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This paper proposes to apply a newly developed Non-Dispersive Infrared Spectroscopy (NDIR) gas sensing system composed of pyroelectric infrared detectors to monitor the thermal runaway (TR) process of lithium-ion batteries in real time and achieve an early warning system for the battery TR process. The new Electrical Vehicle Safety—Global Technical Regulation (EVS-GTR) requires that a warning be provided to passengers at least five minutes before a serious incident. The experimental results indicate that carbon dioxide and methane gas were detected during the overcharge test of the automotive battery, and the target gas was detected 25 s in advance before the battery TR when the battery vent was closed. In order to further explore the battery TR mechanism, an experiment was carried out using the battery sample with the battery vent opened. The target gas was detected about 580 s before the battery temperature reached the common alarm temperature (60 °C) of the battery management system (BMS). In this study, the beneficial effects of NDIR gas sensors in the field of thermal runaway warnings for automotive batteries were demonstrated and showed great application prospects and commercial value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hybrid electric and electric vehicles in the next future will be employed more and more. Many considerations induce to this solution: the efficiency of these vehicles, greater than the conventional ones, the major benefits that they offer in terms of environmental pollution, the increasing costs of the petroleum and its instable market. A key component of each electric and hybrid electric vehicle is the energy storage system. It plays a prominent role on the performances and on the overall drive efficiency of the vehicles, therefore from some years the study of this subsystem has recalled a strong interest among the scientists, the automakers and the manufacturers of energy storage systems. Recently, the main auto industries have found join-ventures with the manufacturers of batteries, supercapacitors and flywheels in order to study and to produce advanced energy storage systems for electric and hybrid electric cars and many innovations are introduced in this field (i.e. lead-carbon battery, bipolar lead acid battery, thin film metal battery, supercabattery, Li-poly and so on). All these attentions justify the aim of this paper that is to illustrate a comprehensive state of the art on the main energy storage systems suitable for electric and hybrid electric vehicles, introducing also the most recent innovations on this important subsystem and the next goals to earn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]