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Soil salinity is an important abiotic constraint that affects soil quality and crop productivity and has a direct impact on crop yields. Ensuring the sustainable use of saline soils while maintaining environmental integrity is of utmost importance. To achieve this, it is essential to explore and implement methods that can enhance productivity without causing harm to the ecosystem. In the current study, the effect of biochar, Simultaneous inoculation of biomes (Trichoderma harzanium and Pseudomonas fluorescence) and gypsum on soil properties and growth parameters of chickpea was investigated. Of all treatments, the combination of 75 percent GR + biochar@20t/ha and biome @2kg/ha had the greatest effect on lowering pH (9.32 to 7.61), EC (3.65 to 1.6 dSm-1) and SAR (24.22 to 5.9 Cmolc (+) kg-1). As a result, there was a notable improvement in the length of chickpea shoots and roots as well as the overall production of dry matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycopene was extracted from freeze-dried papaya using supercritical carbon dioxide and rice bran oil (RBO) as a co-solvent. Central composite design (Response surface methodology) with five levels of each process variable, i.e. pressure (25–50 MPa), temperature (55–85°C), and extraction time (60–210 min), was used for conducting the experiments. The single optimal point for various response variables was realized at 35.4 MPa, 67°C, and 130 min. Under these conditions, a lycopene extraction efficiency of 79.27 ± 1.69% and a γ-oryzanol content of 11,079 ± 146 mg/L were predicted. The combination of extraction temperature and time beyond 80°C and 180 minutes showed a detrimental effect on lycopene. Furthermore, the storage of extract under no-light conditions showed first-order degradation kinetics with half-life values of lycopene of 42, 24, and 9 days at 3, 10, and 25°C, respectively. Results show that the use of RBO as a co-solvent improved the extraction efficiency and prevented lycopene degradation during extraction and storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

About 23% of the surface area and 44% of the volume of all the lakes are occupied by saline lakes in the world. Importantly, agricultural diversion, illegal encroachment, pollution, and invasive species could cause these lakes to dry up completely or partially by 2025. Illegal saltpan encroachment is causing Sambhar, India's largest saline lake, to shrink by 4.23% every decade. This study aims to characterize the soil parameters where halophytes are growing. A literature survey was conducted for halophytes and soil characteristics. The study area was divided into four zones for stratified random sampling. Soil sampling was conducted in February 2021. The soil indicators for halophyte selected were pH, electrical conductivity, moisture, salinity, organic carbon, and organic matter. The obtained results were interpolated in the geospatial platform for soil characteristic mapping. It is found that no research is conducted on halophytes of the lake. Studies on soil are also inconsistent and only six common parameters could be identified. Results show that the pH ranged 9.37–7.66, electrical conductivity was 16.1–0.38, moisture 23.37%–1.2%, organic carbon 3.29%–0.15%, organic matter 5.6%–0.2%, and salinity 8.86%–0.72%. Though these results show improved condition as compared to last few years, in long term, the lake is desiccating. During the UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030), if these causes are not addressed, the ecosystem may completely dry up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The intraoral microbiota has a high potential to undergo dysbiosis, causing inflammatory changes with respect to the tissues surrounding either a natural tooth or an implant. Thus, the longevity of implant prosthesis depends on a thorough implant decontamination protocol. Among all the techniques available for doing so, laser is garnering increasing popularity, owing to minimal bleeding, high efficiency, and faster healing. However, limited literature exists regarding the superiority of lasers over chlorhexidine (CHX), the indisputable gold standard antibacterial chemical agent. The aim of this study was to compare the percentage of bacterial reduction of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans from implant healing abutments post red diode laser therapy versus 0.2% CHX treatment. Settings and Design: The current study had an ex vivo, observational, case-control design. Materials and Methods: Patients reporting for the second stage of the implant surgery were taken as the source of data and the healing abutments, the clinical samples. Eleven patients were chosen with one intraoral implant serving as the test site for laser treatment and another, the control site for CHX treatment. Microbiological analysis was performed via quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction to compare the bacterial reduction percentage after each treatment. Statistical Analysis Used: Repeated measures ANOVA and independent sample t test were used. Results: The mean bacterial viability of the test group (laser) was 1.2%-1.6%, and 0.6%-1.4% for the control group (CHX). The former caused a mean bacterial reduction of 96.1% while the latter, 96.3%. Both the treatments caused a highly statistically significant reduction of viable bacterial counts (P = 0.001). However, when compared, there was no statistically significant difference in the bacterial reduction, when compared in between the two (P = 0.902). Conclusion: Laser treatment is at par with chemical implant surface decontamination. It can help bypass the complications of CHX and revolutionize the protocols for implant surface decontamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve polymer–graphene nanocomposites with high thermal conductivity (k), it is critically important to achieve efficient thermal coupling between graphene and the surrounding polymer matrix through effective functionalization schemes. In this work, we demonstrate that edge-functionalization of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) can enable a larger enhancement of effective thermal conductivity in polymer–graphene nanocomposites relative to basal plane functionalization. Effective thermal conductivity for the edge case is predicted, through molecular dynamics simulations, to be up to 48% higher relative to basal plane bonding for 35 wt% graphene loading with 10 layer thick nanoplatelets. The beneficial effect of edge bonding is related to the anisotropy of thermal transport in graphene, involving very high in-plane thermal conductivity (∼2000 W m−1 K−1) compared to the low out-of-plane thermal conductivity (∼10 W m−1 K−1). Likewise, in multilayer graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs), the thermal conductivity across the layers is even lower due to the weak van der Waals bonding between each pair of layers. Edge functionalization couples the polymer chains to the high in-plane thermal conduction pathway of graphene, thus leading to overall high thermal conductivity of the composite. Basal-plane functionalization, however, lowers the thermal resistance between the polymer and the surface graphene sheets of the nanoplatelet only, causing the heat conduction through inner layers to be less efficient, thus resulting in the basal plane scheme to be outperformed by the edge scheme. The present study enables fundamentally novel pathways for achieving high thermal conductivity polymer nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper highlights the perception of the users of the Dhanvantri library of the University of Jammu regarding e-learning in the current time of the pandemic. The role of elearning is to extend learning effectively in addition to the technological tools and devices to the existing learning. A total of 278 respondents responded with complete information regarding the survey. The majority of (56.47%) of the respondents were male and most of the respondents were between age group 26-29 years. Most of the students were moderately interested in the online classes. Laptops and Tablet are the most used devices for attending the online classes in the current pandemic. Respondents prefer the online classes above 60 minutes as detailed classes are required for proper understanding of the concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was organized to assess and have records about the information literacy and computer literacy skills among the students at the University of Jammu. To collect the data, a questionnaire was framed and distributed among 265 students studying at the University of Jammu. Out of 265 students, 243 questionnaires were received with responses being filed in them. Of the 243 students, there were 159 males and 84 females. The data revealed that the majority of the students 177 (72.84%) were familiar with the concept of computer and digital literacy and most of the students possess knowledge about the basic ICT skills such as Word Application software, Multimedia Applications, Spreadsheets Applications, and Communication Applications, etc. through which they can keep themselves abreast and updated with any sort of information required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the library resources, services and how much satisfied the users by using these resources and services. In this study Google Forms was used to collect information from users of the University Library of Chhattisgarh. For this study we have chosen a central university library, a state university library and a private university library. These three universities are located in Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an underutilized citrus family fruit named grapefruit was explored for the extraction of lycopene using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) extraction technique. An experimental design was developed using response surface methodology to investigate the effect of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) operating parameter viz., pressure, temperature, CO2 flow rate, and extraction time on the extraction yield of lycopene yield from grapefruit. A total of 30 sets of experiments were conducted with six central points. The statistical model indicated that extraction pressure and extraction time individually, and their interaction, significantly affected the lycopene yield. The central composite design showed that the polynomial regression models developed were in agreement with the experimental results, with R2 of 0.9885. The optimum conditions for extraction of lycopene from grapefruit were 305 bar pressure, 35 g/min CO2 flow rate, 135 min of extraction time, and 70 °C temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted in order to access the effect of different processing conditions on the mineral status of the grain sorghum. Whole sorghum grain was (a) cooked in excess water, (b) fermented under submerged condition, (c) steamed after fermentation, and (d) fermented, steamed, and flaked. The mineral content of the samples was determined through a microwave plasma atomic absorption spectroscope. During cooking, essential minerals like K, Fe, and Mn decreased, while Mg, Ca, and Na contents increased; while most non‐essential minerals decreased, except Ti. During fermentation Ca, Mg, and Na content increased, while heavy metals like As, Pb, Ti, and Ba decreased significantly (p <.05). Essential minerals like Fe and non‐essential minerals like Cr, Ni, and Al were found to be contaminated from the machine parts during processing steps like steaming and flaking. At the same time, essential minerals like K, Ca, and Mn were lost during the flaking process. Practical applications: This work provides information on how simple processing conditions like fermentation can improve the status of the essential mineral in sorghum, at the same time reducing the heavy metal presence in the sample. This study also provides an insight into where the possible metal contamination can occur during the production of fermented products and steam flaking of cereal grains like sorghum. This information will help control the metal contamination, reduction of heavy metal contamination as well as a guide for formulating the HACCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A trend of present encapsulation research indicates an increased interest in the search for natural encapsulants for bioactive phytochemicals. The present study in pursuit of the same studies the use of jackfruit seed starch (JSS), an underutilized natural polysaccharide in conjugation with soy protein isolate (SPI) as an encapsulating material and NBRE-15 as an emulsifier. Three independent variables viz., total soluble solids (TSS, 20, 25 and 30° Brix), SPI: JSS (1:1, 1:3 and 1:5) and NBRE-15 (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%) were optimized for achieving the most efficient encapsulation of anthocyanin using a three level, three parameter, Box-Behnken design (BBD) of the Design of Experiments (DOE). The responses considered for the optimization were monomeric anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity and encapsulation efficiency. A combination of 27.0% TSS, 1:5 SPI: JSS ratio and 0.3% NBRE-15 was found to be optimum for the encapsulation of anthocyanin with the desirability of 92.6%. Microcapsules obtained using the optimized combination of independent variables was found to contain 3215.59 mg/100 g monomeric anthocyanin. The antioxidant activity and encapsulation efficiency of the encapsulated material obtained using optimized combinations of independent variable were found to be 365.26 µmol Trolox/g and 89.71%, respectively. The microcapsules were also additionally analyzed for the particle size distribution and morphological characterization. Particle size analysis indicated that the microcapsules obtained had a mean particle size of 60.97 µm. Scanning electron microscopy for morphological characterization indicated that the microcapsules so obtained were oval to round in shape and had a smooth surface. Storage studies to estimate the half-life of anthocyanin in the microcapsule at room temperature (37 °C) clearly indicated greater stability i.e. 63 days when stored under amber-colored vial compared to only 35 days when stored under clear transparent vial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study ascertained the recovery of β-carotene from enzyme-treated (enzyme load of 167 U/g) pericarp of ripe bitter melon using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique. Effect of different pressure (ranged from 150–450 bar), carbon dioxide (CO2) flow rates (ranged from 15 to 55 ml/min), temperatures (from 50 to 90 °C), and extraction periods (from 45–225 minutes) were observed on the extraction efficiency of β-carotene. Results showed that extraction pressure (X1) among extraction parameters had the most significant (p < 0.05) effect on extraction efficiency of the β-carotene followed by allowed extraction time (X4), CO2 flow rate (X2) and the temperature of the extraction (X3). The maximum yield of 90.12% of β-carotene from lyophilized enzymatic pretreated ripe bitter melon pericarp was achieved at the pressure of approx. 390 bar, flow rate of 35 mL/min, temperature at 70 °C and extraction time of 190 min, respectively. Based on the accelerated storage study the 70% retention shelf life of the β-carotene into extract was estimated up to 2.27 months at 10 °C and up to 3.21 months at 5 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichosanthes dioica (Parwal) sweet was packed under air and modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) with a gas composition of 98% N2 (2% O2 impurity), and 70% N2 : 30% CO2, respectively. The samples were stored at 5, 10 and 25oC and evaluated for various microbial count, nutritional analysis (moisture, fat and protein), titratable acidity (TA), total carotenoids, vitamin C, DPPH inhibition activity, total phenolic content, hydroxymethylfurfuraldehyde (HMF), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), free fatty acid (FFA), Textural profile analysis and sensory attributes. Results showed that a combination of 70 %N2+30% CO2 had most significant effect to arrest the microbial growth followed by 100% N2 and fresh. Similarly this combination of N2 and CO2 retained the proximate and textural quality of the products concluded that the MAP conditions of 70% N2: 30% CO2 and storage at 5°C, were the most suitable conditions for preserving the Parwal sweet up to 50 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to investigate the storage stability encapsulated black carrot powder obtained under the optimized conditions of spray drying of 150 °C of inlet air temperature and freeze-drying with maltodextrin, gum arabic and tapioca starch as the combined carrier materials. Effect of two types of vial as a storing material viz., transparent and amber colored was used in this study and study was observed for the period of 90 days. Anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity, total color change and half-life period were monitored at 15 days interval throughout the storage period. The anthocyanins degradation rate followed first order kinetics. The storage half-life of spray and freeze-dried encapsulated material stored under airtight amber color vials was predicted up to 130 and 155 days with total degradation kinetics of 33% and 38%. However, the storage self-life spray and freeze-dried encapsulated material stored under airtight transparent vial was predicted up to 109 and 134 days with total antocyanin degradation of 37% and 43%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enzymatic assisted cum hydraulic pressed extract of black carrot which has high anthocyanin content were encapsulated through spray drier using a mixture of Jack fruit seed starch, Soy protein and NBRE-15 (SET -1) and in the second set of experiment using Jack fruit seed starch, Whey protein and NBRE-15 (SET-2) as coating materials. The quality attributes of the powders which were produced at an optimum mixture of SET -1 and SET-2 were characterized by anthocyanin content, antioxidant capacity and L*, a*, b*, C and Hº value. It was reported that SET-1 was found betterencapsulating material as compared to SET-2. SET-1 had higher retention of anthocyanin content, color, antioxidant activity during storage at 25 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anthocyanin pigment of black carrot juice was used as a core material for microencapsulation by spray dryer at 150°C using the mixed carrier material viz. whey protein isolate (WPI), jackfruit seed starch (JSS) and NBRE-15. The ratio of WPI: JSS ranged from 1:1 to 1:3 and NBRE-15 from 0.1-0.3% were taken to optimize the carrier material for encapsulation taking anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity and encapsulation efficiency as responses using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The anthocyanin (core material) was encapsulated at the optimized condition of the carrier material having five times the jackfruit seed starch as the whey protein isolate (5:1) and 0.3% NBRE-15 as an emulsifier. The optimized powder was found to have 2766.61 mg/100g (dry matter) of anthocyanin content, 290.56 µmolTrolox/g (dry matter) antioxidant activity with an encapsulation efficiency of 77.12% at 93.59% of desirability. Optimized powder retained the color value of 30.61, 29.39 and 0.03 for L*, a* and b*. Mean particle size distribution for the optimized encapsulated anthocyanin powder was 52.36 µm. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images revealed the smooth surface characteristic of the optimized powder with slightly oval to globular in shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

De-oiled bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) seed is a highly nutritious by-product of edible oil industries. The seed contains a substantial amount of quality protein, dietary fiber, minerals, and essential amino acids. The present study is undertaken to improve the quality of commercial biscuit through replacement traditional wheat flour with de-oiled bottle guard seed cake powder. Response surface methodology was used to carry out experimental layout with two independent variables viz; de-oiled bottle guard seed coded as bottle guard seed cake powder (BGSCP) and whole wheat flour (WWF) against five dependent responses viz., swelling capacity (SC), water absorption capacity (WAC), oil absorption capacity (OAC), protein, insoluble and soluble fiber. The most desirable (R² - 0.899) solution was found at the formulation level of 50g BGSCP and 40g WWF. Nutritional assessment of optimized biscuit heightened a significant (p < 0.05) rise in the amount of crude protein, ash content, and soluble fiber as in comparison with the control group sample. BGSCP fortification revealed significant improvement (43.22) in terms of essential amino acid availability as compared to control biscuit. However, the fatty acid compositions of optimized biscuit were insignificantly (p > 0.05) different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ideas, customs and social behaviour of a particular people or a society can be explained as 'Culture'. The Indian culture is worldwide famous for its richness. In this study researchers focused on the cultural communication through an event i.e. Jammu& Kashmir Mahotsava that held in Bharat Bhawan, Bhopal. Jammu & Kashmir Mahotsava was the event that shows the various aspects of Jammu & Kashmir state, which includes food, dressing, language, music and dance and many more. Uses and gratification theory is applied on this research. The objectives of the study include to study the interest of audience, audience's source of information, type of audience with respect to the activity & passivity and also to study the effectiveness of cultural communication through events. The planned sample framework was 160 but the researcher got back 140 questionnaires. The questionnaire has 13 questions where 12 were closed-ended and one last question was open ended. Including the demographic questions, there were 19 questions in total. In the end researchers concluded that respondents get maximum information from newspapers and they love to attend all these events but their regularity is not high and in the end responded wanted some more facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize rice bran oil encapsulation using jackfruit seed starch - whey protein isolate blend as wall material by spray drying technique. Oil concentration (20, 25 and 30 %), wall material (Jackfruit seed starch & whey protein isolate) starch-protein ratio (1:1, 3:1 and 5:1) and spray drying inlet air temperature (140, 150 and 160 °C) were considered as process variables for optimization. A three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design of RSM was used to conduct the experiments with the aim of maximizing encapsulation efficiency and minimizing peroxide value in the encapsulated powder. A polynomial regression model was fitted using design expert software, and the optimum conditions obtained were 20 % oil concentration, 3:1 starch-protein ratio and 140 °C spray drying inlet air temperature. The encapsulated rice bran oil powers obtained at optimized conditions offered 85.90 % of encapsulation efficiency and 1.18 meq/kg oil of peroxide value. The characterization study revealed that powder particles size (diameter) varied from 3.40 to 300.51 μm and most of the particles were smooth spheres with little appendages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the curcumin containing ethanolic extract (EtOH) obtained from Curcuma longa (Cl) against retardation of wound healing by aspirin. Materials and Methods: Wound healing process was retarded by administering the dose of 150 mg/kg body weight of aspirin orally for 9 days to observe the effect of EtOH obtained from Cl using excision and incision wound model in rats. The various parameters such as % wound contraction, epithelialization period, hydroxyproline, tensile strength were observed at variant time intervals and histopathological study was also performed. Results: Curcumin containing 5% and 10% ethanolic extract ointment have shown significant (P < 0.01) wound healing activity against an aspirin (administered 150 mg/kg body weight orally for 9 days) retarded wound healing process. Topical application of ointment showed significant (P < 0.01) difference as compared to the control group. Histopathological studies also showed healing of the epidermis, increased collagen, fibroblasts and blood vessels. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Cl ointment (EtOHCl) containing 10% curcumin displayed remarkable healing process against wound retardation by aspirin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quick, simple, and reliable isocratic ultra-performance supercritical fluid chromatography-photodiode array detector (UPSFC-DAD) method was developed and validated to determine lycopene in different horticultural products. The effects of stationary phase, co-solvent, pressure, temperature, flow rate, and mobile phase additive on the separation of lycopene were evaluated. The developed method involved BEH-2EP—2.1 × 150 mm, 5 µm as the stationary phase, and CO2/MeOH 85:15 (v/v) with formic acid as the additive at 0.10% as the mobile phase. The column temperature was maintained at 45 °C, ABPR at 1800 psi, and the mobile phase's flow rate was maintained at 1 mL/min. Under the optimized conditions, lycopene was successfully separated within 0.722 ± 0.001 min. The standard curve assayed over a range of 10 to 100 µg/mL resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.998. The mean recoveries between 97.38% and 102.67% at different spiking levels with RSD < 2.5% were achieved. The intra and inter-day precision expressed as relative standard deviations (RSD) were found to range from 1.27% to 3.28% and from 1.57% to 4.18%, respectively. Robustness in terms of retention time (tR) and RSD were found to be 0.93 ± 0.23 min and less <2.80%, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.14 µg/mL and 0.37 µg/mL, respectively. This method was successfully applied to determine lycopene extracted from papaya, grapefruit, and bitter melon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we describe a semiparametric information-theoretic framework for modeling the determinants of rare events aggregated at intracity areal units while allowing for various forms of error correlation structures. The approach is applied to an examination of the effects of socioeconomic and demographic macrocharacteristics of communities on the amount of violence they experience. We investigate and find evidence of some instability in these processes across types of violence and level of areal aggregation. However, we also find evidence of a stable predictor—resource deprivation—for all the types of violence analyzed and at both levels of areal aggregation considered. In addition, we find evidence of a spillover effect of a community's resource deprivation on the level of violence its neighboring areas can expect. We discuss our findings in light of their substantive, methodological, and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey of weed flora in kharif crops of Gwalior, Bhind and Morena district of M.P. was conducted in year 2009. Data summerised on the basis of relative density in major crops of kharif season 2009, it is concluded that the Cyperus rotundus in rice, Celosia argentea in soybean, Echinochloa crusgalli in seasmum and Cynodon dactylon in pearl millet were dominent weeds in Gwalior district. While Cynodon dactylon in sesamum and Digera arvensis in pearl millet were recorded major weeds in Bhind district. Similarly Digera arvensis in pearl millet and Cyperus rotundus in pigeon pea were found dominent weed in Morena district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field experiment was conducted on research farm of JNKVV during 2005 result showed that in 0-15 cm soil depth highest microbial carbon 291.5 ppm were found in treatment for where as the lowest was 153.25 ppm in fallow, with increasing depth SMC was found low. Similarly in case of soil microbial nitrogen the highest value 35.65 ppm was found in treatment four and the lowest value was found 19.90 ppm in control, SMN also decrease with the increasing of soil depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey of weed flora in Kharif season of non-corpped and garbage area of Shivpuri, Sheopur and Datia districts of M.P. was conducted in year 2008. Results revealed Cynodon dactylon was dominant weed in non-corpped area of Shivpuri, Sheour and Datia districts, while Cassia tora, Lantana camara and Parthenium hysterophorus were second dominant weeds in same distict respectively. Similary in garbage area Cynodon dactylon was dominant weed in above mention districts, while at second position Xanthium Strumarium was in Shivpuri and Datia districts and Cyperus rotundus in Sheopur district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey of weed flora in Kharif season in non corpped and garbage area of Guna, Rajgarh and Vidisha district of M.P. was conducted in year 2008. Results revealed Cynodon dactylon and Parthenium hysterophorus weeds were found dominant weed in non cropped area and Cynodon dactylon and Cyperus rotundus were found domnant in garbage area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey of weed flora in Kharif season in non cropped and garbage area of Bhind, Morena and Gwalior district of M.P. was conducted in year 2008. Results revealed that Parthenium hysterophorus and Cynodon dactylon were found dominant weeds in non cropped area of Gwalior district while Cynodon dactylon and Physalis minima were dominant weeds of same region. Similarly Parthenium hysterophorus was dominant weed in non cropped area Bhind district and Cyndon dactylon was dominant weed in non-cropped area of Morena district. Cynodon dactylon and Xanthium strumarium were dominant weeds in garbage area of Bhind and Morena district respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present high-cadence UV, optical, and near-infrared data on the luminous Type II-P supernova SN 2017gmr from hours after discovery through the first 180 days. SN 2017gmr does not show signs of narrow, high-ionization emission lines in the early optical spectra, yet the optical light-curve evolution suggests that an extra energy source from circumstellar medium (CSM) interaction must be present for at least 2 days after explosion. Modeling of the early light curve indicates a ∼500 R⊙ progenitor radius, consistent with a rather compact red supergiant, and late-time luminosities indicate that up to 0.130 ± 0.026 M⊙ of 56Ni are present, if the light curve is solely powered by radioactive decay, although the 56Ni mass may be lower if CSM interaction contributes to the post-plateau luminosity. Prominent multipeaked emission lines of Hα and [O i] emerge after day 154, as a result of either an asymmetric explosion or asymmetries in the CSM. The lack of narrow lines within the first 2 days of explosion in the likely presence of CSM interaction may be an example of close, dense, asymmetric CSM that is quickly enveloped by the spherical supernova ejecta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical and ultraviolet broadband photometric and spectroscopic observations of the Type II supernova (SN) 2016gfy are presented. The V-band light curve (LC) shows a distinct plateau phase with a slope of s2 ∼ 0.12 mag (100 day)−1 and a duration of 90 ± 5 days. Detailed analysis of SN 2016gfy provided a mean 56Ni mass of 0.033 ± 0.003 M⊙, a progenitor radius of ∼350–700 R⊙, a progenitor mass of ∼12–15 M⊙, and an explosion energy of (0.9–1.4) × 1051 erg s−1. The P-Cygni profile of Hα in the early-phase spectra (∼11–21 days) shows a boxy emission. Assuming that this profile arises from the interaction of the SN ejecta with the pre-existing circumstellar material (CSM), it is inferred that the progenitor underwent a recent episode (30–80 yr prior to the explosion) of enhanced mass loss. Numerical modeling suggests that the early LC peak is reproduced better with an existing CSM of 0.15 M⊙ spread out to ∼70 au. A late-plateau bump is seen in the VRI LCs during ∼50–95 days. This bump is explained as a result of the CSM interaction and/or partial mixing of radioactive 56Ni in the SN ejecta. Using strong-line diagnostics, a subsolar oxygen abundance is estimated for the supernova H ii region (12 + log(O/H) = 8.50 ± 0.11), indicating an average metallicity for the host of an SN II. A star formation rate of ∼8.5 M⊙ yr−1 is estimated for NGC 2276 using the archival GALEX FUV data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three-orbital itinerant-electron model involving dxz, dyz and dxy Fe 3d orbitals is proposed for iron pnictides towards understanding the () ordered magnetism and magnetic excitations in these materials. It is shown that this model at half filling yields a gapped () magnetic state, and simultaneously reproduces several experimentally observed features such as the electronic structure, spin excitations, as well as the ferro orbital order between the dxz and dyz orbitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]