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The need for the use of renewable energy helps human beings transmit the world to future generations. People, farmers, and governments tend to use renewable energy to generate electricity for their own consumption. Among the many sorts of renewable energy resources available in Iran, wind energy and solar energy are the fastest growing and most attractive renewable energy resources for electricity production. In this study, wind and solar energy potentiality is evaluated for four cities in Iran including Ahvaz, Sirjan, Neyshabur and Tabriz. The numerical analysis utilized wind speed, solar radiation and temperature data measured in 2018 from Iran Meteorological Organization to study electricity generation for the four cities. The results show that electricity is generated by solar and wind energy for all four cities of Tabriz, Neyshabur, Ahvaz and Sirjan are 5444.56, 7642.49, 9335.89 and 8084.47 MW h, respectively. Using solar energy in Ahvaz and Sirjan cities and wind energy in Neyshabur and Tabriz cities are rational to generate electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Simultaneous determinations of aflatoxins (AFs) in pistachio at μg/kg concentrations were performed using ultrasonic chloroform/water emulsion microextraction (USAEME) and HPLC-UV measurement. A chloroform/water emulsion was stabilized using ultrasonic agitation for the purification of AFs extracted from pistachios using methanol/water. Because the method effectively purified and concentrated AFs, the AFs could be measured directly and without further preconcentration using HPLC-UV. Preparation of AF derivatives for fluorescence measurement was not required. In the optimized procedure, the AF calibration curves were linear for all AFs with correlation coefficients that ranged from 0.9913 to 0.9994. The detection limit was between 0.3 and 1.4 μg/kg, and quantification limit was obtained between 1.1 and 3.2 μg/kg ( n = 3); the largest relative standard deviation was obtained <9.78 % ( n = 3) at 3 μg/kg, and recoveries ranged from 81.2 to 101.6 % at spiking levels of 0.4, 0.8, 2, and 4 μg/kg. Application of this method to the measurement of AFs in pistachio samples indicated that USAEME coupled with HPLC-UV can determine trace AF levels. The USAEME method is simple, sensitive, and cost-effective in comparison to previous methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: The prevalence of cesarean section (C/S) has increased worldwide, as in Iran, in current years. This issue is more important for our country due to the change in the policy of family planning to increase population. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to determine the prevalence of C/S and its causes in Fasa in the year 2011. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the data were collected from profiles of women who underwent C/S in Vali Asr hospital in Fasa University of Medical Sciences; Fars, Iran in the year 2011 by using a standard questionnaire containing socio-demographic data and its causes of C/S. The rates of Normal Vaginal Delivery (NVD) and C/S were obtained from vice-chancellor for health of Fasa University of Medical Sciences. The data were described by SPSS software version 16, prevalence and percentage indices. Results: There were 4376 deliveries in Fasa in the year 2011 that 2741 (62%) of them were cesarean section that 1540(56/7%) of them were rural and the rest of them (43.3%) were urban. The average age of them was 27.5 years. The most cause for C/S was previous section. Conclusion: The rate for cesarean section was four times more than the suggested rate by World Health Organization (WHO) (15%). This is also higher than the average rate of Iran that has increased during recent decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]