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In order to look for Trichderma strains which have inhibiting effects on Cytospora chrysosperma, total 29 domestic and foreign Trichderma strains were screened by confrontation culture and growth rate method. The physiological ecology characteristics and taxonomic statuses of the screened highly efficient antifungal strains were studied. The results showed that the n-butanol extract from T-33 fermentation liquid showed the highest inhibition rate (94.2%) against mycelial growth, and its inhibition rate against spore germination was up to 100%. For the growth of T-33 strain, the optimum carbon source was glucose with optimum content of 3% (g/L); the optimum nitrogen source was soy four with optimum content of 0.02% (g/L); the optimum initial pH of culture medium was 6; the optimum culture temperature was 25 °C. The 18S rDNA sequencing results showed that the full length of ITS sequence was 583 bp, and the T-33 strain was verified as Trichoderma viride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geographical world is an intricate system that comprises the interaction of the Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and pedosphere. Existing technologies and systems can only store, represent, and analyze crisp or type-I fuzzy spatial data and obtain spatial knowledge on several discrete scales. However, these technologies are limited to multi-scale and high-order vagueness spatial data representation and analysis, particularly regarding the representation and acquisition of multi-scale knowledge. In this paper, the uncertainty in geographic information systems (GISs) and existing problems in classical spatial analysis methods are summarized. Innovative concepts, such as the scale aggregation model and scale polymorphism, are proposed. A multi-scale fuzzy spatial analysis framework based on an interval type-II fuzzy set is introduced, and critical points are highlighted, such as an interval type-II fuzzy geographical object model (the boundary model and metric methods for geometric properties), direction relations, topological relations, and overlap methods. An actual case based on a multi-scale regional debris-flow hazard assessment is used to confirm the validity of the theory proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]