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The incorporation of distributed generation (DG) units in distribution network voltage control may create operational conflicts with other conventional voltage control devices. Structural changes of networks can also increase the possibility to create control interactions. Control rules-based voltage control methods are not suitable for large scale networks where large number of control choices are available. Similarly, optimization-based voltage control methods are impractical to implement since many control variables have to be used to obtain the optimal solution. Therefore in this paper, a new technique for choosing a global group of the most effective control variables considering the ones with low cost is proposed for voltage regulation in distribution networks. This technique is based on the concept of electrical distances between the voltage control devices and network nodes to derive a correction index (CI). The index represents the level of effectiveness of each control variable with respect to all violated voltages. The index is implemented in two phase algorithms (top–down and bottom-up) to identify the global group of control variables. The proposed technique takes into consideration five aspects: the effectiveness, availability, and cost of the control variables as well as the structural changes of networks and the coordination between control variables to simultaneously eliminate the violation in the voltages. The technique is fast and suitable to be implemented for online voltage control. The proposed method is successfully examined on the modified IEEE 123 distribution system under different scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new approach in monitoring of a power distribution system. It uses the bus voltage and injected current to extract the apparent impedance seen from the measuring unit location. Then the apparent impedance variation is used for the monitoring of different electrical quantities of the feeder such as feeder power factor, and the minimum and maximum of active and reactive power flow. This paper also presents the mathematics for defining the monitoring zone on the R-X plane to detect those parameters variations. The proposed method was tested with the unbalanced distribution system feeder loading, distributed and lumped model of solar, and wind power generations. OpenDSS and MATLAB are used to test the effectiveness of the method with the IEEE 8500 node test feeder. The dynamic performance of the proposed method is studied for online monitoring of the reactive power capability requirement of a Canadian utility for a wind farm integrated to the system. The results show that the monitoring method based on the apparent impedance has a good capability to detect different operation conditions. In addition, the simplicity of the proposed method allows easy application of it in smart grid and traditional distribution system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper deals with modeling and control of smart loads for demand-response management under increased penetration of renewable power generations (RPGs) at distribution level. The increased penetration of RPGs, particularly wind energy at distribution level, is associated with adverse impact on voltage quality. A permanent magnet synchronous generator based variable speed wind energy conversion system is modeled with a wind speed considering stochastic and periodic effects. The emulated wind power into the distribution system produces stochastic and periodic power variations. For the load demand response management, full-bridge self-commutated switches based converters are employed to control smart loads (SLs). These SLs are controlled for participating in grid bus voltage regulation and flickers mitigation. From various case studies, it is found that SLs are effective in improving the voltage profiles of the test feeder. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents an efficient algorithm to solve the multi-objective (MO) voltage control problem in distribution networks. The proposed algorithm minimizes the following three objectives: voltage variation on pilot buses, reactive power production ratio deviation, and generator voltage deviation. This work leverages two optimization techniques: fuzzy logic to find the optimum value of the reactive power of the distributed generation (DG) and Pareto optimization to find the optimal value of the pilot bus voltage so that this produces lower losses under the constraints that the voltage remains within established limits. Variable loads and DGs are taken into account in this paper. The algorithm is tested on an IEEE 13-node test feeder and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of renewable energy resources (RESs) in power systems poses many research challenges. Research shows that the RES output may exceed the consumed power during the day. Consequently, the direction of the power flow on distribution lines can be reversed during some periods. As the voltage regulator is normally designed for unidirectional power flow, this may cause voltage violations on the distribution feeder. Therefore, most utilities try to set a penetration level (PL) limit for safe operation. On the other hand, time varying and unbalanced loading are the main characteristics of distribution systems. Moreover installation of intermittent and nondispatchable photovoltaic (PV) devices increases the control problems of distribution system. This paper presents an impedance-based monitoring method for detection of distribution system current behavior. It will be shown that by utilizing this monitoring technique, not only the small variation of PV PL can be easily detected, but also some fast transients such as the effect of cloud movement on PV system can be monitored. This monitoring technique employs only local measurements of bus voltages and line current to measure the apparent impedance seen at the installation point. The practical application of measured impedance as a monitoring technique shows its effectiveness for distribution system monitoring in presence of various PV PL. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study proposes a secondary voltage control based on a systematic approach that decomposes a transmission system network into several areas. Network decomposition and pilot buses selection are fundamental in area voltage control. The proposed decomposition approach is hierarchical with two levels of decomposition. The first level is based on the clustering analysis; at this level, the appropriate number of areas is determined. Only several buses (named as control buses) are assigned to each area at this level. The aim of the second level is to assign the remaining buses (named as load buses) to a given area among the already obtained areas in the first level. Buses classification at this level is based on proximity analysis. The control uses reactive power compensation at critical buses, as well as at pilot buses to eliminate voltage violation resulting from disturbances at these buses. For pilot buses selection, a pilot index is proposed. The critical buses are determined based on the sensitivity factors. The IEEE 39‐bus and IEEE 118‐bus are used to illustrate the performance of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents coordinated secondary voltage control based on partitioned power network and decentralized controllers designed for each region. The elements of control are installed on pilot buses (critical point for voltage control in each region). The aim is coordination among elements of control in each region or between different regions to regulate voltage of buses and increase the security of the power network. The elements of control are considered as nodes of a graph and reactive power will be transferred through edges of this graph. This gives capability of transfer of reactive power between regions in case of voltage violations in a special region that cannot be regulated by controllers installed on that region. The control uses decentralized controllers to eliminate voltage violations resulting from load variations and disturbance in the power network. The methodology is applied to the IEEE 118-bus network. The results show and verify the performance of coordinated control scheme to regulate the voltage and to avoid propagation of contingency between regions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study presents a secondary voltage control based on an optimisation algorithm to locate the control buses and regulate the voltage. Control buses are the buses where compensators will be installed on these buses to regulate voltage and avoid voltage violations. Firstly, partitioning algorithm using fuzzy C‐means has been implemented on the power network. Partitioning techniques split the power system into regions to avoid the propagation of disturbances between regions by using local controllers. Then, a number of buses are labelled as control buses displaying the critical point for voltage control in each region. The control algorithm is a decentralised controller which tries to eliminate voltage violations in power system resulting from load variations and disturbances. The decentralised controllers are implemented using flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices such as static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The methodology is applied to the IEEE 118‐bus network. The results show the performance and ability of the partitioning algorithm and bus control selection to regulate the voltage and avoid propagation of disturbances between regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a secondary voltage control based on a graph partitioning method. The method divides the power system into regions to eventually prevent the propagation of disturbances and to minimize the interaction between these regions. The optimized number of regions is found based on the bus voltage sensitivity to disturbances being applied to loads in each region. Then, a number of representative buses are labelled as pilot buses displaying the critical point for voltage control in each region. The control uses decentralized controllers to eliminate voltage violations resulting from load variations and disturbances in the system. The decentralized controllers are implemented by fuzzy logic which is trained via offline simulations; they inject required reactive power into the regions to correct voltage violations. The methodology is applied to the IEEE 118-bus network. The results show the performance and ability of graph partitioning and fuzzy secondary voltage control to regulate the voltage and to avoid propagation of disturbances between regions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]