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The article reports on the introduction of new guidelines on the Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the U.S National Science Foundation (NSF). It is said that the federal mandates for RCR education and training represent another unfunded mandate that must be implemented throughout the organization.

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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a protein synthesized in response to the endotoxin bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is the classical mediator of acute hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors. We have demonstrated that interleukin-la (IL-lα), with a spectrum of activities very similar to those of TNF, also causes acute hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors. Both TNF and IL-1 induce a cascade of events including the synthesis or release of each other. The present studies were thus undertaken to determine whether the hemorrhagic necrosis induced in tumors by IL-lα is due to TNF. Kinetic parameters of IL-lα-induced hemorrhage were similar to those observed with recombinant murine TNF-α (TNF-α) or LPS in RIF-1 fibrosarcomas in C3H/HeN (endotoxin-sensitive) mice. However, the amount of TNF found in the sera or tumors of animals treated with LPS was more than 20-fold higher than in mice treated with IL-lα, and LPS induced similar degrees of hemorrhagic necrosis, which was measured by determining the packed volume of red blood cells by Fe labeling. A low but significantly hemorrhagic dose of IL-lα induced no detectable TNF in tumors. Pretreatment with 250 μg of neutralizing antibody to TNF had no effect on IL-lα-induced hemorrhage, whereas TNF-α- and LPS-induced hemorrhagic effects were significantly reduced. These results demonstrate an important antitumor activity of IL-αa that appears to be independent of TNF. [J Natl Cancer Inst 83:842–848,1991] [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper reports the results of a workshop held in January 2013 to begin the process of establishing standards for e-learning programmes in the ethics of research involving human participants that could serve as the basis of their evaluation by individuals and groups who want to use, recommend or accredit such programmes. The standards that were drafted at the workshop cover the following topics: designer/provider qualifications, learning goals, learning objectives, content, methods, assessment of participants and assessment of the course. The authors invite comments on the draft standards and eventual endorsement of a final version by all stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]