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We examine the role of two cognitive styles (intuitive and analytical) in students' entrepreneurial intentions within two distinct cultural contexts (Kuwait and the United States). Specifically, we analyze the moderating effect of cultural context in the relationship between cognitive styles and entrepreneurial intentions mediated through cognitive scripts (e.g., students' personal attitude and perceived behavioral control). Our results indicate that intuitive cognitive style has a stronger effect on entrepreneurial intentions and its antecedents in both cultures. This suggests that different cognitive styles have different effects on students' perceptions and attitudes toward entrepreneurship. We also find that cultural context plays an important moderating role in the relationship between cognitive styles and the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions. Specifically, cultural context appears to influence the relative importance of individual-level factors such as cognitive styles in students' personal attitudes and perceived behavioral control toward entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examines how transformational leadership on the part of senior attorneys in law firms may affect their subordinate attorneys' performance in an industry experiencing both distinctive leadership challenges and widespread economic upheaval. Specifically, our multilevel theoretical model attempts to capture the moderated mediation relationships between transformational leadership, innovative climate, entrepreneurial orientation, and individual performance. Design/methodology/approach: The study employs of a multilevel path analysis to examine the earlier described conceptual model utilizing primary data collected from 484 attorneys at 31 professional service firms. Findings: The authors used multilevel path analysis to examine the existence and the extent of a multilevel mediation effect. They found that a firm's entrepreneurial orientation mediates the relationship between supervising attorneys' transformational leadership and individual attorneys' performances. The authors also found that the indirect effect of supervising attorneys' transformational leadership on individual attorneys' performances through entrepreneurial orientation is conditional on the degree of firm innovative climate. Originality/value: The authors draw on theories of social learning to construct a dual-level theoretical model that connects domains within the leadership and entrepreneurship literatures. It does so by examining the relationships between the law firms' supervising attorneys' change-oriented leadership and their subordinate attorneys' billable hours during a period of severe economic disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the world's most pressing concerns in the next few decades will be job creation. The biggest cause for concern may be the accelerating advances in technology radically reducing the human role in production of goods and services. In this increasingly "autonomous economy", the economic inequality between those managers and policy makers must develop strategies and policies to ensure that the impending technological progress leads to "net job creation," that is, a net positive effect on the overall employment level in the economy. In this effort, this article presents a new perspective and analysis of the net job creation process and the challenges to employment that technology poses. Also discussed are potential managerial and public policy alternatives that may slow the job loss and help cope with the potential consequence of permanent underemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can individuals' preference for social hierarchies and inequality affect their intention to pursue entrepreneurship? We surveyed university students in two countries and discovered that the answer may be context‐dependent. Findings suggest that the respondents' views toward hierarchy and group‐based dominance in society, as indicated by social dominance orientation‐dominance (SDO‐D), is related to their Entrepreneurial Intentions (EI) for starting for‐profit companies. Perceived behavioral control (PBC) mediated the relationship between SDO‐D and EI, implying that higher SDO‐D influences people to think more positively about their own capabilities which in turn leads to higher EIs. These general patterns held in the U.S. sample. However, in South Korea's hierarchical society, respondents' SDO‐D had little effect on EI as SDO‐D did not significantly affect PBC. Our findings suggest that individuals' SDO is an important and overlooked personality trait that may offer additional insights when added to models of EI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do entrepreneurial companies make responsible corporate citizens? In this paper, we examine the relationship between companies' entrepreneurial orientation and their corporate citizenship. An empirical study consisting of 261 South Korean firms reveals that entrepreneurial orientation does not have direct causal effect on corporate citizenship. Analysis also shows that market orientation has full mediation effect between entrepreneurial orientation and corporate citizenship. The findings indicate that entrepreneurial companies may indeed act more responsibly if they are also market oriented. Practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the performance of Silicon Valley ventures with Asian-American founding teams. We review some challenges faced by these ventures, compare their performance with that of other ventures, and analyze the impact of strategic partnerships on their performance. Our results indicate that firms founded by Asian American entrepreneurs tend to require more time to reach initial public offering (IPO) status than do other ventures in Silicon Valley. Our results further show that, despite needing this extra time, Asian American-founded ventures significantly outperformed their counterparts in 12-month post-IPO share price gain. This superior short-term post-IPO performance suggests that Asian American firms, particularly those that lacked relationships with U.S.-based strategic investors, might have been undervalued prior to and at IPO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The so-called "social" ventures or "socially responsible" ventures have grown in number and popularity in recent years. Yet they still remain a mystery for most investors as to what their objectives are and whether they are worth the consideration for investment. The article examines some of the key questions financiers have about social ventures, e.g., extent of their profit-orientation, inclination toward raising capital, and preferred strategies for exits. In addition, we analyze several key management practices of social ventures, with particular attention to those activities that impact the companies' financial performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study begins to empirically examine whether successful entrepreneurs possess a high nonlinear (e.g., creative, intuitive) thinking style, as some researchers and popular stereotypes of entrepreneurs would suggest, or whether they possess a more balanced nonlinear and linear (e.g., rational, logical, analytic) thinking style. As predicted, 48 successful entrepreneurs reflected a much greater level of balance in linear/nonlinear thinking style than their professional actor (n = 33) (predominantly nonlinear) and accountant (n = 31) (predominantly linear) counterparts, as measured by a linear/nonlinear thinking style instrument. Implications are discussed for guiding future cognitive research and theory development in entrepreneurship, as well as providing direction to entrepreneurship education and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the similarities and differences between domestic and international franchises in the amount of control exerted by their U.S. franchisors and the degree of autonomy accorded to franchisees. Based on in-depth interviews with franchisor representatives and franchisees from McDonald's, Subway, Papa John's and Domino's, exploratory research is conducted to compare and contrast the franchisor-franchisee relationship in the fast food industry between the United States, Iceland, Ireland, Great Britain, Belgium and the Netherlands.

This case presents the story of Homeboy Industries, which was founded by Father Greg Boyle, S.J. to offer employment opportunities to former gang members in East Los Angeles. Homeboy Industries has successfully launched several businesses to hire and train “homies” who otherwise may not have found jobs. Michael Baca, the new operations director, is faced with the decision of whether to pursue expansion of the promising merchandising division. Complicating the decision is the need to balance both the social and business objectives of Homeboy Industries while dealing with the organization's extreme shortage of managerial and financial resources. This depiction of an unusual entrepreneurial environment also illustrates several organizational challenges and philosophical dilemmas that are common among social ventures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case presents the story of Homeboy Industries, which was founded by Father Greg Boyle, S.J. to offer employment opportunities to former gang members in East Los Angeles. Homeboy Industries has successfully launched several businesses to hire and train “homies” who otherwise may not have found jobs. Michael Baca, the new operations director, is faced with the decision of whether to pursue expansion of the promising merchandising division. Complicating the decision is the need to balance both the social and business objectives of Homeboy Industries while dealing with the organization's extreme shortage of managerial and financial resources. This depiction of an unusual entrepreneurial environment also illustrates several organizational challenges and philosophical dilemmas that are common among social ventures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U.S.-based stock exchanges (e.g., NASDAQ) continue to be the financial markets of choice for IPOs among Asian entrepreneurs, although many Asian firms, upon listing, have performed poorly. This paper surveys the existing literature and summarizes the main advantages and disadvantages associated with a U.S. listing by an Asia-based venture. The paper also examines the post-IPO experience of four Asian companies which illuminate issues that are particularly relevant for Asian entrepreneurs. Our findings indicate that a U.S. listing can provide Asian companies with increased liquidity, visibility, and business opportunities. But being public in the U.S. brings disadvantages that include disclosure and reporting requirements, risk of lawsuits, and additional expenses. Our case studies reveal that successful U.S. listings require Asian firms to fully commit to transparency and investor relations programs. Based on our findings, we develop practical guidelines as to when a U.S. IPO may be sensible for an Asian venture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the business practices of socially responsible entrepreneurs. It focuses on the decisions of 30 selected companies that directly deal with their financial aspects including the use of financial and business strategies, sacrifices of corporate profits, determination and evaluation of the exit strategies, and commitment to giving resources. The study found out that premium pricing is mostly practiced by the respondents to raise profits, they are disciplined in controlling costs, and they practiced aggressive growth for profit gain. It further reveals various exit strategies implemented by companies which include remaining as private and self-owned, received venture investments, and merger and acquisitions.

This article examines the development patterns and performances of companies founded by Asian American entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley and compares them with those of companies founded by non-Asian Americans. The authors find that companies founded by Asian Americans tended to have more Asian Americans in the executive team than those founded by their counterparts. Asian American ventures were more likely to secure venture capital and strategic investments from Asia-based companies and less likely to obtain strategic investment from U.S.-based corporations. In spite of the above differences, the two groups show no systematic differences in founder equity share or company valuation at IPO. The authors also find little statistical difference in the time to IPO (time from company founding to IPO offer date) or post-IPO performances between the two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the global knowledge management (KM) experiences of Accenture, a pioneer in organization-wide KM efforts. We interviewed 18 KM managers and consultants in its U.S. and East Asian offices. We found that despite its significant efforts, Accenture was falling short of fully harnessing and transferring management knowledge across its global organization. Our study indicates that Accenture's global KM strategy, based on its "one global firm" vision, did not make sufficient considerations for local or regional challenges. Accenture was unsuccessful in motivating its East Asian consultants to contribute to KM by failing to show appreciation for their knowledge. Furthermore, Accenture appeared not to have provided adequate support for addressing cross-cultural challenges. Finally, its push for a standardized global KM practice made insufficient allowances for its local offices to address their own needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses jobs in an autonomous economy. Topics include management practices and policies to deal with accelerating advances in information technology; creates effective strategies and policies to extend job opportunities; and offers management scholars to get opportunity in development of the needed perspectives.