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Accurate numerical simulations of floods provide precise hazard estimations and can improve risk management strategies. Unfortunately, flood events of extraordinary magnitude -needed for risk assessment- are rare and difficult to measure. Hence, numerical models are typically calibrated and validated using a few measured scenarios of moderate magnitudes. Flood social cartography, a participatory mapping method, identifies historically flood-prone areas based on the residents' experience and knowledge. This research proposes using social cartographies to calibrate and validate hydraulic flood models. A numerical flood simulation model of the lower reach of the unregulated Carampangue River, Chile, was calibrated and validated using available information from gauges, satellite images, and social cartographies for the towns of Arauco and Ramadillas. The discharge magnitude of floods recorded in the social cartographies was determined. The quality of both models, calibrated with gauge data and with social cartography flood maps, was determined in each case by comparing computations with depth gauge data and satellite images through the root mean square error and the critical success index. Results show that social cartography participants recognized flooded areas corresponding to a discharge with a return period of 35 years. The calibration with social cartographies delivered a set of Manning's roughness coefficients similar to those obtained using gauge data. The validation cases show that water depth and the extension of floods computed with the model calibrated using social cartographies is comparable to that computed using gauge data in the calibration process. RMSE from both calibrated models is of order 0.1 m. Consequently, the social cartography of floods constitutes a useful data source of extreme flood scenarios for calibrating and validating numerical flood models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two behavioural types in sociohydrology of floods have been described in more detail than others: the levee effect and the learning effect. However, additional types of behaviour operate and need further research. Taking the case of frequent flash floods occurring in an ephemeral stream, a tributary of the Vilama River, located in San Pedro de Atacama, Chile, at the interphase between the Atacama desert and the Andean Altiplano, we explore the existence of further behavioural types in the sociohydrology of floods at four neighbourhoods along the tributary. Fieldwork to reconstruct a recent flood event, hydrological analysis and semistructured interviews with key informants to characterize people's responses to floods were conducted. Results show evidence that the so-called status quo effect is present at the riparian community scale, i.e. when communities do not learn and adapt to prevent damage even when exposed to frequent floods. Possible causes of the status quo effect are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal origin, and a paradigmatic model for a successful rational development of targeted therapies in cancer. The introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors with activity against KIT/PDGFRA in both localized and advanced stages has remarkably improved the survival in a disease formerly deemed resistant to all systemic therapies. These guidelines are elaborated by the conjoint effort of the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM) and the Spanish Sarcoma Research Group (GEIS) and provide a multidisciplinary and updated consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of GIST patients. We strongly encourage that the managing of these patients should be performed within multidisciplinary teams in reference centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To systematically describe the factors influencing the perception of feeling safe among patients receiving pre‐hospital emergency care. Background: Patient safety is a top priority worldwide. Little is known about how patients perceive safety during emergency health care and what the related factors are. Design: A mixed‐methods systematic review. Methods: Six databases were searched to December 2021. Inclusion criteria were as follows: studies with patients of any age, framed in pre‐hospital emergency care settings, referring to patient safety, addressing the perception of safety, and with a quantitative or qualitative research design. Exclusion criteria were as follows: conference records, abstracts, supplements, letters, editorials and reviews. The quality of the evidence was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklists. A convergent integrated approach was followed according to the JBI methodology. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022306337). PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed in reporting this review. Results: Among the 5223 records identified, the whole texts of 35 articles were reviewed. Ten studies were relevant to the research question. Seven followed a qualitative methodology, with interviews or focus group. Three involved a quantitative methodology, with questionnaires or validated measures. The 74 findings were organised into 11 categories and then grouped into four dimensions: 'receiving a satisfying response from healthcare professionals when I need it', 'EMS personnel's professional competence', 'the variable and unfamiliar settings of pre‐hospital emergencies', and 'patients' personal characteristics'. Conclusions: The perception of safety is influenced by many factors, which can be grouped into four independent dimensions. Quantitative and qualitative studies can provide us with complementary findings. Relevance to Clinical Practice: Awareness of these factors enables us to act upon them. When patients feel safe their health outcomes improve, their anxiety decreases and they collaborate more actively. No Patient or Public Contribution: Patients and caregivers shared their experiences in the articles included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Street markets can contribute to food security, since they are a source of fresh food and comparably inexpensive goods, being very relevant for low-income groups. Their relevance is even higher when considering older people, due to their often-constrained financial resources and possibilities to move. To assess the potential contribution of street markets to food security, this paper aims at evaluating to what extent older people have access to such a relevant asset. We consider the case of Chile, an ageing country with an unequal pension system, which makes it relevant for older people to access healthy and inexpensive food. We analyze what proportion of older people (i.e., people over 65) has walking access within 10 min to a street market—feria libre—in each Chilean region, with particular detail in the country's four major urban areas. We compare the resulting accessibility maps with census data to identify neighborhoods with higher proportions of older people and examine their socio-economic conditions. Our findings show that while street markets are less accessible to older people in comparison to the general population, the inhabitants who can access them belong mainly to low-income groups. The results provide relevant insights to develop neighborhood-based policies for spreading and strengthening street markets, especially in low-income areas with insufficient levels of access to other relevant urban opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of people's time use patterns, incorporating the mediating role of ICT and personal networks on their daily activity-travel patterns, explicitly addressing the issue of activity fragmentation for social-based episodes. Implementing a seven-day time use survey, which includes temporal, spatial, and social characteristics for each activity, and using a theoretical framework based on current theory, a structural equation model was estimated to study these relationships. The results suggest a positive effect of ICT episodes on social activity interaction, activity fragmentation, and out-of-home social allocated time. We also found that ICTs encourage social trip generation only indirectly. Finally, those who had a social network physically close showed higher levels of fragmentation in their social episodes and less out-of-home social activity time. These results add evidence to this research stream, enhancing, and further clarifying ICT's role in people's daily activity behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To adapt and assess reliability of the Chilean version of Nutritional Environment Measurement for Stores (NEMS-S-CHILE) to measure the food environment of stores in urban areas. Design: NEMS-S-CHILE was the NEMS-S tool adapted to the Chilean food patterns; foods were grouped according to level of processing in (a) unprocessed or minimally processed foods, (b) processed culinary ingredients, (c) processed foods, and (d) ultra-processed foods, and scored according to NEMS-S-CHILE tool. Reliability inter evaluators was measured. Setting: City of Concepción, Bio-Bio region, Chile. Participants: Seventeen of a total of 25 supermarkets, and 9 out of 10 street markets according to the municipal registry and the street market trade unions, representing 74.3% of both types of food premises in Concepción. Results: Reliability inter evaluators was measured by the following aspects: product availability, price, quality, and variety, through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), percent agreement, and Cohen's kappa analysis. Reliability was high for availability, where the kappa index and ICC were acceptable, ranging from moderate to high (0.42 to 1.00 for the kappa coefficient and 0.65 to 1.00 for ICC), as well as for prices (ICC: 0.65-1.00), variety (kappa: 0.76-1.00) and quality (percent agreement: 68.2- 100%). Conclusions: The adapted instrument, NEMS-S-CHILE, has a high reliability inter evaluators and can be useful to measure the availability of foods by the level of processing according to the prevalent food system in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To adapt and assess reliability of the Chilean version of Nutritional Environment Measurement for Stores (NEMS-S-CHILE) to measure the food environment of stores in urban areas. Design: NEMS-S-CHILE was the NEMS-S tool adapted to the Chilean food patterns; foods were grouped according to level of processing in (a) unprocessed or minimally processed foods, (b) processed culinary ingredients, (c) processed foods, and (d) ultra-processed foods, and scored according to NEMS-S-CHILE tool. Reliability inter evaluators was measured. Setting: City of Concepción, Bio-Bio region, Chile. Participants: Seventeen of a total of 25 supermarkets, and 9 out of 10 street markets according to the municipal registry and the street market trade unions, representing 74.3% of both types of food premises in Concepción. Results: Reliability inter evaluators was measured by the following aspects: product availability, price, quality, and variety, through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), percent agreement, and Cohen's kappa analysis. Reliability was high for availability, where the kappa index and ICC were acceptable, ranging from moderate to high (0.42 to 1.00 for the kappa coefficient and 0.65 to 1.00 for ICC), as well as for prices (ICC: 0.65-1.00), variety (kappa: 0.76-1.00) and quality (percent agreement: 68.2- 100%). Conclusions: The adapted instrument, NEMS-S-CHILE, has a high reliability inter evaluators and can be useful to measure the availability of foods by the level of processing according to the prevalent food system in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relations between preparedness and psycho-social attributes of people and communities exposed to river floods in a nearly pristine socio-hydrological system were investigated, applying a hydrological-hydraulic analysis of flood risk in combination with results from a survey, social cartography, semi-structured non-participant observation, and semi-structured interviews. Results show that preparedness in nearly pristine systems is noticeably different to that reported for altered systems. People adopt innovative and simple but efficient measures against floods, conditioned by (1) damage suffered during past floods, (2) perceived exposure to floods, and (3) the number of dependent people in the household. The studied system proved to be well adapted to floods but not resilient. Studying attributes that explain preparedness as part of flood risk management plans would contribute towards uncertainty reduction in risk calculations and increase the safety of goods and people from floods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To adapt and assess reliability of the Chilean version of Nutritional Environment Measurement for Stores (NEMS-S-CHILE) to measure the food environment of stores in urban areas.Design: NEMS-S-CHILE was the NEMS-S tool adapted to the Chilean food patterns; foods were grouped according to level of processing in (a) unprocessed or minimally processed foods, (b) processed culinary ingredients, (c) processed foods, and (d) ultra-processed foods, and scored according to NEMS-S-CHILE tool. Reliability inter evaluators was measured.Setting: City of Concepción, Bio-Bio region, Chile.Participants: Seventeen of a total of 25 supermarkets, and 9 out of 10 street markets according to the municipal registry and the street market trade unions, representing 74.3% of both types of food premises in Concepción.Results: Reliability inter evaluators was measured by the following aspects: product availability, price, quality, and variety, through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), percent agreement, and Cohen's kappa analysis. Reliability was high for availability, where the kappa index and ICC were acceptable, ranging from moderate to high (0.42 to 1.00 for the kappa coefficient and 0.65 to 1.00 for ICC), as well as for prices (ICC: 0.65-1.00 ), variety (kappa: 0.76-1.00) and quality (percent agreement: 68.2- 100%).Conclusions: The adapted instrument, NEMS-S-CHILE, has a high reliability inter evaluators and can be useful to measure the availability of foods by the level of processing according to the prevalent food system in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To determine the feelings of safety among patients taken to hospital after requesting urgent care, based on their experiences and those of their carers and prehospital emergency care professionals. Background: Little research has been performed into the perception of safety in prehospital emergency care settings worldwide, from either the perspective of the patients or from that of healthcare professionals. Design: Exploratory qualitative study using focus groups in Spain. Methods: The participants were patients that requested care through the emergency telephone service, their carers and the professionals of the emergency care teams. The structured sampling design was based on an intentional, nonprobability selection following pragmatic criteria. Seven groups of patients/carers and two groups of professionals were formed (65 participants). The recordings were fully transcribed before their validation and codes were assigned to ensure anonymity. The ATLAS.ti software was used for the analysis. The authors took into account the COREQ checklist for qualitative studies. Findings: Neither group provided a clear definition of the meaning of feeling safe. It appeared easier to give examples that had a positive or negative influence on their perception of feeling safe. During the analysis of the discourse, six categories were detected after grouping the related codes. Conclusions: For most of the patients' feeling of being safe or very safe arose from the perception of calmness, trust and protection. Defining the perception of safety was not easy. The factors with the greatest effect on feeling safe were related to Information and communication, Person‐centred care and Professional competency, without losing sight of other factors such as Accessibility and response times of the emergency teams, Equipment and Healthcare setting. Relevance to clinical practice: The findings could be used as a knowledge base in future research and for implementing procedures for improving perceptions of safety among patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of an increasing interest in understanding travel for non-mandatory activities, such as recreation and socializing, this work focuses on studying the relationships between activity participation, social networks, and expenditures in daily travel patterns associated with leisure activities in order to understand people's strategies for performing activities in daily life. Using a 7-day time use diary from a resident sample of Concepción, Chile, along with information about people's socio-demography, social network and expenditure behavior, structural equations models were estimated to study the role of social networks on people's space–time and monetary patterns. The results suggest a positive relationship between people's interaction with their social networks, their expenditure levels, and their space–time activity patterns. The analysis adds empirical evidence towards a better understanding of people's decision-making processes by using a time use and a social networks approach. The model results reveal that out-of-home leisure time has a strong impact on the interactions with alters and monetary expenditures. In this context, "with whom" and how much time someone spends doing a specific activity act as key intermediary dimensions to explain leisure activity participation and travel behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chilean neoliberal state's institutional strategy for displacing a historical population from Aurora de Chile, a centrally located area with real estate value in the city of Concepción, combined three types of violence: shock urbanization, which used the 2010 earthquake as an opportunity to impose the construction of major infrastructure, the construction of public opinion aimed at naturalizing displacement, and the strategic use of participation as a disciplinary socio-technical device to legitimize a solution to the conflict that guaranteed the building of the Bicentennial Bridge. The deployment of this synergistic, multifaceted violence was a sophisticated management technique associated with a neoliberal urban rationality that contributed to the process of urban renewal. La estrategia institucional del estado neoliberal chileno para desplazar a una población histórica de Aurora de Chile, un barrio céntrico con valor inmobiliario en la ciudad de Concepción, combinó tres tipos de violencia: la urbanización de choque, que utilizó el terremoto de 2010 como una oportunidad para imponer la construcción de infraestructura principal, la construcción de la opinión pública dirigida a naturalizar el desplazamiento, y el uso estratégico de la participación como un dispositivo socio-técnico disciplinario para legitimar una solución al conflicto que garantizó la construcción del Puente Bicentenario. El despliegue de esta violencia sinérgica y multifacética fue una técnica de gestión sofisticada asociada con una racionalidad urbana neoliberal que contribuyó al proceso de renovación urbana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the interest on understanding and modeling the role of transport on social networks, the objective of this research is to study social network dynamics by explicitly collecting and modeling data from people’s personal networks in two points of time. Using data collected in a two-year panel in Concepción, Chile, a multilevel model highlights the role of respondents’ characteristics and social contact attributes in personal network dynamics. At the respondents’ level, the results highlight the relevance of important life events and material conditions, such as income and car ownership. At the level of the social contacts, the results highlight how tie maintenance is influenced by aspects such as kinship, emotional closeness, monetary support, sex and income similarity, neighboring, and high frequency of face-to-face and telephone interactions. Despite some challenges and limitations, this research remarks the feasibility of collecting personal network dynamics, and its relevance to understand and inform social activity-travel models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the study of the role of the social context in travel behavior and activity patterns has recently gained attention, the empirical evidence supporting the relationship between social networks and the temporal and spatial characteristics of social activities is still limited. With this motivation, this paper studies the link between 'longer term' (social networks) and 'shorter term' (social activities) social decisions, by exploring the intertwined relationship between the individuals' personal networks attributes, and the spatiotemporal characteristics of their daily social activities. The paper contributes to the literature by adding two key aspects to the study of the role of social networks on travel behavior: the social networks' structure, and the spatiality of all individuals participating on the social activities. Based on data which link people's personal networks and time use, and using a structural equation modeling approach, the paper studies the influence of individual and interactional attributes on the duration, distance, and number of people involved in social daily activities. The results show that aspects such as tie social closeness, gender and age similarity, and network density, help to understand social activity duration and distance, complementing traditional socio-demographic aspects such as income, occupation, and accessibility to services. In this way, socio-demographic attributes are not enough to explain the spatiotemporal dimension of daily activities which makes necessary to include variables related to the social context to explain with a higher level of accuracy both the duration and distance traveled to the activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent interest in the role of transport in social interactions has been partly motivated by the hope of achieving a better understanding of the role that transport plays in network capital, or the resources that people can gather from their social networks. Despite the relevancy of this question for policy, little empirical work has been done to elucidate this relationship. This paper illustrates a method of data collection and analysis, using the social networks approach to assess the role of transport in social support, both emotional and material. The personal networks of two neighbourhoods in Concepcion, Chile, with different income levels, are compared, focusing on the role of car ownership in network capital, and the relevance of the time and space characteristics of social contacts. The results suggest that having a car at home does not lead to homogeneous access to network capital, which depends heavily on the kind of social resource studied and the income context (neighbourhood) in which the individuals are embedded. The findings also underscore the need to treat social capital as a truly multidimensional concept and the usefulness of the personal networks approach for assessing these complex relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between travel behaviour, ICT use and social networks. Specifically, we outline a theory of social action that can inform how ICTs relates to social activity travel and explore the efficacy of this theory in an empirical setting. We begin by outlining two factors that influence the propensity to travel: an individual's will to initiate events with members of one's social network, referred to as agency, and the social accessibility of network members themselves. Social accessibility defines a series of practical constraints for social-activity travel and agency defines the extent to which an individual will actively work within these constraints to maintain their social network. The theoretical section first unpacks these concepts while embedding them in the research literature, finishing with an operationalisation of agency and social accessibility. Using this theory, the empirical section investigates the relationship between agency, social accessibility, and factors associated with both the respondents and their personal networks. More specifically, we examine how agency levels of interaction are related to differences in demographics, global measures of network structure and composition, and measures of media use, particularly of Internet and telephone. We conclude that individuals who are proximate or more active are more likely to maintain reciprocal relationships, and that more distant or infrequent ties require greater maintenance on the individual's part. We believe that studies of activity-travel and ICTs will benefit from a theoretical lens that articulates some of the transformative effects of ICTs on travel vis-à-vis its effects on social life. Social accessibility and agency can help focus that lens thereby enabling researchers to make potentially more elaborate and realistic models that move beyond the spatial and temporal dimensions into social dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe an interview-based data-collection procedure for social network analysis designed to aid gathering information about the people known by a respondent and reduce problems with data integrity and respondent burden. This procedure, a participant-aided network diagram (sociogram), is an extension of traditional name generators. Although such a diagram can be produced through computer-assisted programs for interviewing (CAPIs) and low technology (i.e., paper), we demonstrate both practical and methodological reasons for keeping high technology in the lab and low technology in the field. We provide some general heuristics that can reduce the time needed to complete a name generator. We present findings from our Connected Lives field study to illustrate this procedure and compare to an alternative method for gathering network data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popular hierarchical or nested logit model that has been the recent source of heated discussions in the literature is reviewed and critically examined. The fundamental underpinnings of the model are first presented in a concise and easy-to-understand fashion and then used to assess each controversy in turn. Monte Carlo simulation is also used to examine some problems that are not possible to address by just resorting to the theory. The main conclusion is that all the model hypotheses are both essential and unambiguous and should not be ignored for a correct use of the model in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are an uncommon and heterogeneous group of tumors, with scarce options for treatment in advanced cases. There is no consensus regarding which is the best treatment sequence for these patients. Although trabectedin is an approved drug for STS treatment, after progression to anthracyclines, the clinical profile of the patients that most benefit from this drug it is not defined. We have retrospectively analyzed a sample of 357 nonselected sarcoma patients from real-world experience, treated homogeneously with trabectedin, confirming and validating results from previous clinical trials and other retrospective studies. After analyzing clinical prognostic factors, we selected those which predicted a better growth modulation index (GMI > 1.33), and we defined the GEISTRA score, an easy to obtain and reproducible clinical tool, that can help us to optimize the use of trabectedin in advanced sarcoma patients. The aim of this study was to identify an easily reliable prognostic score that selects the subset of advanced soft tissue sarcoma (ASTS) patients with a higher benefit with trabectedin in terms of time to progression and overall survival. A retrospective series of 357 patients with ASTS treated with trabectedin as second- or further-line in 19 centers across Spain was analyzed. First, it was confirmed that patients with high growth modulation index (GMI > 1.33) were associated with the better clinical outcome. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with a GMI > 1.33. Thus, GEISTRA score was based on metastasis free-interval (MFI ≤ 9.7 months), Karnofsky < 80%, Non L-sarcomas and better response in the previous systemic line. The median GMI was 0.82 (0–69), with 198 patients (55%) with a GMI < 1, 41 (11.5%) with a GMI 1–1.33 and 118 (33.1%) with a GMI > 1.33. The lowest GEISTRA score showed a median of time-to-progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) of 5.7 and 19.5 months, respectively, whereas it was 1.8 and 3.1 months for TTP and OS, respectively, for the GEISTRA 4 score. This prognostic tool can contribute to better selecting candidates for trabectedin treatment in ASTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of sustainable transport and mobility systems for the future will not only need more efficient, less contaminating, and technologically enhanced systems, information, and infrastructures; it will also require a transition to new forms of living and modification of contemporary forms of mobility and immobility. This challenge will undoubtedly require an understanding of past and present modes of living in order to disentangle the complexity of contemporary life and pinpoint the implications of new forms of sustainable mobility. Given that new systems, information, materialities, and infrastructures affect people differently, it is vital that preparations be made for the potentially uneven implications of introducing new mobility assemblages, particularly for countries in the global South where sustainability in transport and mobility systems are crucial to overcoming persistent inequalities. An important step in this direction is to understand the current mobility strategies that people employ on a daily basis. This paper addresses these mobility strategies through the lenses of ethnography, time use, and social networks. It does so by identifying new dimensions revealed by the different methods which together present the true diversity of mobility strategies. A case study based on research carried out in Concepción, Chile, illustrates how these tools are combined to reveal the complex decision-making involved in contemporary everyday life. The paper recognizes limitations in terms of data gathering tools, timings, epistemologies, languages, and forms of representation of our work, and challenging proposals for future research are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]