buyer-supplier relationships, to look at the capabilities required to manage multiple resource interfaces and the dynamics underpinning paths of development for those capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary provides a short reflection on what marketing should be rethinking. We suggest that marketing should reconsider its relationship to markets, namely in the light of the so-called marketization wave (i.e., the use of market exchange as the principal mode of the coordination of socio-economic life based on the belief that markets are an inherently superior way of organizing the conception, production and exchange of goods). Our argument is that by dissolving economic into generic exchange, marketing unwittingly finds itself unable to pass comment on marketization whilst occluding its own contribution to the spread of marketization. The question that concerns us is whether marketing, as an academic discipline and as a set of professionalized practices, should engage with the marketization debate and if so, what form should this engagement take. We conclude and call for a more systematic assessment of how marketing practices have societal impact. We argue that marketing theory should pay closer attention to how it contributes to marketization by providing an ideology, a toolkit and expertise to expand the scope of markets. A more reflexive attitude as to how marketing contributes to marketization opens up a space of debate and critique on both the appropriate scope of markets as well as the role of marketing in making and operating markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The paper argues that indirect capabilities – the ability to access other organizations' capabilities – are an important and neglected part of firm strategy in procuring complex performance (PCP) settings, and that this is especially so if these settings are treated as genuinely complex, rather than merely complicated. Elements of indirect capabilities are identified. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This is a theoretical paper, drawing on complexity notions and Penrose's analysis of endogenous innovation to drive a disequilibrium-oriented discussion of the capabilities required by firms in a PCP setting. Findings – Six inter-related elements of indirect capabilities are proposed and discussed: IT infrastructure, boundary management practices, contracting, interface artefacts, valuing others' capabilities and relating direct to indirect capabilities. These are important in PCP settings and in other operations and supply settings characterised by complexity. Originality/value – This paper reconsiders the way complexity has been treated in the PCP literature and develops an extended discussion of the notion of indirect capabilities. It potentially provides the basis for an operations and supply strategy more attuned to the demands of shifting inter-organizational networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comment addresses the context within which markets have turned into purported panaceas to alleviate poverty and promote development. Expanding formal markets and rescuing the poor from the traps of informality is often seen as recipe to unlock the untapped energies at the base of the pyramid (BoP), turning individuals into budding entrepreneurs and aspiring consumers. But, so far we have failed to appreciate how the informal sector plays a key role in supporting the formal economy and providing a route for subsistence at the BoP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate emotional and family elements that contribute to the adjustment process to cancer in children and adolescents. The sample was 10 patients between 4 and 16 years of age attending the Oncology Department of the Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de los Andes (IAHULA, Mérida, Venezuela). The study was non-experimental, transactional-descriptive. Parents and patients were evaluated through the Family Involvement scale, the Aesti scale and the Machover Human Figure Drawing test. The results show low self-esteem in patients with the most frequent emotions being anxiety, emotional stress, depression (60%), perceived threat and limited capacity for self-care (50%). Family involvement was mostly guided by the mother (49 %), and the predominant emotions in parents were sadness, depression, fear, helplessness, anxiety and stress in a high range of 5 to 6 points (Likert scale) besides support behaviors that help the child's and yout's adjustment. When facing the disease, family and patients experienced socio-emotional consequences that lead to physical, cognitive and psychological limitations that produce a series of reactions when trying to adapt to the new condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compare allocations sustained by credit with allocations sustained by bank notes (inside money) in a search model with decentralized trade and limited monitoring. We demonstrate that there exists a credit arrangement that is superior to inside money. However, in contrast with inside money, this arrangement is not robust to an expansion of trade that is not accompanied by an adequate increase in the degree of monitoring. Therefore, banks are essential when trade is intense and monitoring is limited. As a historical application, we argue that our model helps explain the origins of banking in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article discusses various reports published within the issue, including the configuration of actors in market practice by Per Andersson and Katarina Aspenberg and on assembling constituencies and creating stories for an emerging technology by Elena Simakova and Daniel Neyland.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) research relies increasingly on small animal models and noninvasive imaging methods such as MRI, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET). However, a direct comparison among these techniques for characterization of perfusion, viability, and infarct size is lacking. Rats were studied within 18-24 hr post AMI by MRI (4.7 T) and subsequently (40-48 hr post AMI) by SPECT (99Tc-MIBI) and micro-PET (18FDG). A necrosis-specific MRI contrast agent was used to detect AMI, and a fast low angle shot (FLASH) sequence was used to acquire late enhancement and functional images contemporaneously. Infarcted regions showed late enhancement, whereas corresponding radionuclide images had reduced tracer uptake. MRI most accurately depicted AMI, showing the closest correlation and agreement with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), followed by SPECT and PET. In some animals a mismatch of reduced uptake in normal myocardium and relatively increased 18FDG uptake in the infarct border zone precluded conventional quantitative analysis. We performed the first quantitative comparison of MRI, PET, and SPECT for reperfused AMI imaging in a small animal model. MRI was superior to the other modalities, due to its greater spatial resolution and ability to detect necrotic myocardium directly. The observed 18FDG mismatch likely represents variable metabolic conditions between stunned myocardium in the infarct border zone and normal myocardium and supports the use of a standardized glucose load or glucose clamp technique for PET imaging of reperfused AMI in small animals. Magn Reson Med 59:252-259, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a theory of financial intermediation based on intermediaries’ role in the reallocation of assets of distressed firms. The article suggests that intermediaries aggregate information on firms in credit relationships and use this information to facilitate asset reallocation across firms. However, this role of intermediaries hinges on debt contracts that grant lenders the right to foreclose assets of distressed borrowers and, hence, exclude the most productive asset users from the resale market. We characterise conditions under which intermediaries arise and under which their role in the credit market enhances their role as markets for firm assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the long-run dynamic interaction between fashion (brand loyalty) and industry structure. We analyze how this interaction affects the importance of fashion in the market for a product in the different stages of its life and characterize conditions under which fashion loses or preserves its relevance over time. The model can explain why some products survive fashion changes. ( JEL D21, L0) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent debates in economic sociology have moved away from a critique to homo economicus to a focus on how market exchange is formalized and abstracted from social relations. Rather than dwell on the disparities between the formalism and the practice of market exchange, the work of Michel Callon and associates focuses on the calculating agencies that enable the creation and operation of markets. This article provides a critical examination of these ideas and argues that they have important implications for marketing theory, namely in terms of a shift from exchange as events to markets as institutions. Rather than regarding marketing practices as operating within pre-defined markets, we argue that marketing practices have a performative role in helping to create the phenomena they purportedly describe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]