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Background: Lung Cancer is a deadly disease which has negative outcomes affecting physical and mental health of the patient in different perspectives. It is the leading cause of death among males. Lung Cancer is commonly associated with smoking. Patient experience different events during the disease and treatment phase which not only disturb the patient but also affect the family members in the same way. Objective: This study aims to explore the challenges of Lung Cancer patients and strategies to cope up with the disease process. Design: Exploratory phenomenological descriptive study design Setting: Two major Public Sector Hospitals of Lahore; 1) Mayo Hospital 2) Jinnah Hospital Participants: Total 12 participants of Lung Cancer Diseases getting treatment since last 6 months were included in the study. Method: One to one in depth interviews were conducted with 12 participants, including males and females both, using purposive sampling technique. Self-structured Interview guide was used for the interviews leading with probing questions from the responses. Interviews were recorded and field notes were maintained to keep a record of the data for thematic analysis. Results: Stressors and Coping Strategies were the major themes emerged from the thematic analysis. To overcome the stressors, patients reported, they use belief system to cope up. Conclusion: Adaptability with the situation is a difficult task. Lung Cancer patients have many stressors which can only be overcome using confidence in inner self and having belief in Allah. Family members do play an important part to overcome the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen management is essential for energy crop production maximization on marginal land. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of N fertilizer application rates on temporal-spatial changes in soil inorganic N and N surplus levels on marginal land. Biomass sorghum (variety GN-11) and sweet sorghum (variety GT-8) [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] were planted under five N application rates (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 kg ha-1) in Inner Mongolia, China, in 2014 and 2015. With incremental increases in N application rates during each growing season, nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) content in the 0- to 90-cm soil layer for two varieties significantly increased on elongation, anthesis, and harvest dates, while ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) remained stable. The NO3--N accumulation in the 0- to 90-cm soil layer at harvest significantly increased from 0 to 240 N kg ha-1. Larger inorganic N additions were required in the preanthesis period to maximize growth of both varieties compared to the postanthesis period. The apparent N surplus increased as N fertilizer rate increased. The N fertilizer of 120 kg ha-1 improved dry matter yield and relatively reduced NO3--N accumulation. Thus, an N rate of 120 N kg ha-1, with an increasing proportion of topdressing N on the elongation date, and a decreasing proportion of basal N on the pre-seeding date and topdressing N on the anthesis date, could improve biomass yield and reduce N accumulation to achieve more efficient sorghum production on marginal land in Inner Mongolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]