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(Zn1-x-yAlxBy)O (x = 0, y = 0, x = 0.02 and y = 0.005, 0.01, 0.02) ceramics have been synthesised via conventional solid-state reaction (SSR) method. Each ceramic formed as a single phase with a dense microstructure. The Seebeck coefficient, power factor, and electrical resistivities were determined for all these ceramics. Very interesting changes have been observed in the thermoelectric properties of ZnO ceramics sintered in the atmosphere of argon gas at 1450 °C via Al and B codoping. The power factor ~6.332 × 10 −4 W K − 2 m−1 and Seebeck's coefficient ~ −89.85 µ V K −1 along with lowest electrical resistivity ~ 1.224 m Ω cm at 700.0 °C was obtained for the composition with y = 0.01, i.e., (Zn0.097Al0.02B0.01)O. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn 0. 9 Se:Co 0. 1 thin films were deposited on sapphire (Al2O3) substrates in argon atmosphere at various gas pressures by pulsed laser deposition. Influence of argon pressure on the thickness, surface morphology, crystal structure and optical properties of the thin films were investigated by various diagnosis tools. It was found that these physical properties were correlated to the argon pressure and appeared like a mutation between the pressure of 2 Pa and 4 Pa. As the deposition pressure changed from 2 Pa to 4 Pa, the collision probability between ablated species and argon molecule was increased, which resulted in the transformation of the deposition type from sputter effect to adsorption effect and the mutation of film thickness and structure. These in turn influence the transmission range and band gap of the films. All of the results suggest that the ambient pressure is a very important factor to the deposition of Zn 0. 9 Se:Co 0. 1 films by PLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-speed imaging and schlieren imaging were used to investigate the interaction of the laser beam with the powder bed at pressures up to 5 bar, in argon and helium atmospheres. The entrainment of powder particles in the flow of shielding gas generated by the laser plume, and hence denudation, was reduced at high pressure for both gases. However, for argon, high pressure increased the temperature of both the melt pool and the laser plume, which significantly increased the generation of spatter and ionisation of the metal vapour with degraded surface smoothness and continuity. For helium, the formation of spatter and plasma did not increase with the increase in pressure above that observed at atmospheric pressure: its higher thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity limited the laser plume temperature. Layers built at 5 bar in helium had a surface smoothness and continuity comparable to those built in argon at atmospheric pressure, but achieved at a higher laser scan speed, suggesting that a high-pressure helium atmosphere may be used to enhance the build rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel heterocyclic phosphoramidates were synthesized by a nucleophilic substitution reaction of 2-substitutedbenzimidazoles and diphenyl chlorophosphate (ClPO3Ph2) in the presence of potassium hydroxide (KOH) under an argon atmosphere. The structures of the phosphoramidates were characterized by NMR, IR, melting point, and elemental analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the packing of chicken meat in a modified atmosphere was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated. The total number of 72 samples of chicken hindquarters were stored under two different modified atmospheres (70% O2, 30% CO2, and 70% argon, 30% CO2) for 20 days. Analyses were performed on Days 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20. VOCs in the headspace samples were detected and quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) every fourth day of storage. Pentamethylheptane, dimethylsulphide, dimethyl disulphide, dimethyl trisulphide, dimethyl tetrasulphide, hydrogen sulphide and ammonia were detected. Pentamethylheptane and ammonia had similar values for both modified atmospheres (MA). The other compounds were found only in argon MA from the Day 16 of storage with a subsequent increase of values. The measured values for dimethylsulphide were 10.7 and 13.8 mg/l, for dimethyl disulphide they were 1.9 and 10.7 mg/l, dimethyl trisulphide levels were 15.7 and 19.3 mg/l and dimethyl tetrasulphide levels were 93.2 and 418.3 mg/l for Day 16 and 20. The hydrogen sulphide level was detected from 80 to 370 mg/l after the 8th day of storage. We showed that the argon MA is less suitable for packaging raw chicken parts than the oxygen MA in view of the increased amount of microflora and unpleasant odour as assessed by sensory analysis. Oxygen prolonged the shelf life by about four days in comparison with argon. Sensory evaluation was similar for both atmospheres after air exhaustion. The argon MA did not extend the shelf life as compared to the oxygen MA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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When spraying is conducted at ambient atmosphere, the entrainment of air cools the plasma jet and affects its expansion. It can also cause oxidation or chemical decomposition of the sprayed materials. Inert plasma spraying (IPS), generally conducted in an argon atmosphere, prevents these phenomena. However, the main drawbacks of IPS in comparison with air plasma spraying are the capital and operating costs. This paper presents a study in which nitrogen is used as a substitute for conventional argon atmosphere, thus reducing costs by 25 to 30%. Titanium carbide and niobium powders were sprayed in both argon and nitrogen atmospheres. Cryogenic cooling of the substrate was used during the spray process. This helps to maintain a low temperature in the chamber, produce thick coatings, and allows the use of substrate materials that are sensitive to heat. The velocity, temperature, and composition fields of the argon-hydrogen plasma jet flowing in argon or nitrogen at atmospheric pressure are compared from numerical simulation. The adhesion, roughness, and microstructure of the niobium and TiC coatings produced in both atmospheres are discussed as well as their nitrogen content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]