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The photothermal conversion properties of tellurium (Te) nanoparticles have been extensively investigated, rendering them a promising candidate for tumor photothermal therapy. However, there is still room for improvement in the development of efficient Te-based drug delivery systems. Here, Te nanoparticles are mineralized with bioactive molecules within attenuated Salmonella (S-Te), which are subsequently taken up by macrophages (RAW264.7) to construct a double-camouflaged delivery platform (RS-Te). Remarkably, RS-Te retains superior photothermal properties under near-infrared irradiation. The mineralization process eliminates bacterial proliferation potential, thereby mitigating the risk of excessive bacterial growth in vivo. Furthermore, the uptake of bacteria by macrophages not only polarizes them into M1 macrophages to induce an anti-tumor immune response but also circumvents any adverse effects caused by complex antigens on the bacterial surface. The results show that RS-Te can effectively accumulate and retain in tumors. RS-Te-mediated photothermal immunotherapy largely promotes the maturation of dendritic cells and priming of cytotoxic T cells induced by near-infrared laser irradiation. Moreover, RS-Te can switch the activation of macrophages from an immunosuppressive M2 phenotype to a more inflammatory M1 state. The double-camouflaged delivery system may offer highly efficient and safe cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors exhibit excellent performance characteristics such as small size, ease of mass production, high versatility, and comparably low cost. In recent years, numerous FET biosensors based on various nanomaterials including silicon nanowires, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and transition metal dichalcogenides have been developed to detect a wide range of biomarkers that play a crucial role in early disease diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring and prognostic assessment. This review provides an overview of the structure, working principle, functionalization strategies and detection factors associated with FET biosensors based on diverse nanomaterials. Additionally, this paper discusses the applications of these diagnostic devices for detecting clinically relevant biomarkers such as nucleic acids, metabolites, proteins, cancer biomarkers, and hormones among others. The concluding section provides a comprehensive overview of the numerous challenges encountered in the widespread implementation of nanomaterial-based FET biosensors for clinical detection, while also presenting the future prospects for these biosensors based on current research advancements. Field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors exhibit excellent performance characteristics such as small size, ease of mass production, high versatility, and comparably low cost. In recent years, numerous FET biosensors based on various nanomaterials have been developed to detect a wide range of biomarkers that play a crucial role in early disease diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring and prognostic assessment. This review provides an overview of the structure, working principle, functionalization strategies and detection factors associated with field-effect transistor biosensors based on diverse nanomaterials. Additionally, this article discusses the applications of these diagnostic devices for detecting clinically relevant biomarkers such as nucleic acids, metabolites, proteins, cancer biomarkers, hormones among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scars caused by skin injuries after burns, wounds, abrasions and operations have serious physical and psychological effects on patients. In recent years, the research of scar free wound repair has been greatly expanded. However, understanding the complex mechanisms of wound healing, in which various cells, cytokines and mechanical force interact, is critical to developing a treatment that can achieve scarless wound healing. Therefore, this paper reviews the types of wounds, the mechanism of scar formation in the healing process, and the current research progress on the dual consideration of wound healing and scar prevention, and some strategies for the treatment of scar free wound repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to diverse crystal structures and intriguing properties, metal phosphates have attracted much attention in recent studies. In this work, two cadmium phosphates, KCd6P7O24 and KCd3P3O11, were obtained by the high-temperature solution method. In the crystal structure, both the title compounds contain two types of P–O fundamental building units. Thermal and spectral analyses were carried out on the title compounds, indicating that both of them have good thermal stability and short UV cut-off edges. In addition, the relationship between the electronic structures and optical properties was studied by theoretical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer has been ranked the first malignant tumor in women, and with the incidence of it increasing all over the world, early screening can effectively reduce mortality and improve the cure rate. MiRNAs, as potential biomarkers, play an important role in the early diagnosis and prognosis monitoring of breast cancer. However, since miRNAs, with low concentration, are the matrix in serum or plasma, accurately detecting miRNAs without a label in serum or plasma is challenging. Herein, we proposed a biosensor combination of nanomaterial for reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and field effect transistors (FETs). The biosensor used a few layers of RGO by the chemical reduction method as a semiconductor to detect the miRNA21 in human plasma with high sensitivity (LOD: 1 fM). It can not only distinguish between perfectly matched, single-base mismatched, and completely mismatched sequences, but it can also correctly respond to clinically complex matrix samples without the process of miRNA21 extraction, amplification, and labeling. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.9253, which means that the biosensor can distinguish between the breast cancer patients and healthy controls and can assist in clinical diagnosis and provide new ideas for the development of clinical testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dysfunction of the DNA methylation was associated with stem cell reprogramming. Moreover, DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) deficiency was involved in the differentiation of hair follicle stem cell (HFSc), but the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Methods: HFSc from human scalp tissues were isolated and cultured. The oil red O staining was used to observe the adipogenesis. The interaction relationship between microRNA (miR)-214-3p and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) was accessed by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. The methylation level of miR-214-3p promoter was detected by methylation-specific PCR and the enrichment of DNMT1 in miR-214-3p promoter by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. A mouse model of trauma was established to observe the skin regeneration at 0, 6, and 14 days. Results: Expression of DNMT1 and MAPK1 was increased in the HFSc, while the expression of miR-214-3p was reduced. Moreover, DNMT1 inhibited the expression of miR-214-3p by promoting the promoter methylation of miR-214-3p. Overexpression of DNMT1 could reduce the expression of miR-214-3p, but increase the expression of MAPK1 and the extent of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation, leading to enhanced adipogenic differentiation. Importantly, DNMT1 promoted skin regeneration in vivo. Conversely, overexpression of miR-214-3p could reverse the effects of DNMT1 on adipogenesis of HFSc. Conclusion: DNMT1 promotes adipogenesis of HFSc by mediating miR-214-3p/MAPK1/p-ERK1/2 axis. This study may provide novel biomarkers for the potential application in stem cell therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs), located in the bulge region of the follicle, maintain hair follicle growth and cycling. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), non-protein coding transcripts, are widely known to play critical roles in differentiation and proliferation of stem cells. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore the regulatory roles of lncRNA5322 in HFSCs proliferation and the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Initially, the expression patterns of lncRNA5322 and microRNA-19b-3p (miR-19b-3p) in HFSCs were detected. Subsequently, gain-and loss-of-functions analyses were conducted to explore the roles of lncRNA5322, miR-19b-3p and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) in cell proliferation, colony formation and apoptosis of HFSCs, with the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)1 and CDK2 examined. Also, the interaction relationships among lncRNA5322, miR-19b-3p and MAPK1 were explored. Furthermore, a mouse model was established to detect the roles of lncRNA5322, miR-19b-3p, and MAPK1 in wound contraction and epidermal regeneration. Over-expressed lncRNA5322 was found to promote proliferation, colony formation ability but inhibit apoptosis of HFSCs, in addition to up-regulation of the expression of CDK1 and CDK2. LncRNA5322 was found to act as a ceRNA of miR-19b-3p which directly targeted MAPK1. Furthermore, up-regulation of lncRNA5322 enhanced wound contraction and epidermal regeneration in vivo by increasing the expression of MAPK1 through functioning as a ceRNA of miR-19b-3p. In summary, the results in this study suggested that lncRNA5322 serves as a ceRNA of miR-19b-3p to elevate the expression of MAPK1, ultimately promoting HFSCs proliferation, wound contraction and epidermal regeneration of mouse model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are defined as non‑coding transcripts (>200 nucleotides) that serve important roles in the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Hair follicle stem cells (HFTs) have multidirectional differentiation potential and are able to differentiate into skin, hair follicles and sebaceous glands, serving a role in skin wound healing. The aim of the present study was to analyze the regulatory role of lncRNA AK015322 (IncRNA5322) in HFTs and the potential mechanism of IncRNA5322‑mediated differentiation of HFTs. The results demonstrated that lncRNA5322 transfection promoted proliferation and differentiation in HFTs. It was identified that lncRNA5322 transfection upregulated the expression and phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) in HFTs. It was also observed that lncRNA5322 transfection upregulated microRNA (miR)‑21 and miR‑21 agonist (agomir‑21) eliminated lncRNA5322‑induced expression and phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. The present study also demonstrated that agomir‑21 blocked IncRNA5322‑induced expression and phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT in HFTs. The results indicated that agomir‑21 transfection also suppressed the IncRNA5322‑induced proliferation and differentiation of HFTs. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that lncRNA5322 is able to promote the proliferation and differentiation of HFTs by targeting the miR‑21‑mediated PI3K‑AKT signaling pathway in HFTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant differences are observed in the urbanisation process between China and countries in the Western world, and also within China between its western regions and coastal areas. The western region of China experienced rapid urbanisation after 1997 when Chongqing, one of the most important central cities in the region, came directly under central government control. This article examines the urbanisation process in Chongqing from 1997 to 2015. The authors use the coordinated degree index, land use change intensity index and land use spatial index to analyse the urban construction process, its spatial variability and impact on cultivated land resources from a human geographer’s perspective. They show how rapid urban growth kept pace with the rate of industrialisation and was characterised by a ‘centre–periphery’ spatial structure. They find that urban growth lagged behind the rate of urban construction, measured by the rate of population urbanisation. In line with the government’s ‘new urbanisation strategy’, which was supported by research evidence, arable land was not used for construction, in contrast to other coastal cities. In identifying the characteristics of the urbanisation process in Chongqing and the challenges it raised, the authors comment on the reciprocal relationship between research evidence and policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel heteropolysaccharide named SHDP was isolated from spent Hovenia dulcis peduncles (SHD) using alkali extraction. The preliminary characterization of the polysaccharide was performed by physicochemical and spectral methods. The bioactivitiesin vitrowere also investigated. The results indicated that SHDPs are homogeneous with an average molecular weight of approximately 4570 kDa, and contain uronic acid (2.3%) and protein (3.6%). It is mainly composed of rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 3.04:1:8.55:8.51:3.80:19.85:9.59. The structure perhaps contains 6)-Glcp-(1→, 3)-Rhap-(1→, 4)-Xylp-(1→, 3)-Fucp-(1→. Meanwhile, xylose and arabinose were attached to (1→3, 6)-Manp and (1→3, 6)-Galp. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed the typical polysaccharide absorption of the polysaccharide. Antioxidant activities assaysin vitroindicated excellent 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2ʹ-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-suphonic acid) diammonium (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, high superoxide radical scavenging activity, and medium chelating ferrous ions activity in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, SHDPs have the ability to enhance the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which plays an important role in the process of preventing alcoholism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]