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The sudden death of a young or high-level athlete or adolescent during recreational sports is one of the events with the greatest impact on public opinion in modern society. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the principal medical cause of death in athletes and can be the first and last clinical presentation of underlying disease. To prevent such episodes, pre-participation screening has been introduced in many countries to guarantee cardiovascular safety during sports and has become a common target among medical sports/governing organizations. Different cardiac conditions may cause SCD, with incidence depending on definition, evaluation methods, and studied populations, and a prevalence and etiology changing according to the age of athletes, with CAD most frequent in master athletes, while coronary anomalies and non-ischemic causes prevalent in young. To detect silent underlying causes early would be of considerable clinical value. This review summarizes the pre-participation screening in athletes, the specialist agonistic suitability visit performed in Italy, the anatomical characteristics of malignant coronary anomalies, and finally, the role of coronary CT angiography in such arena. In particular, the anatomical conditions suggesting potential disqualification from sport, the post-treatment follow-up to reintegrate young athletes, the diagnostic workflow to rule-out CAD in master athletes, and their clinical management are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Submerged and low-crested breakwaters are nearshore barriers with an underwater or slightly emergent crest, designed to reduce the energy of wave attacks and, consequently, to protect the coast from erosion and flooding. Their performance in reducing the wave energy can be evaluated by the value of the wave transmission coefficient, which thus requires accurate prediction. In the last few decades, several experimental investigations allowed the development of several formulae to predict this coefficient that agreed well within the given range of validity. In the present study, a comprehensive review of the existing formulae has been reported and the influence of input design variables has been highlighted. Moreover, an extensive set of experimental data has been collected and critically examined and re-analyzed to obtain a homogenous up-to-date database. Special attention has been addressed to the assessment of the reliability of each existing formula for and to evaluate its performance beyond the validity limits for which it was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented which discusses the case of a 67-year-old male with gait disturbance which requires performing nerve conduction in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) patients.

The article presents a representation of the city in late eighteenth-century French culture. Through the analysis of the thought of two end-of-century architects, Claude-Nicolas Ledoux and Étienne-Louis Boullée, the author proposes two particular urban views, both inspired by the concrete desire for radical transformation and empirical aesthetically and conceptually post-materialist philosophy. Criticism of the city, utopian literature, artistic and architectural debates, shape a framework within which Ledoux and Boullée fit, offering the possibility of rethinking urban space, its meaning and its profoundly innovative civic responsibility.