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Walking is a common and preferred form of exercise. Although there are current recommendations for walking volume (e.g., steps per day), recent research has begun to distinguish volume from intensity (e.g., "brisk" walking) as an important dimension of exercise. Increasing intensity may confer health advantages beyond volume measures because it shifts cardiovascular performance to more vigorous training zones. Reinforcement‐based approaches have been valuable in increasing volume measures of exercise, and the present study sought to develop a corresponding reinforcement approach to training walking intensity. For this study, we used a continuous reinforcement paradigm where music played only while walking met specified criteria; otherwise, music playback stopped. As a result, music was synchronized with walking performance. Seventeen participants walked on a nonmotorized treadmill at a self‐selected pace. Across the session, different conditions arranged for music to play independent of walking speed or contingent on speed increases or decreases. An extinction component assessed performance when music was withdrawn completely. Walking speed was selectively increased and decreased by adjusting the contingencies that were arranged for music, and variability in speed increased during extinction, with both findings indicating that music was a reinforcer. Heart rate was also increased to moderate–vigorous intensities during reinforcement. The findings provide a compelling case that walking intensity can be modified by music reinforcement. We suggest that synchronous schedules may be an important foundation for future exercise technologies that are based on reinforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined a conjugate approach for evaluating auditory stimulus preference for 81 participants using force as a continuous response dimension. First, the researchers used a verbal preference assessment to evaluate each participant's preference for listening to five genres of music. This process identified high‐preference and low‐preference music for each participant. Thereafter, the researchers exposed each participant to the five music genres in a randomized order while using a hand dynamometer to measure their response force to increase the auditory clarity of the music. The results indicate (a) 63% of the participants' high‐preference music genres corresponded to the genre for which they exerted the highest mean force and (b) most participants' low‐preference music genres corresponded to the genre for which they exerted the lowest mean force. These findings are consistent with those from Davis et al. (2021) and further support using conjugate preparations for measuring the relative value of some stimulus events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Difficulties in reasoning about others' mental states (i.e., mentalising/Theory of Mind) are highly prevalent among disorders featuring dopamine dysfunctions (e.g., Parkinson's disease) and significantly affect individuals' quality of life. However, due to multiple confounding factors inherent to existing patient studies, currently little is known about whether these sociocognitive symptoms originate from aberrant dopamine signalling or from psychosocial changes unrelated to dopamine. The present study, therefore, investigated the role of dopamine in modulating mentalising in a sample of healthy volunteers. We used a double-blind, placebo-controlled procedure to test the effect of the D2/D3 antagonist haloperidol on mental state attribution, using an adaptation of the Heider and Simmel (1944) animations task. On 2 separate days, once after receiving 2.5 mg haloperidol and once after receiving placebo, 33 healthy adult participants viewed and labelled short videos of 2 triangles depicting mental state (involving mentalistic interaction wherein 1 triangle intends to cause or act upon a particular mental state in the other, e.g., surprising) and non-mental state (involving reciprocal interaction without the intention to cause/act upon the other triangle's mental state, e.g., following) interactions. Using Bayesian mixed effects models, we observed that haloperidol decreased accuracy in labelling both mental and non-mental state animations. Our secondary analyses suggest that dopamine modulates inference from mental and non-mental state animations via independent mechanisms, pointing towards 2 putative pathways underlying the dopaminergic modulation of mental state attribution: action representation and a shared mechanism supporting mentalising and emotion recognition. We conclude that dopaminergic pathways impact Theory of Mind, at least indirectly. Our results have implications for the neurochemical basis of sociocognitive difficulties in patients with dopamine dysfunctions and generate new hypotheses about the specific dopamine-mediated mechanisms underlying social cognition. Difficulties in reasoning about others' mental states ("Theory of Mind") are highly prevalent among disorders featuring dopamine dysfunctions, but it is not clear if these difficulties are a direct consequence of aberrant dopamine signaling. This psychopharmacology study provides insights into the role of dopamine in Theory of Mind, showing that the D2-receptor antagonist haloperidiol reduces the accuracy with which healthy adults attribute mental states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correct running form is important for injury prevention; as such, correct form promotes continued engagement in running as a long‐term form of exercise. Researchers have shown video feedback to be an effective strategy to improve athletic form for a variety of sports, but it has not been evaluated in any behavior analytic research as a method for improving running form. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of video feedback to improve running form for regular runners. During baseline, each participant was video recorded while running without any feedback (verbal or video). During intervention, the researcher recorded the participant, then showed them the video and provided feedback on correct or incorrect form, according to a 9‐step task analysis. Results show that all three participants achieved 100% correct steps on the task analysis when video feedback was used to maintain their form during follow‐up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent findings suggest that stigma and camouflaging contribute to mental health difficulties for autistic individuals, however, this evidence is largely based on UK samples. While studies have shown cross-cultural differences in levels of autism-related stigma, it is unclear whether camouflaging and mental health difficulties vary across cultures. Hence, the current study had two aims: (1) to determine whether significant relationships between autism acceptance, camouflaging, and mental health difficulties replicate in a cross-cultural sample of autistic adults, and (2) to compare these variables across cultures. To fulfil these aims, 306 autistic adults from eight countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States) completed a series of online questionnaires. We found that external acceptance and personal acceptance were associated with lower levels of depression but not camouflaging or stress. Higher camouflaging was associated with elevated levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. Significant differences were found across countries in external acceptance, personal acceptance, depression, anxiety, and stress, even after controlling for relevant covariates. Levels of camouflaging also differed across countries however this effect became non-significant after controlling for the covariates. These findings have significant implications, identifying priority regions for anti-stigma interventions, and highlighting countries where greater support for mental health difficulties is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The age of artificial intelligence has arrived rapidly reshaping the practice of law and the way attorneys research and write. The Al-ready attorney must arrive, too. Al-ready attorneys must be armed with the ability to harness AI's remarkably efficient and effective powers of prediction, data analysis, and content generation. But with greatAI power comes great responsibility. AI-readiness also requires attorneys to wield the power of AI responsibly with ethics and privacy in mind. This article is the first to extensively examine both the ethical obligations attorneys face and the privacy considerations they should keep in mind when using AI-assisted legal research and writing tools. The ethical obligations' discussion focuses on the three C's: competence, communications, and confidentiality. The privacy considerations' discussion explores the interplay between attorneys' use of AI-assisted tools and data privacy protection frameworks at the state, federal, and international levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural production and crop yields are threatened around the world by the emergence and spread of agronomical pests, including diseases, insects, and weeds. Due to changes in precipitation, carbon dioxide levels, and warming temperatures being experienced throughout most of the world, new challenges are emerging for pest management in virtually all major cropping systems. While precise environmental impacts due to climate change are impossible to predict, they will require innovative and new solutions for pest management. In this article, we explore the challenges of 3 problem pest species with soybean: Johnsongrass, kudzu bug, and charcoal rot. Understanding pest responses to climate change is vital for better understanding the new agricultural innovations that will be required to manage them in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of microaggressions is well established within the counseling literature, particularly as it relates to race, ethnicity, gender, and affectual orientation. However, research related to disability or ableist microaggressions is still in its infancy, so counseling professionals have limited information about experiences of disability and ableist microaggressions. The purpose of this qualitative content analysis was to describe participants' self-reported experiences with ableist microaggressions. Participants (N = 90) had a diagnosed disability and the majority (91.11%) identified as having two or more nondominant identities beyond their disability. We report two categories and 10 themes. While participants were part of the general population, we position our discussion and implications within the context of professional counseling to increase counseling professionals' awareness and knowledge so counselors can avoid ableist microaggressions and provide affirmative counseling services to persons with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights in the field of air analysis included: a new focus on measuring tyre-wear particle emissions; an interest in using unmanned aerial vehicles for sampling purposes and an increased use of ICP-MS for measuring halogenated volatile organics, metals sampled directly from air and single particles. Workers have explored further the full capabilities of ICP-MS/MS, which continued to dominate water analysis, including the speciation analysis of non-metallic elements in environmental samples. By far the largest number of papers on water analysis involved preconcentration. The growing interest in reagents for green chemistry was evidenced by the publication of several reviews. Novelties included the direct introduction of magnetic nanoparticles into FAAS to boost sensitivity, and the simultaneous dual-drop preconcentration of oxidation state species that avoided the need for a sequence of elution steps by preconcentrating the analytes into specific reagents contained in the drops. Although the total reflection XRFS and LIBS techniques are close to achieving the detection limits needed to screen contaminated waters, users of these instruments often neglect to validate their methods adequately through the use of reference materials. In methods for the analysis of soils, plants and related materials, sustainable digestion, extraction and preconcentration methods featured strongly. The development of AAS, AES and AFS methods for the direct analysis of solid samples and for increasing sensitivity through analyte enrichment continued to be of considerable interest. The nitrogen-microwave inductively coupled atmospheric-pressure plasma showed promise for ICP-MS analyses. Applications of LIBS have increased dramatically in number with noteworthy developments including single-chamber laser-ablation LIBS and the analysis of plant leaves without the need for grinding and pelleting. However, many published studies lacked validation through e.g. analysis of CRMs or comparison with results obtained by other techniques. Efforts have continued on the characterisation of natural and synthetic materials that are sufficiently homogeneous to act as reference materials (RMs) in the analysis of geological materials. In particular, application of microanalytical techniques, such as LA-ICP-MS and SIMS, led to the availability of a variety of new RMs for in situ isotope ratio determinations. The application of portable LIBS instrumentation to mineral prospecting and ore processing has received much attention, with the development of new chemometric models to improve data quality. The enormous amount of analytical data produced by modern instrumentation prompted the development of software, most of which has been made freely available, for facilitating the processing and reduction of isotopic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some people are exceptional at reading emotional expressions, while others struggle. Here we ask whether the way we experience emotion "on the inside" influences the way we expect emotions to be expressed in the "outside world" and subsequently our ability to read others' emotional expressions. Across multiple experiments, incorporating discovery and replication samples, we develop EmoMap (N = 20; N = 271) and ExpressionMap (N = 98; replication N = 193) to map adults' experiences of emotions and visual representations of others' emotions. Some individuals have modular maps, wherein emotional experiences and visual representations are consistent and distinct—anger looks and feels different from happiness, which looks and feels different from sadness. In contrast, others have experiences and representations that are variable and overlapping—anger, happiness, and sadness look and feel similar and are easily confused for one another. Here we illustrate an association between these maps: those with consistent and distinct experiences of emotion also have consistent and distinct visual representations of emotion. Finally (N = 193), we construct the Inside Out Model of Emotion Recognition, which explains 60.8% of the variance in emotion recognition and illuminates multiple pathways to emotion recognition difficulties. These findings have important implications for understanding the emotion recognition difficulties documented in numerous clinical populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microaggressions are commonplace overt and covert forms of discrimination that convey disparaging messages to individuals who hold marginalized identities, including people with disabilities (PWD). Although PWD are a prevalent nondominant identity group in the United States, little is known about the occurrence of ableist microaggressions in this culturally diverse community, including how ableist microaggressions are experienced based on disability characteristics and other nondominant identities. A sample consisting of 201 PWD completed an electronic survey that examined the occurrence of ableist microaggressions based on visibility of disability, type of disability, and nondominant sociocultural identities. We found that PWD have a moderate level of lifetime occurrences with ableist microaggressions, the visibility of disability impacts the occurrence of ableist microaggressions and the types of ableist microaggressions experienced, and sociocultural identities may predict minimization types of ableist microaggressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, studies have not yet established the mechanisms underpinning differences in autistic and non-autistic emotion recognition. The current study first investigated whether autistic and non-autistic adults differed in terms of the precision and/or differentiation of their visual emotion representations and their general matching abilities, and second, explored whether differences therein were related to challenges in accurately recognizing emotional expressions. To fulfil these aims, 45 autistic and 45 non-autistic individuals completed three tasks employing dynamic point light displays of emotional facial expressions. We identified that autistic individuals had more precise visual emotion representations than their non-autistic counterparts, however, this did not confer any benefit for their emotion recognition. Whilst for non-autistic people, non-verbal reasoning and the interaction between precision of emotion representations and matching ability predicted emotion recognition, no variables contributed to autistic emotion recognition. These findings raise the possibility that autistic individuals are less guided by their emotion representations, thus lending support to Bayesian accounts of autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial Chondronecrosis with Osteomyelitis (BCO) is a specific cause of lameness in commercial fast-growing broiler (meat-type) chickens and represents significant economic, health, and wellbeing burdens. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis remain poorly understood. This study represents the first comprehensive characterization of the proximal tibia proteome from healthy and BCO chickens. Among a total of 547 proteins identified, 222 were differentially expressed (DE) with 158 up- and 64 down-regulated proteins in tibia of BCO vs. normal chickens. Biological function analysis using Ingenuity Pathways showed that the DE proteins were associated with a variety of diseases including cell death, organismal injury, skeletal and muscular disorder, immunological and inflammatory diseases. Canonical pathway and protein–protein interaction network analysis indicated that these DE proteins were involved in stress response, unfolded protein response, ribosomal protein dysfunction, and actin cytoskeleton signaling. Further, we identified proteins involved in bone resorption (osteoclast-stimulating factor 1, OSFT1) and bone structural integrity (collagen alpha-2 (I) chain, COL2A1), as potential key proteins involved in bone attrition. These results provide new insights by identifying key protein candidates involved in BCO and will have significant impact in understanding BCO pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The future career autobiography (FCA) is a narrative, discovery‐based career intervention designed to assess individuals' career hopes and dreams. In total, 134 low‐income, ethnically and racially diverse middle school students participated in an FCA intervention through a yearlong grant‐funded career development initiative. Using content analysis, we analyzed participants' FCAs for socioeconomic status factors and lifestyle indicators. We found that participants articulated occupational and lifestyle factors more than education and income, and that there were differences based on biological sex, race, and ethnicity. We present pertinent results and discuss implications for counseling practice and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As 'legal' immigrants, Mexicans with U.S. lawful permanent resident status have the rare opportunity to petition for immigrant visas for certain eligible family members. This article draws on multi-sited ethnographic research carried out over six years in Guanajuato, Mexico and Connecticut, United States, to examine the experiences of transnational mixed-status families with access to the U.S family-based immigration system. For some families, legalisation is perceived as a crucial resource. For others, legalisation poses a threat to family and community ties. Legalisation is not an inevitable or natural outcome of access to the family-based immigration system. Rather, it entails a complex process of negotiation among family members with different degrees of influence, and divergent and shifting goals. Families often find that engagements with the family immigration system yield unintended repercussions for children's social mobility. Legalisation decisions have temporal dimensions, as intimate family decisions must be made according to a timeline imposed by U.S. immigration law. This transnational approach to mixed-status family experiences reveals that legality is a status worthy of study in its own right, and that legal statuses – while they may not be enforceable beyond the borders of the state that creates them – have power that shapes transnational family life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of air analysis, highlights within this review period included: a new in situ method for measuring resuspended road dust arising from vehicular movements; new ink-printed filter reference materials for black- and elemental-carbon measurements; coupling of a scanning mobility particle sizer to a single-particle-ICP-MS instrument for improved nanoparticle characterisation; developments in total-reflection XRF spectrometry for trace analysis and evaluation of vibrational spectroscopic techniques for measuring respirable crystalline silica in the workplace. The increasing availability of ICP-MS/MS instruments is revolutionising the analysis of environmental samples such as waters for trace elements. The advent of the mass shift mode makes some elements such as P and S much easier to quantify and allows the REEs and some radioisotopes to be determined at much lower concentrations than previously possible. Advances in vapour generation methods are mostly limited to photochemical and chemical vapour generation as reflected in the new table listing the main advances. Solid or liquid phase extraction prior to analysis remains of great interest, although a notable trend is the synthesis of new materials rather than optimisation of commercially available chelating agents and columns. The analytical effort presented in a paper is sometimes much less than the effort put into the synthesis of the materials so one wonders about the likelihood of methods actually being used and results replicated. Notable in the analysis of soils and plants was the unusually large number of review articles – possibly because practical research was hampered by the Covid-19 epidemic. Areas of continued growth were research on nanoparticles, the application of high-resolution continuum source AAS for multielement analysis, the development of miniaturised AES instruments that may ultimately be field-portable and application of LIBS to the analysis of plant materials. A concerted effort to characterise natural minerals that are sufficiently homogeneous to act as reference materials in the microanalysis of geological materials has resulted in the availability of new materials for isotope ratio determinations. Tied to this has been research into U–Pb dating of zircon and a variety of other accessory minerals by LA-ICP-MS and SIMS. New chemometric models have been developed to handle the complex LIBS data arising from the analysis of geological matrices in the field and during ore processing. Studies on the use of ICP-MS/MS to reduce polyatomic interferences in geological applications were widespread, reflecting the availability of such instruments. In contrast, the potential offered by integrating LIBS data with those from LA-ICP-MS has only just started to be explored but is likely to increase with the development of commercial instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Long‐term follow‐up for clinician–scientist training programs is sparse. We describe the outcomes of clinician–scientist scholars in the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) K12 program in emergency care research up to 8.7 years after matriculation in the program. Methods: This was a cohort study of faculty clinician–scientist scholars enrolled in a NHLBI K12 research training program at 6 sites across the US, with median follow‐up 7.7 years (range 5.7–8.7 years) from the date of matriculation. Scholars completed electronic surveys in 2017 and 2019, with the 2019 survey collecting information for their current work setting, percent time for research, and grant funding from all sources. We used NIH RePorter and online resources to verify federal grants through March 2021. The primary outcome was a funded career development award (CDA) or research project grant (RPG) where the scholar was principal investigator. We included funding from all federal sources and national foundations. Results: There were 43 scholars, including 16 (37%) women. Over the follow‐up period, 32 (74%) received an individual CDA or RPG, with a median of 36 months (range 9–83 months) after entering the program. Of the 43 scholars, 23 (54%) received a CDA and 22 (51%) received an RPG, 7 (16%) of which were R01s. Of the 23 scholars who received a CDA, 13 (56%) subsequently had an RPG funded. Time to CDA or RPG did not differ by sex (women vs. men log‐rank test p = 0.27) or specialty training (emergency medicine versus other specialties, p = 0.59). Conclusions: After 7 years of follow‐up for this NHLBI K12 emergency care research training program, three quarters of clinician–scientist scholars had obtained CDA or RPG funding, with no notable differences by sex or clinical training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alexithymia concerns a difficulty identifying and communicating one's own emotions, and a tendency towards externally-oriented thinking. Recent work argues that such alexithymic traits are due to altered arousal response and poor subjective awareness of "objective" arousal responses. Although there are individual differences within the general population in identifying and describing emotions, extant research has focused on highly alexithymic individuals. Here we investigated whether mean arousal and concordance between subjective and objective arousal underpin individual differences in alexithymic traits in a general population sample. Participants rated subjective arousal responses to 60 images from the International Affective Picture System whilst their skin conductance was recorded. The Autism Quotient was employed to control for autistic traits in the general population. Analysis using linear models demonstrated that mean arousal significantly predicted Toronto Alexithymia Scale scores above and beyond autistic traits, but concordance scores did not. This indicates that, whilst objective arousal is a useful predictor in populations that are both above and below the cut-off values for alexithymia, concordance scores between objective and subjective arousal do not predict variation in alexithymic traits in the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scant literature exists assessing the effectiveness of video modeling (VM) alone in the sports literature. Further evaluations of VM to improve sports skills is warranted because VM is an accessible and efficient procedure that has successfully improved skills in other fields of practice (e.g., staff training, medical procedures). Additionally, behavior analysts have not evaluated interventions for improving goalkeeping skills for individual soccer players. Therefore, we replicated the 1 behavior‐analytic sports study on VM (Quinn et al., 2020), using a multiple baseline design across behaviors to evaluate the effects of VM and VM + video feedback (VF) to train 3 goalkeeper skills to two 9‐year‐old soccer players. The results showed that, although VM had some effect on performance compared to baseline, VM + VF resulted in the robust outcomes necessary for proficient performance of the goalkeeper skills. We discuss the results and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, studies have not established whether autistic and non-autistic individuals differ in emotion recognition from facial motion cues when matched in terms of alexithymia. Here, autistic and non-autistic adults (N = 60) matched on age, gender, non-verbal reasoning ability and alexithymia, completed an emotion recognition task, which employed dynamic point light displays of emotional facial expressions manipulated in terms of speed and spatial exaggeration. Autistic participants exhibited significantly lower accuracy for angry, but not happy or sad, facial motion with unmanipulated speed and spatial exaggeration. Autistic, and not alexithymic, traits were predictive of accuracy for angry facial motion with unmanipulated speed and spatial exaggeration. Alexithymic traits, in contrast, were predictive of the magnitude of both correct and incorrect emotion ratings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments suggest that autistic individuals require dynamic angry expressions to have a higher speed in order for them to be successfully identified. Therefore, it is plausible that autistic individuals do not have a 'deficit' in angry expression recognition, but rather their internal representation of these expressions is characterised by very high‐speed movement. In this study, matched groups of autistic and non‐autistic adults completed a novel emotion‐based task which employed dynamic displays of happy, angry and sad point light facial (PLF) expressions. On each trial, participants moved a slider to manipulate the speed of a PLF stimulus until it moved at a speed that, in their 'mind's eye', was typical of happy, angry or sad expressions. Participants were shown three different types of PLFs—those showing the full‐face, only the eye region, and only the mouth region, wherein the latter two were included to test whether differences in facial information sampling underpinned any dissimilarities in speed attributions. Across both groups, participants attributed the highest speeds to angry, then happy, then sad, facial motion. Participants increased the speed of angry and happy expressions by 41% and 27% respectively and decreased the speed of sad expressions by 18%. This suggests that participants have 'caricatured' internal representations of emotion, wherein emotion‐related kinematic cues are over‐emphasised. There were no differences between autistic and non‐autistic individuals in the speeds attributed to full‐face and partial‐face angry, happy and sad expressions respectively. Consequently, we find no evidence that autistic adults possess atypically fast internal representations of anger. Lay Summary: This study shows that autistic and non‐autistic individuals do not differ in the speeds they assign to angry, happy and sad facial expressions. This is important because it means that we know that autistic and non‐autistic individuals picture angry, happy and sad expressions in a similar way in terms of speed. Therefore, autistic individuals' difficulties recognising 'normal speed' angry expressions are not due to differences in the speeds they expect the expressions to be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of air analysis, highlights within this review period included: a review paper of developments in new personal air samplers for workplace air measurements; a new passive air sampler for Hg0; new filter-based RMs; a new field-deployable carbon analyser for speciation measurements of carbonaceous aerosols and advances in the measurement of RCS using vibrational spectroscopic techniques. The maturity of AAS methods for the analysis of waters was highlighted this year by the lack of significant developments. All the novelty was in sample preparation as reflected in Tables 1 and 2. The tables also reflect the large interest in the use of graphene oxide as a solid phase for preconcentration and the continued use of magnetic nanoparticles. There are now enough methods and application to warrant the inclusion of the analysis of nanoparticles as a separate section rather than as a subsection in speciation. This trend is set to continue as instrumental improvements allow lower size LODs and the determination of lower particle numbers. Notable advances in the analysis of soils and plants included work on the preparation of new RMs as alternatives to NIST soil SRMs that are now in short supply. There was increased interest in the development of miniaturised AES instruments with the potential for field deployment. In the analysis of soil by LIBS, more studies included some form of external validation e.g. comparison with results of an established analytical method, which is most welcome. The availability of well-characterised matrix-matched reference materials continues to be a limitation in the production of high-quality geoanalytical data, particularly when exploring the fine structure of geological materials by microanalytical techniques such as LA-ICP-MS and SIMS. It is heartening to see that many of the researchers working in this area appreciate the importance of making new RMs available to the wider geochemical community. Although the development of portable LIBS systems continues to attract much interest, the current generation of instruments do not appear to be able to match the capabilities of techniques like pXRFS, particularly for the quantification of minor and trace elements in geological settings. Some of the LIBS calibration issues highlighted are reminiscent of those encountered in the early days of pXRFS and should be overcome in time. Many of the reported improvements to in situ measurements of isotope ratios were in support of geochronological studies. Likely future trends include the increased use of imaging in U–Pb geochronology given that LA-ICP-QMS mapping is now capable of acquiring all the required compositional and U–Pb age information at high-spatial resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first study to do so confirmed an association between acceptance and mental health, finding that autism acceptance from external sources predicted depression and stress [[37]] and personal acceptance predicted depression. Comparing autism acceptance, camouflaging and mental health across cultures Finally, in order to compare participants' experiences of autism acceptance, camouflaging, and levels of depression, anxiety and stress across countries, we will use a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). 1.1. Description (optional) Autism spectrum disorder (hereafter "autism") is a neurodevelopmental condition that is characterised by difficulties in social communication and restricted and repetitive interests [[1]]. The minority stress model posits that high stress burdens can negatively impact the mental and physical health of marginalised groups [[33]]. Firstly, since autism acceptance differs across cultures [[67]-[69]], the level of mental health difficulties may also vary because a lack of autism acceptance or stigma is associated with poorer mental health [[32], [37]]. [Extracted from the article]

Rationale: Brain catecholamines have long been implicated in reinforcement learning, exemplified by catecholamine drug and genetic effects on probabilistic reversal learning. However, the mechanisms underlying such effects are unclear. Objectives and methods: Here we investigated effects of an acute catecholamine challenge with methylphenidate (20 mg, oral) on a novel probabilistic reversal learning paradigm in a within-subject, double-blind randomised design. The paradigm was designed to disentangle effects on punishment avoidance from effects on reward perseveration. Given the known large individual variability in methylphenidate's effects, we stratified our effects by working memory capacity and trait impulsivity, putatively modulating the effects of methylphenidate, in a large sample (n = 102) of healthy volunteers. Results: Contrary to our prediction, methylphenidate did not alter performance in the reversal phase of the task. Our key finding is that methylphenidate altered learning of choice-outcome contingencies in a manner that depended on individual variability in working memory span. Specifically, methylphenidate improved performance by adaptively reducing the effective learning rate in participants with higher working memory capacity. Conclusions: This finding emphasises the important role of working memory in reinforcement learning, as reported in influential recent computational modelling and behavioural work, and highlights the dependence of this interplay on catecholaminergic function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence suggests that triple therapy for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is being used in a broader range of patients than recommended by guidelines, which may have health and cost implications. Objective: To explore the relationship between national health technology assessment (HTA) agency appraisals and market penetration of two fixed-dose combination (FDC) triple therapies. Study design: HTAs from Q3 2017 to Q1 2020 from 10 countries were evaluated. Intervention: Glycopyrronium bromide/formoterol fumarate/beclomethasone (Trimbow®) and umeclidinium/vilanterol/fluticasone furoate (Trelegy™ Ellipta®). Main outcome measure: HTA restrictions and prescribing rates (days of therapy). Results: Seven countries (70%) imposed restrictions on use including prescription only for patients stable on free-combination triple therapy or not controlled on dual therapy, requirement of a specialist prescription or therapeutic plan, prescription only for patients with severe COPD, and use as second-line therapy or later. In general, countries that have imposed restrictions on the use of FDC triple therapies have seen a lower than average uptake. Conclusion: Payer guidance on prescribing FDC triple therapy may potentially support more appropriate prescribing in line with clinical guidelines. It is important for payers to consider which restrictions would ensure the most efficient use of scarce resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to ascribe mental states, such as beliefs or desires to oneself and other individuals forms an integral part of everyday social interaction. Animations tasks, in which observers watch videos of interacting triangles, have been extensively used to test mental state attribution in a variety of clinical populations. Compared to control participants, individuals with clinical conditions such as autism typically offer less appropriate mental state descriptions of such videos. Recent research suggests that stimulus kinematics and movement similarity (between the video and the observer) may contribute to mental state attribution difficulties. Here we present a novel adaptation of the animations task, suitable to track and compare animation generator and -observer kinematics. Using this task and a population-derived stimulus database, we confirmed the hypotheses that an animation's jerk and jerk similarity between observer and animator significantly contribute to the correct identification of an animation. By employing random forest analysis to explore other stimulus characteristics, we reveal that other indices of movement similarity, including acceleration- and rotation-based similarity, also predict performance. Our results highlight the importance of movement similarity between observer and animator and raise new questions about reasons why some clinical populations exhibit difficulties with this task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated how counselors (N = 157) perceived social class and socioeconomic status (SES) via a mixed‐methods design. Among other findings, the results revealed participants provided limited or SES‐only responses when they defined social class. We describe counseling practice and training implications from a culturally informed, humanistic perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More faculty are making the foray into digital scholarship as its tools offer novel and efficient approaches to answering research questions. However, faculty seeking to incorporate digital methods into their research may not have the necessary technical skills. Increasingly, libraries are adding digital scholarship support to the research support offered to faculty. In this article, we document the collaboration between a team of librarians and researchers to leverage each group's unique skills to analyse and better understand the breadth and specific usage of social class and socioeconomic status terminology used in American Counselling Association (ACA) journal articles over a 17-year span. The work process and outcomes of this project are explained to offer an example of how such collaborative digital scholarship projects can be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) represent an alternative to vitamin K antagonists in the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE); however, controversy exists regarding the efficacy and safety of DOACs in obese (body mass index =40 kg/m2) patients or patients with high body weight (weight ≥120 kg). OBJECTIVE: To compare the composite of recurrent VTE and major bleeding events in obese patients or in patients with high body weight who receive treatment with a DOAC or warfarin for VTE. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of obese patients or patients with high body weight aged 18 to 89 years who received a DOAC (apixaban or rivaroxaban) or warfarin for the treatment of acute VTE between January 2010 and July 2017 at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute in Columbus, OH. The primary outcome was the composite of recurrent VTE and major bleeding events. The secondary outcomes included each individual component of the primary outcome and a composite of major bleeding and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding events. RESULTS: Of 1859 patients who were screened for the study, a total of 77 obese patients or patients with high body weight who received a DOAC (N = 31) or warfarin (N = 46) for acute VTE met the inclusion criteria. The primary composite outcome of recurrent VTE and major bleeding occurred in fewer patients who received a DOAC (N = 2 [6.5%]) than in patients who received warfarin (N = 11 [23.9%]; P = .045), which was primarily driven by a reduction in recurrent VTE (6.5% vs 21.7%, respectively; P = .07). A major bleeding event occurred in none of the patients who received a DOAC and in only 1 patient who received warfarin, whereas the rates of clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding were similar and were low between the groups (12.5% vs 8.7%, respectively; P = .71). CON CONCLUSION: Obese or high-body weight patients who were receiving a DOAC for VTE treatment had significantly less recurrent VTE and major bleeding events than those who received warfarin therapy. Although only 1 patient had a major bleeding event, the rates of clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding events were similar between the patients who received a DOAC and those who received warfarin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exception from Informed Consent (EFIC) regulations detail specific circumstances in which Institutional Review Boards (IRB) can approve studies where obtaining informed consent is not possible prior to subject enrollment. To better understand how IRB members evaluate community consultation (CC) and public disclosure (PD) processes and results, semi-structured interviews of EFIC-experienced IRB members were conducted and analyzed using thematic analysis. Interviews with 11 IRB members revealed similar approaches to reviewing EFIC studies. Most use summaries of CC activities to determine community members' attitudes; none reported using specific criteria nor recalled any CC reviews that resulted in modifications to or denials of EFIC studies. Most interviewees thought metrics based on Community VOICES's domains (feasibility, participant selection, quality of communication, community perceptions, investigator/IRB perceptions) would be helpful. IRB members had similar experiences and concerns about reviewing EFIC studies. Development of metrics to assess CC processes may be useful to IRBs reviewing EFIC studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of air analysis, highlights within this review period included: new isotopic data for reference dust materials; a new device for preparing and mounting delicate air filter samples for X-ray analysis and use of oxygen-mediated mass-shift ion chemistry for measuring sulfur in aerosol samples by ICP-MS. The use of DGT and ionic liquids for preconcentrating trace elements and other analytes from waters has become more established. The resurgence of interest in As speciation has been noted with extensive reviews as well as methods for the challenging determination of thioarsenic species. Improvements in methodologies have achieved LODs with GC-MS that were once only possible with ICP-MS, thereby making it possible for a larger number of laboratories to undertake speciation analysis. Field preconcentration methods and hand-held XRF instruments have made it easier to screen contaminated waters, thereby allowing sampling sites to be selected more effectively. There has been renewed interest in atomic emission sources such as the arc, GD and plasmatron for the analysis of plants and soils. The upward trend in publication of LIBS methods continued but many lacked validation through comparison with established methods or analysis of CRMs. There is a clear need for closer collaboration between the physicists driving fundamental developments in plasma spectroscopy and analytical geochemists, who understand the complexities of environmental samples and the requirement to implement robust QC procedures. Interest in multivariate analysis of pXRFS spectra to predict soil properties related to fertility has increased. Much research effort continues to be devoted to characterisation of matrix-matched geological RMs, both synthetic and natural samples, particularly for in situ analysis by microanalytical techniques, such as LA-MC-ICP-MS and SIMS. Such RMs are essential to compensate for matrix effects and need to be available in sufficient quantities to enable interlaboratory comparisons based on the same RM. The increased access to MC-ICP-MS instrumentation, especially in China, is reflected in the diverse range of isotopic systems now being studied. Most studies present incremental improvements to existing separation procedures or measurement protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eleven counselor education doctoral students participated in an Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis study aimed to understand their social class microaggressions (SCMs) experiences. A tentative theory emerged from the data that SCMs persist to preserve homeostasis. The super-ordinate theme, Unequal, Embedded, Societal Structures is corroborated by the subordinate themes, Social Class Invisibility, Intersecting Identities, Perceptions and Assumptions about Social Class, Privilege and Unawareness about Social Class, and SCM Manifestations. Together, the superordinate theme and subsequent subordinate themes culminate in the preservation of homeostasis. We offer a data driven model to depict the theory, present participant data with extensive quotes, counseling implications, future research, and a call to the profession to resist the pull of homeostasis so SCMs no longer serve a socio-cultural purpose to oppress others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]