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Isoflavonoids, the major secondary metabolites within the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, play important roles in plant defense and exhibit free radical scavenging properties in mammals. Recent advancements in understanding the synthesis, transport, and regulation of isoflavonoids have identified their biosynthetic pathways as promising targets for metabolic engineering, offering potential benefits such as enhanced plant resistance, improved biomass, and restoration of soil fertility. This review provides an overview of recent breakthroughs in isoflavonoid biosynthesis, encompassing key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway, transporters influencing their subcellular localization, molecular mechanisms regulating the metabolic pathway (including transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, as well as epigenetic modifications). Metabolic engineering strategies aimed at boosting isoflavonoid content in both leguminous and non-leguminous plants. Additionally, we discuss emerging technologies and resources for precise isoflavonoid regulation. This comprehensive review primarily focuses on model plants and crops, offering insights for more effective and sustainable metabolic engineering approaches to enhance nutritional quality and stress tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial published in the journal Frontiers in Plant Science. It discusses the contribution of phenylpropanoid metabolism to plant development and stress responses. Phenylpropanoids are specialized secondary metabolites in plants that play a role in various processes such as organ pigmentation, plant-microbe interactions, and protection against pathogens. The editorial highlights several research articles that explore the molecular regulatory mechanisms of lignin biosynthesis, the effects of extreme weather events on phenylpropanoid compounds, and the use of multi-omics studies to understand plant growth and development. The authors emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in unraveling the complexity of metabolic regulatory networks in plants. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: Realgar has a long history ofuse in traditional medicines. However, the mechanism through which Realgar or Realgar-Indigo naturalis formula (RIF) exert therapeutic effects is only partially understood. Methods: In this study, 60 feces and 60 ileum samples from rats administered with realgar or RIF were collected to examine the gut microbiota. Results: The results showed that realgar and RIF influenced different microbiota in both feces and ileum. Compared with realgar, RIF at low dosage (0.1701 g/3 ml) significantly increased the microbiota diversity. LEfSe and random forest analyses showed that the bacterium Bacteroidales was significantly altered after RIF administration, and it was predicted that these microorganisms contribute to the inorganic arsenic metabolic process. Discussion: Our results suggest that realgar and RIF may exert their therapeutic effects through influencing microbiota. The low dose of RIF had greater effects on increasing the diversity of microbiota, and Bacteroidales in feces might participate in the inorganic arsenic metabolic process to exert therapeutic effects for realgar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater object detection is one of the important technologies for improving the efficiency of underwater inspection, but the existing methods still suffer from the problems of missed detection and insufficient target localization capability of targets. To address these problems, an improved Transformer and multi-scale attentional supervised feature fusion-based underwater object detection method is proposed. In our method, the underwater objects are preprocessed by prior knowledge first. Then, a new coordinate decomposition window-based (CDW) Transformer block is proposed to extract spatial location information more accurately, and scaling factors are introduced to reduce the intermediate computation. Finally, an attentional supervised fusion (ASF) method is proposed to strengthen the link between feature extraction and feature fusion, and further improve the detected performance by using compound attention weights. The cascade detection head is improved, where the information flow is reversed to enhance the prediction of coordinates. The average accuracy of the proposed method on the URPC and DUO datasets is 3.7% and 3.8% higher than that of the baseline network through the cross-test, and outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. This study can provide a reference for engineering applications such as automated marine operations and biodetected fishing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric cancer (GC) is a cancer with a high mortality rate. lncRNAs play a role in regulating GC tumorigenesis. In this paper, we analyzed differentially expressed lncRNAs between GC and adjacent normal tissues using multiple bioinformatics tools to identify new potential targets in GC. Cell viability and migration ability were detected using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and transwell assays, MIR4435-2HG was negatively correlated with the survival rate of GC patients, and by inhibiting the activity of MIR4435-2HG, the viability and migration ability of GC cells could be reduced. In addition, RT- qPCR and western blot to detect gene and protein level expression, transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) to study the efficiency of exosome isolation, and flow cytometry to observe cell differentiation were employed, delivery of MIR4435-2HG shRNA via MKN45 cell-derived exosomes significantly reversed the MKN45 exosome-induced M2 polarization in macrophages. Furthermore, the low expression of MIR4435-2HG in MKN45 cell-derived exosomes inhibited the Jagged1/Notch and JAK1/STAT3 pathways in macrophages; MIR4435-2HG downregulated exosomes were found to significantly inhibit GC tumor growth in vivo by establishing a mouse model. In short, MKN45 cell-derived exosomes deliver lncRNA MIR4435-2HG, which promotes gastric carcinogenesis by inducing macrophage M2 polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of lignocellulose by the synthetic microbial consortium of Trichoderma reesei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a promising way of biomanufacturing D-glucaric acid. However, the hindrance factor to its industrial application is the low efficiency. Therefore, we engineered T. reesei and S. cerevisiae to improve the CBP for D-glucaric acid production. T. reesei was engineered to produce more cellulase and release more fermentable sugars from lignocellulose, that is, pushing more sugars to S. cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae was engineered to metabolize cellobiose and siphon more sugars into D-glucaric acid biosynthetic pathway, that is, pulling more sugars to S. cerevisiae. This is the strategy of distributive and collaborative push-and-pull we developed and proposed in this work, which was proven successful in improving efficiencies of the CBPs of steam-exploded corn stover (SECS) for D-glucaric acid production and distiller's grains for single cell protein (SCP) production. The titer, yield and productivity of D-glucaric acid produced from 50 g/L SECS by the microbial consortium of T. reesei C10 and S. cerevisiae LGA-1C3S2 were 6.42 g/L, 0.128 g/g SECS, and 0.917 g/L/d, respectively. The titer, yield, and productivity of SCP produced from 80 g/L distiller's grains were 50.5 g/L, 0.631 g/g distiller's grains, and 8.417 g/L/d, respectively. These were much higher than the initial microbial consortia of T. reesei Rut-C30 and S. cerevisiae LGA-1 or INVSc1. The results confirmed the applicability and generalizability of distributive and collaborative push-and-pull, which has profound meaning for science and engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanin extracted from sunflower testae was isolated, purified and the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities, metal ion removal activity and anti-radiation were investigated. The physical and chemical characterization showed that it was acid-resistant, alkali soluble and insoluble in most of the organic solvents and distilled water and the similar redox properties to synthetic melanin from sigma. The melanin was precipitated on treatment with FeCl3, ammoniacal AgNO3, potassium ferricyanide and was bleached in the presence of oxidants and reductants. It was also confirmed as one of melanins based on the Ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) spectroscopic techniques apart from physiochemical analysis. Elemental composition analysis revealed that the melanin was pheomelanin or allomelanins. The melanin also showed the antioxidant potential observed in the in vitro evaluation of diphenyl picryl hydrazinyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide-scavenging activity, hydroxyl-scavenging activity, reducing power, metal ion removal activity and anti-radiation activity. The activities examined indicated that melanin from sunflower testae could be considered as a novel potential antioxidant, heavy metal adsorbent, and UV protection agent. The results suggested that the melanin could potentially be used as a natural antioxidant in the food, cosmetic and other industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) always require routine surveillance and repeated treatment, which leads to accumulation of huge amount of clinical data. A predictive model utilizes the time-series data to facilitate dynamic prognosis prediction and treatment planning is warranted. Here we introduced an analytical approach, which converts the timeseries data into a cascading survival map, in which each survival path bifurcates at fixed time interval depending on selected prognostic features by the Cox-based feature selection. We apply this approach in an intermediate-scale database of patients with BCLC stage B HCC and get a survival map consisting of 13 different survival paths, which is demonstrated to have superior or equal value than conventional staging systems in dynamic prognosis prediction from 3 to 12 months after initial diagnosis in derivation, internal testing, and multicentric testing cohorts. This methodology/model could facilitate dynamic prognosis prediction and treatment planning for patients with HCC in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dexmedetomidine (DEX) has been used for sedation in young infants and children undergoing transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). The median effective dose of intranasal DEX has not been described for postcardiac surgery children. Postcardiac surgery children could require more DEX to achieve satisfactory sedation for TTE examination than children suspected of congenital heart disease.Objectives: To study whether postcardiac surgery children need a larger dose of DEX for TTE than normal children.Design: A double-blind sequential allocation trial with doses determined by the Dixon and Massey up-and-down method.Setting: A tertiary care teaching hospital from 25 October to 30 November 2016.Patients: Children under the age of 3 years requiring intranasal DEX for TTE.Interventions: Children were allocated to a postcardiac surgery group (n = 20) or a normal group (n = 19). The first patient in both groups received intranasal DEX (2 μg kg): using the up-and-down method of Dixon and Massey, the next dose was dependent on the previous patient's response.Main Outcome Measures: Median effective dose was estimated from the up-and-down method of Dixon and Massey and probit regression. A second objective was to study haemodynamic stability and adverse events with these doses.Results: The median effective dose (95% confidence interval) of intranasal DEX was higher in postcardiac surgery children than in normal children, 3.3 (2.72 to 3.78) μg kg versus 1.8 (1.71 to 2.04) (μg kg), respectively (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in time to sedation, time to wake-up or TTE examination time between the two groups for successful sedation. Additionally, there were no significant adverse events.Conclusion: The median effective dose of intranasal DEX for TTE sedation in postcardiac surgery children was higher than in normal children.Trial Registration: chictr.org.cn identifier: ChiCTR-OOC-16009846. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood formation is a complex developmental process under multi-level transcriptional control executed by a large set of transcription factors. However, only limited members have been characterized to be key regulators of lignin biosynthesis in poplar. Here we report the conserved and unique functions of PtoMYB170, a transcription factor identified from Populus tomentosa (Chinese white poplar), in lignin deposition and drought tolerance in comparison with its duplicate paralog PtoMYB216. PtoMYB170 is preferentially expressed in young leaves and xylem tissues. Overexpression of PtoMYB170 in transgenic poplar plants resulted in stronger lignification and more thickened secondary wall in xylem compared with wild-type plants, whereas the CRISPR/Cas9- generated mutation of PtoMYB170 weakened lignin deposition, thereby leading to a more flexible and collapsed xylem phenotype. Transient expression experiments demonstrated that PtoMYB170 specifically activated the expression of lignin biosynthetic genes, consistent with the function of PtoMYB216. However, GUS staining assays revealed that PtoMYB170 was specifically expressed in guard cells of transgenic Arabidopsis while PtoMYB216 was not. Heterologous expression of PtoMYB170 in Arabidopsis enhanced stomatal closure in the dark and resulted in drought tolerance of the transgenic plants through reduced water loss, indicating a diversified role from PtoMYB216. These results revealed the PtoMYB170-dependent positive transcriptional regulation on lignin deposition in poplar and its coordinated function in enhancing drought tolerance by promoting darkinduced stomatal closure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WRKY transcription factors play important roles in response to diverse environmental stresses, but exact functions of these proteins in poplar defense are still largely unknown. In a previous study, we have shown that poplar WRKY89 is induced by salicylic acid (SA) treatment and plays an important role in resistance against fungi in transgenic poplars. Here, we determined an increase in transcript levels of Group IIa WRKY members in transgenic poplars overexpressing WRKY89 using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Yeast one-hybrid assay showed that PtrWRKY18 and PtrWRKY35 were potential target genes of WRKY89. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PtrWRKY18 and PtrWRKY35 were localized in the nucleus, and exhibited no transcription activation activity. Constitutive overexpression of PtrWRKY18 and PtrWRKY35 in poplars activated pathogenesisrelated genes, and increased resistance to the biotrophic pathogen Melampsora. The results also provided support for the involvement of SA-mediated signaling in Melampsora resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consideration is given to dynamic behavior of cylindrical pressure pipe with elastic boundary conditions. Based on Sanders’ shell theory and Hamilton principle, the system equations are established for integrating the uniform distributed pressure into the elastic boundary condition. In the analytical formulation, the Rayleigh–Ritz method with a set of displacement shape functions is used to deduce mass, damping, and stiffness matrices of the pipe system. The displacements in three directions are represented by the characteristic orthogonal polynomial series and trigonometric functions which are satisfied with the elastic boundary conditions, which are represented as four sets of independent springs placed at the ends including three sets of linear springs and one set of rotational spring. The pressure pipe always suffers a uniform distributed pressure in radial direction. To verify the accuracy and reliability of the present method, several numerical examples with classical boundary condition, including free and simply supported supports are listed and comparisons are made with open literature. Then the influences of boundary restraint stiffness and the distributed pressure on natural frequency and the forced vibration response are studied: The natural frequencies increase significantly as the restraint stiffness or the distributed pressure increases. Compared to the rotational spring stiffness, the stiffnesses of axial, radial, and circumferential springs have more significant effect on natural frequency. And the lower modes are more sensitive on restraint stiffness than higher modes. But the variation of natural frequency with respect to the spring stiffness decreases monotonically with the increasing distributed pressure. The forced vibration response is also affected by the restraint stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Icaritin has an advantage in enhancing immunity. Besides, with its anticancer effect, it may be of great help in cancer treatment and recovery of cancer patients. As a result, icaritin is likely to become a novel anticancer drug. However, the anticancer effect of icaritin against colon cancer has not been elucidated thus far. The present study investigated the latent anticancer effect of icaritin on the inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS), B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 and cyclin D1/E signaling. The COLO-205 colon cancer cell line was used as a colon cancer cell model in the present study. First, cell growth and apoptosis were measured to analyze the anticancer effect of icaritin against colon cancer. Next, the possible mechanism of icaritin against colon cancer, including ROS, Bcl-2, cyclin D1, cyclin E and caspase-3/9, was explored. The results revealed that icaritin could inhibit cell growth and induce the apoptosis of COLO-205 cells. In addition, icaritin significantly induced ROS generation, suppressed Bcl-2, cyclin D1 and cyclin E protein expression, and activated caspase-3/9 activity in COLO-205 cells. The present findings demonstrated that icaritin exerted antiproliferative and anticancer effects against colon cancer through the activation of ROS generation and the suppression of Bcl-2, cyclin D1 and cyclin E signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a three-dimensional, unsteady state model, which couples heat transfer with groundwater seepage for a vertical U-tube ground heat exchanger (GHE) is presented. The influence of underground soil thermal properties, grout materials, inlet water temperature and velocity, and groundwater seepage on heat transfer in the GHE is examined. The results indicate that before the heat in the borehole is saturated, the heat flux in the GHE is directly proportional to the thermal conductivity coefficient of the grout materials. The radius of the thermal effect of the GHE and the recovery rate of the temperature in the soil are also proportional to the thermal diffusion coefficient of the soil. In cooling mode, the increase of the inlet water temperature of the GHE results in enhanced heat transfer. However, this may cause issues with heat buildup. The increase of the inlet water velocity in the GHE enhances heat convection in the tube. The effect of thermal-seepage coupling in groundwater can reduce the accumulated heat, thus resulting in the effective enhancement of the heat transfer in the GHE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intermittent operation can improve the coefficient of performance (COP) of a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system. In this paper, an analytical solution to analyze the geo-temperature restoration performance under intermittent operation of borehole heat exchanger (BHE) fields is established. For this purpose, the moving finite line source model is combined with the g-function and the superposition principle. The model takes into account the heat transfer along the borehole, thermal interference between BHEs, and the influence of groundwater flow. The accuracy of the model is validated through comparison with an experiment carried out under intermittent operation. The model makes it possible to analyze the geo-temperature restoration performance and its influencing factors, such as BHE spacing, heat flow rate, operation mode, and groundwater flow. The main conclusions of this work are as follows. The heat transfer along the borehole should be considered when analyzing the geo-temperature restoration performance. When the BHE spacing increases, the soil temperature change decreases and the heat recovery improves. Therefore, adequate borehole separation distance is essential in the case of a multiple BHE system with unbalanced load. The presence of groundwater flow is associated with interference between the BHEs, which should not be ignored. In the case of long-term operation, the groundwater flow is beneficial to the geo-temperature recovery process, even for downstream BHEs. Finally, a greater groundwater flux leads to a better geo-temperature recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood is the most abundant biomass in perennial woody plants and is mainly made up of secondary cell wall. R2R3- MYB transcription factors are important regulators of secondary wall biosynthesis in plants. In this study, we describe the identification and characterization of a poplar MYB transcription factor PtoMYB92, a homolog of Arabidopsis MYB42 and MYB85, which is involved in the regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. PtoMYB92 is specifically expressed in xylem tissue in poplar. Subcellular localization and transcriptional activation analysis suggest that PtoMYB92 is a nuclear-localized transcriptional activator. Overexpression of PtoMYB92 in poplar resulted in an increase in secondary cell wall thickness in stems and ectopic deposition of lignin in leaves. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that PtoMYB92 specifically activated the expression of lignin biosynthetic genes. Furthermore, transient expression assays using a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene revealed that PtoMYB92 is an activator in the lignin biosynthetic pathway during secondary cell wall formation. Taken together, our results suggest that PtoMYB92 is involved in the regulation of secondary cell wall formation in poplar by controlling the biosynthesis of monolignols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salicylic acid (SA) is a defense-related key signaling molecule involved in plant immunity. In this study, a subgroup IIa WRKY gene PtrWRKY40 was isolated from Populus trichocarpa, which displayed amino acid sequence similar to Arabidopsis AtWRKY40, AtWRKY18 and AtWRKY60. PtrWRKY40 transcripts accumulated significantly in response to SA, methyl jasmonate and hemibiotrophic fungus Dothiorella gregaria Sacc. Overexpression of PtrWRKY40 in transgenic poplar conferred higher susceptibility to D. gregaria infection. This susceptibility was coupled with reduced expression of SA-associated genes (PR1.1, PR2.1, PR5.9, CPR5 and SID2) and jasmonic acid (JA)-related gene JAZ8. Decreased accumulation of endogenous SA was observed in transgenic lines overexpressing PtrWRKY40 when compared with wild-type plants. However, constitutive expression of PtrWRKY40 in Arabidopsis thaliana displayed resistance to necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, and the expression of JA-defense-related genes such as PDF1.2, VSP2 and PR3 was remarkably increased in transgenic plants upon infection with fugal pathogens. Together, our findings indicate that PtrWRKY40 plays a negative role in resistance to hemibiotrophic fungi in poplar but functions as a positive regulator of resistance toward the necrotrophic fungi in Arabidopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Video quality assessment plays an important role in video processing and communication applications. We propose a full reference video quality metric by combining a content-weighted spatial pooling strategy with a temporal pooling strategy. All pixels in a frame are classified into edge, texture, and smooth regions, and their structural similarity image index (SSIM) maps are divided into increasing and saturated regions by the curve of their SSIM values, then a content weight method is applied to increasing regions to get the score of an image frame. Finally, a temporal pooling method is used to get the overall video quality. Experimental results on the LIVE and IVP video quality databases show our proposed method works well in matching subjective scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently emerged as important regulators in governing fundamental biological processes, and many of which are likely to have functional roles in tumorigenesis. Maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) gene encodes a lncRNA whose expression is lost in an expanding list of primary human tumors and tumor cell lines, however its biological role and regulatory mechanism in gastric cancer (GC) development and progression are poorly defined. Methods: Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was used to determine whether aberrant MEG3 expression was associated with GC patients pTNM stage and pM state. Furthermore, the effect of ectopic expression of MEG3 on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and cell apoptosis was assessed by using CCK-8, wound healing, transwell invasion assays and flow cytometric analysis, respectively, in GC cell lines HGC-27 and MGC-803. Moreover, the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) activity of MEG3 on miR-181a was investigated via luciferase reporter assay and immunoblot analysis. Results: MEG3 is decreased in GC patients and cell lines, and its expression was associated with metastatic GC. Furthermore, ectopic expression of MEG3 in HGC-27 and MGC-803 cells inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and promoted cell apoptosis, which might be due to MEG3 sequestering oncogenic miR-181 s in GC cells. Furthermore, MEG3 could up-regulated Bcl-2 via its competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) activity on miR-181a. Conclusions: These findings suggest that lncRNA MEG3, a ceRNA of miR-181 s, could regulate gastric carcinogenesis and may serve as a potential target for antineoplastic therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most current state-of-the-art blind image quality assessment (IQA) algorithms usually require process training or learning. Here, we have developed a completely blind IQA model that uses features derived from an image's contourlet transform and singular-value decomposition. The model is used to build algorithms that can predict image quality without any training or any prior knowledge of the images or their distortions. The new method consists of three steps: first, the contourlet transform is used on the image to obtain detailed high-frequency structural information from the image; second, the singular values of the just-obtained "structural image" are computed; and finally, two new universal blind IQA indices are constructed utilizing the area and slope of the truncated singular-value curves of the "structural image." Experimental results on three open databases show that the proposed algorithms deliver quality predictions that have high correlations against human subjective judgments and are highly competitive with the state-of-the-art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a universal no-reference (NR) image quality assessment (QA) index that does not require training on human opinion scores. The new index utilizes perceptually relevant image features extracted from the distorted image. These include the mean phase congruency (PC) of the image, the entropy of the phase congruency PC image, the entropy of the distorted image, and the mean gradient magnitude of the distorted image. Image quality prediction is accomplished by using a simple functional relationship of these features. The experimental results show that the new index accords closely with human subjective judgments of diverse distorted images [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New chronological, geochemical, and isotopic data are reported for Triassic (219–236 Ma) adakite-magnesian andesite-Nb-enriched basaltic rock associations from the Tuotuohe area, central Qiangtang terrane. The adakites and magnesian andesites are characterized by high Sr/Y (25–45), La/Yb (14–42) and Na2O/K2O (12–49) ratios, high Al2O3 (15.34–18.28 wt%) and moderate to high Sr concentrations (220–498 ppm) and εND (t) (+0.86 to +1.21) values. Low enrichments of Th, Rb relative to Nb, and subequal normalized Nb and La contents, and enrichments of light rare earth elements combine to distinguish a group of Nb-enriched basaltic rocks (NEBs). They have positive εND (t) (+2.57 to +5.16) values. Positive correlations between Th, La and Nb and an absence of negative Nb anomalies on mantle normalized plots indicate the NEBs are products of a mantle source metasomatized by a slab melt rather than by hydrous fluids. A continuous compositional variation between adakites and magnesian andesites confirms slab melt interaction with mantle peridotite. The spatial association of the NEBs with adakites and magnesian andesites define an “adakitic metasomatic volcanic series” recognized in many demonstrably subduction-related environments (e.g., Mindanao arc, Philippines; Kamchatka arc, Russia; and southern Baja California arc, Mexico). The age of the Touhuohe suite, and its correlation with Triassic NEB to the north indicates that volcanism derived from subduction-modified mantle was abundant prior to 220 Ma in the central Qiangtang terrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]