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The feasibility of obtaining a modified lignosulfonate reagent derived from acrylic and lignosulfonate components is examined. The completeness of the reaction yielding a modifier derived from acrylamide and citric acid to be used for subsequent dispersion in sodium lignosulfonate was monitored by HPLC. A comparative analysis of the surface tension data was carried out by the stalagmometric drop counting method. In order to study the effect of electrolytes on the surface activity of a complex reagent with acrylic and lignosulfonate components, the surface tension of aqueous solutions of NaCl and CaCl2 of different concentrations was determined upon the introduction of from 0.1% to 2% reagent. The assessment of the adsorption activity was carried out by constructing an isotherm of surface tension at the liquid‑liquid interface under static conditions over time with constant reagent concentration. Feasibility was established for the use of this lignosulfonate reagent for effective reduction of the conditional viscosity of clay drilling mud at from 20°C to 180°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation was carried out on the feasibility of obtaining a reagent based on complex compounds for regulating the parameters of a drilling mud by introducing complex‑forming ferrous cations into a sodium lignosulfonate composition followed by additional modification with phosphonic compounds and obtaining a polyelectrolyte complex derived from anionic polyelectrolyte‑sodium lignosulfonate and modified cationic starch. The presence of functional groups in the sodium lignosulfonate sample studied capable of complexation was established by IR spectrometry. The determination of the optimal ratios of the starting components for the obtaining complex compounds using lignosulfonate, iron sulfate, and phosphonic compounds was carried by mathematical modelling with the Statistica 12 software package. The surface activity of the experimental samples was studied by a stalagmometric method (drop count method). The particle size distribution method using an SALD‑7101 laser analyzer was employed to study changes in the structure of the macromolecule of sodium lignosulfonate and a polyelectrolyte complex derived from sodium lignosulfonate and cationic starch. Obtaining a stable polyelectrolyte complex by selecting the optimal ratios of the anionic and cationic components involved measuring the dependence of the impedance of an electrochemical cell on the alternating currency frequency. The best mole ratio for preparation of the polyelectrolyte complex was 1:1. Feasibility was studied for using this lignosulfonate reagent based on complex compounds as a reagent for regulating the drilling mud parameters in the temperature range from 20° to 160-180°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the results of studying the thermodynamic computer modeling of the interaction of phosphorite (Karatau basin, Kazakhstan) with carbon and coke performed using the HSC-10 software package and electric smelting of the phosphorite with coke and steel shavings in an arc furnace. The modeling allowed us to determine the equilibrium extraction degrees of phosphorus into gas (P2, P4), silicon into ferroalloy in the form of iron silicides (FeSi2, FeSi, Fe3Si, Fe5Si3, Si) and calcium into CaC2. At temperatures above 1500 °C, regardless of the amount of iron, the extraction degree of phosphorus into gas is more 99%. The resulting ferroalloy contains 21.2-23.8% of Si, 1.6-2.8% of Al; the calcium carbide has a capacity of 288-325 dm³/kg. The extraction degree of silicon into the alloy was 89.8%, calcium in CaC2 - 72.5%, phosphorus into gas - 99.4%. The ferroalloy, formed at the electric smelting of the Chulaktau phosphorite together with coke and steel shavings and containing 24.9-29.8% of Si, is FS25 grade ferrosilicon, and the formed calcium carbide has a capacity of 278-290 dm³/kg and belongs to the third and second grades. The developed technology makes it possible to increase the degree of phosphorites' comprehensive use two times (up to 87.5%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out on the composition of an experimental modifying additive to a lignosulfonate drilling reagent using high‑performance liquid chromatography. IR spectrometry of the modifying additive revealed the functional groups of the intermediate and final products. The efficiency of the synthesized modifier and the lignosulfonate reagent to regulate the parameters of the drilling fluid was shown experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the results of studying the possibility of obtaining ferrosilicon from tripoli. The studies included the thermodynamic modeling using the HSC-6.0 software package, based on the minimum Gibbs energy principle, and electric melting of tripoli in an arc single-phase electric furnace. The effect of temperature and the amount of carbon on the extraction degree of silicon into alloys and the silicon concentration in these alloys were determined. It was found that the interaction products of tripoli with carbon and iron under equilibrium conditions are mainly FeSi2, Fe3Si, FeSi, Fe5Si3, SiC, SiO(g), CaSiO2, MgSiO3, Al, Si, CO; the silicon extraction degree of 70–77% and its concentration in the alloy of 44.9–47.7% were achieved in the temperature range of 1830–2000 °C in the presence of 34–38% of carbon and 29% of iron; in the temperature range of 1700–1900 °C, the extraction degree of silicon into the alloy was 50–77.1%, and the concentration of silicon in the alloy at 1900 °C was 45–45.85%. During the electric melting of tripoli together with coke and steel shavings, depending on the composition of the charge, FS25 and FS65 ferrosilicon was formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modernization of the reactor equipment for the industrial process of sulfuric acid alkylation of isobutane with olefins is considered. Improvement of the "classical" technology for the production of high-octane gasoline is ensured by the use of small-sized reaction apparatuses of a diffuser–confuser design, which contributes to the optimization of the hydrodynamic regime in the reaction space. A theoretical analysis of the flow of this emulsion process with the rationale for the proposed structural design of the contactor apparatus is given. The conducted industrial tests of the technology are described, which confirmed the high efficiency of the applied design in comparison with the functioning industrial processes of sulfuric acid alkylation, in terms of reducing energy costs, and optimizing consumption indicators for the components of the raw materials and the catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method is proposed for the production of an inhibitor of salt deposition based on a polyelectrolyte complex, including an anionic natural polymer (sodium lignosulfonate) and a cationic synthetic polymer (polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride) as initial components. A stable polyelectrolyte complex was produced by selecting the molar ratios of the anionic and cationic components by impedance spectroscopy, which involves measurement of the dependence of an electrochemical cell on the frequency of the alternating current. The effectiveness of the polyelectrolytic complex as inhibitor of salt deposition in waters with various compositions under conditions of rising temperatures was demonstrated experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conditions for the synthesis of modifiers based on acrylamide and acetic acid in order to obtain a lignosulfonate reagent for drilling fluids were determined. The ratios of the initial components and the temperature and the length of the process were varied in order to select the optimum conditions for synthesis of the modifier followed by dispersion of the sodium lignosulfonate in the mass. The particle size distribution was investigated in order to study the change in the structure of the sodium lignosulfonate macromolecule. The surface activity of the experimental samples was investigated by the stalagmometric method (the counting of drops). The effectiveness of the synthesized modifier and lignosulfonate reagent in regulation of the parameters of drilling mud was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A zeolite-based catalyst modified with an active catalytic chloroferrate additive has been developed to serve as a weakly acidic regulator of catalyst activity. This catalyst displays high activity in the catalytic cracking of fuel oil leading to the formation of light gaseous hydrocarbons and a broad range of liquid isomeric and aromatic hydrocarbons. The cracking process is accompanied by low coke formation. The use of this catalyst under relatively mild temperature conditions permits an increase in the extraction of light oil products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physicochemical properties of the initial components, poly-N,N-dimethyl-N,N-diallylammonium chloride, lignosulfonate, and polyelectrolyte complexes based on them, were studied. Optimal conditions and initial compounds were selected for polymerization of poly-N,N-dimethyl-N,N-diallylammonium chloride. The experiments were modeled with the STATISTICA 13 software package. The results from determination of the particle size of the samples of poly-N,N-dimethyl-N,N-diallylammonium chloride by laser diffraction are presented. Comparative analysis was made of the composition of the functional groups by means of the IR spectra of lignosulfonate sulfite and neutral sulfite methods of cellulose production A comparative analysis of the composition of the functional groups based on the IR spectra of lignosulfonate in the sulfite and neutral-sulfite method of cellulose production was undertaken. Potentiometric titration was used to study possible complexation of the lignosulfonate with Fe(77) ions and a polyelectrolyte complex based on modified lignosulfonate and poly-N,N-dimethyl-N,N-diallylammonium chloride. The effect of samples of the obtained polyelectrolyte complex on the filtration properties of drilling mud under aggressive temperature conditions was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to basalt reprocessing together with magnetite concentrate in order to obtain ferrous alloy and calcium carbide. The studies have been based on thermodynamic simulation and electric smelting in arc furnace. The thermodynamic simulation has been performed using HSC-5.1 software based on the principle of minimum Gibbs energy. The blend was smelted in arc furnaces. On the basis of the obtained results of combined processing of basalt, it has been established that under equilibrium conditions, the increase in carbon content from 36 to 42 wt % of basalt and concentrate mixture makes it possible to increase the aluminum extraction into the alloy up to 81.4%, calcium into calcium carbide - up to 51.4%, and silicon into the alloy - up to 78.5%. Increase in the amount of lime to 32% allows to increase the content of calcium carbide to 278 dm3/kg. Electric smelting of the blend under laboratory conditions in the presence of 17- 32% of lime makes it possible to extract ferrous alloy containing 69.5-72.8% of silicon, 69.1-70.2% of aluminum, and to obtain ferrous alloy containing 49-53% of SSi and Al and calcium carbide in the amount of 233-278 dm3/kg. During large-scale laboratory smelting of blend comprised of basalt (38.5%), magnetite concentrate (13.4%), lime (15.4%), and coke fines (32.7%), the ferrous alloy has been produced containing 48-53% of SSi and Al, calcium carbide in amount of 240-260 dm3/kg. Extraction of Si and Al into the alloy was 70.4 and 68.6%, respectively; Ca into carbide - 60.3%; Zn and Pb into sublimates - 99.6 and 92.8%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose two modified and rather “universal” methods for the quantitative evaluation of electrochemical noises registered in running voltammetric sensor systems in the presence of unremovable artefacts. One approach is based on the discrete geometrical invariant (DGI) method and another is based on the usage of modified Fourier transform. Both approaches did not use model suppositions and were free from the treatment errors. We discussed the reasons for the appearance of the artefacts and showed their applications for increasing the sensitivity and specificity in the detection of some complex organic fluids. As an example, we obtained olive oils from two different producers for their definite differentiation. The selected olive oils from two different countries (Italy and Spain) were placed in working tube electrode cells, and we realized the possibility for the extraction of some useful information from the large amount of nanocurrents. The obtained quantitative parameters allowed the differentiation of URA from possible random noises. These two treatment methods have been proven to be rather “universal” and can be used for the analysis of other URAs having different natures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented paper contains the research results of extraction of the reduced silicon from the corundum matrix by means of different methods. The research has been performed with use of several methods: separation in a heavy suspension, sedimentation in high-viscous mediums and electrostatic separation. The results obtained at the studying of separation of the matrix (corundum) and the silicon produced from quartz glass and aluminium powder allowed to draw following conclusions: separation in an alcohol-bromoform medium allows to take no more than 16% of silicon; in the process the silicon concentration in the product makes 40-42%; at use of a water-glycerine mixture the silicon content in the product makes 39-49%, and the extraction degree of Si in it is no more than 32%; electrostatic separation allows to extract into the product 83-89% of Si; in this case the product contains 88-92% of silicon; application of iodine transport (the "inverted crucible" technique) allows to produce high-pure (99%) silicon at the actual extraction of 72,5 % and predicted one - 88,7%; for obtaining purer silicon (99,9999% of Si) we recommend to use vacuum purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of the sulfuric-acid alkylation of isoparaffins with olefins in a new-generation reaction apparatus, namely, the energy-efficient tubular contactor with diffuser-confuser design, which operates in the mode of jet agitation of raw material flows and a catalyst with the arrangement of internal cooling due to partial evaporation of isobutane, has made it possible to obtain high-octane hydrocarbon fractions with a content of 3-methylpentanes of up to 47 wt % and an octane number of up to 92. Energy efficiency has been achieved by eliminating the external cooling of the reaction mass, mechanical agitation, and additional pump-forced circulation equipment. The results of the industrial trials of the new contactor have been described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic transformations of 4-tertbutylphenol in hydrogen peroxide solutions were investigated in the presence of crystalline and amorphous titanosilicates and titanium oxide. The TS-1 microporous crystalline titanosilicate was shown to exhibit low activity in the 4-tert-butylphenol transformation due to the steric limitations on the diffusion of the substrate molecules towards catalytic active centers. Mesoporous amorphous titanosilicates were more selective in the 4-tert-butylcatechol formation than the titanium oxide. The selectivity to 4-tert-butylcatechol in the presence of the TiO2 did not exceed 20 mol%. The maximum 53 mol% selectivity value to 4-tert-butylcatechol was shown to occur over the amorphous mesoporous titanosilicate containing 1.9 wt% of Ti, the 4-tert-butylphenol conversion value being equal to 42 mol%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]