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Background: The study aimed to understand the experience of and identify the motivations for parents participating in health research for their children with medical complexity (CMC). Patient‐oriented research strategies are increasingly important in health research to ensure that the voices of patients and parents help shape and direct research programmes. To bring a family‐centred and patient‐oriented focus to our research and objectives, we asked parents about their experiences when they participated in healthcare research related to their child with CMC. Methods: A parent partner, who also has a CMC, interviewed 12 parents (11 mothers and 1 father) of children living with medical complexity to understand their motivations to participate in healthcare research for their child. The parent partner conducted and transcribed the interviews and led our data analysis. Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used to inform our data coding and analytic process. Results: Parents described numerous reasons for their participation in research about their children. These motivations landed within four main themes: feeling helpless and hopeful, child‐centred motivation, being part of something good and forming a relationship with the research team. In addition to these themes, parents highlighted factors that influenced their ability or desire to participate, such as time, capacity and the level of invasiveness for their child. Ultimately, the reflections by parents emphasized their unique lives in caring for their CMC and the need to integrate their lived experiences with the research they engage in. Conclusion: This study offers important insights for healthcare teams who want to engage parents of CMC to participate in research. Understanding parents' motivation to participate in research can help researchers create richer engagement and more meaningful experiences for themselves and their participants, thereby bolstering research programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many low-income adults who smoke also have unmet social needs, such as food insecurity, which can serve as a barrier to smoking cessation. We developed a novel intervention to jointly address smoking cessation and food insecurity and assessed its feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes. We enrolled participants who screened for food insecurity, reported smoking daily, and were ready to quit. All participants received 3 months of resources navigation from a community health worker through monthly telephone calls for referrals and check-ins for smoking cessation and food access resources. Participants randomized to the intervention group received an economic intervention equivalent to the cost of 1 week of groceries/month for 3 months. We randomized 55 participants who were smoking on average 13 cigarettes/day. The trial was feasible and acceptable based on 3-month retention rates (80%) and end-of-study qualitative feedback (91% would recommend the study to others). At 3 months, participants in the intervention versus control group reported a longer length of abstinence from smoking and had a higher proportion of serious quit attempts. Results from this pilot study suggest the importance of attending to social needs, particularly food insecurity, as a strategy to promote smoking cessation among low-income adults who smoke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research on start-up accelerators has drawn attention to the central importance of social resource exchange among peers for entrepreneurial success. But such peer relationships contain both cooperative and competitive elements, making accelerators a prime example of a mixed-motive context in which successful generalized exchange—unilateral giving without expectations of direct reciprocity—is not a given. In our ethnographic study of a Silicon Valley accelerator, we sought to explore how generalized exchange emerges and evolves over time. Employing an abductive, sequential mixed-methods approach, we develop a process model that helps explain how a system of generalized exchange may or may not emerge. At the core of this model are the interaction rituals within social events that come to create distinct exchange expectations, which are either aligned or incompatible with generalized exchange, resulting in fulfilled or failed exchanges in subsequent encounters. Whereas fulfilled exchanges can kickstart virtuous exchange dynamics and a thriving generalized exchange system, failed exchanges trigger vicious exchange dynamics and an unstable social order. These findings bring clarity to the puzzle of how some generalized exchange systems overcome the social dilemma in mixed-motive contexts by highlighting the central role of alignment between structure and process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the heyday of Nintendo's 8-bit era in the 1980s, the limitations and affordances of the console's audio capabilities led composers and programmers to new heights of creativity. Jun Chikuma (竹間 淳 or 竹間 ジュン) was one such composer who developed new compositional strategies, techniques, languages, and styles for this new medium. Her work often appears on "hidden gems of video game music" lists, but it has yet to be discussed in scholarly literature. Nor has Faxanadu (1987), itself considered by many an underrated classic. For this game, Chikuma created an unusually lengthy score comprising numerous distinct tracks, remarkably structured in modified arch form. Expanding on KC Collins's (2007; 2008) foundational terminology on looping, I assess Chikuma's creative approaches to timbre and reusing material to develop new analytical approaches to looping that take into account the specific audio coding possibilities of the Nintendo Entertainment System. The combination of these compositional and programming techniques in Chikuma's soundtrack to Faxanadu positions this game as an ideal case study for illustrating how a composer of this era approached the sounds and structures of game music at a point when the conventions for what games should sound like were still being solidified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philosophy has a complicated relationship with nursing practice. Selected concepts from Hans‐Georg Gadamer's Truth and Method specifically prejudice, conversation, and language are articulated. An exemplar involving nursing practice at an outpatient clinic for women seeking pre‐ and postbreast cancer care is offered to explicate these concepts. We considered the fit of Gadamer's philosophy, particularly the concept of conversation, within a public health nursing practice context in home and community settings of the client/family and offered tentative conclusions. To extend the discussion of the relationship between philosophy and nursing practice, we posed questions developed to provide deeper insight into this complicated relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of trust and solidarity is arguably foundational for economic development and social order. Yet many studies, often survey-based, document large disparities in general trust and social cohesion between countries. Can mutual trust and solidarity arise between people even in areas of low general trust, or do national cultural contexts block such connections? We report an experimental investigation of the dynamic between national environments and local social interactions, specifically those embedded in social exchange. Results of our experiments conducted in the United States and Romania, societies marked by relatively high and low general trust, respectively, show that while national context impacts the level of relational trust formed within dyads, only this emergent relational trust affects dyadic solidarity in both societies. Importantly, burgeoning solidarity has persistent consequences for future exchanges and subsequent solidarity, thus experimentally demonstrating critical linkages between macro- and micro-level precursors to social order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are competent actors still trusted when they promote themselves? The answer to this question could have far-reaching implications for understanding trust production in a variety of economic exchange settings in which ability and impression management play vital roles, from succeeding in one’s job to excelling in the sales of goods and services. Much social science research assumes an unconditional positive impact of an actor’s ability on the trust placed in that actor: in other words, competence breeds trust. In this report, however, we challenge this assumption. Across a series of experiments, we manipulated both the ability and the self-promotion of a trustee and measured the level of trust received. Employing both online laboratory studies (n = 5,606) and a field experiment (n = 101,520), we find that impression management tactics (i.e., self-promotion and intimidation) can substantially backfire, at least for those with high ability. An explanation for this effect is encapsuled in attribution theory, which argues that capable actors are held to higher standards in terms of how kind and honest they are expected to be. Consistent with our social attribution account, mediation analyses show that competence combined with self-promotion decreases the trustee’s perceived benevolence and integrity and, in turn, the level of trust placed in that actor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/Objectives: Many health systems screen patients for social determinants of health and refer patients with social needs to community service organizations for assistance. We developed a framework based on sequential steps to evaluate this process. Methods: We reviewed efforts by The MetroHealth System in Cleveland, Ohio and identified 6 sequential steps: patient screened, has social needs, consents to referral to a service organization, referral placed, referral accepted, and referral outcome. Referral outcomes were categorized as resolved (organization provided requested service or patient self-resolved problem), or unresolved (patient unable to be contacted or declined assistance). We then determined the numbers of patients with food insecurity who completed each step, how completion differed by patient characteristics and service organization, and reasons for failure to complete specific steps. Results: We used the framework to evaluate screening and assistance steps among 5741 patients who attended a COVID-19 vaccine clinic from February 15-March 31, 2021 and were followed through April 30, 2021. The percentage of patients who completed each step ranged from 17-98%. Step completion differed by patient age, patient race, and clinic. Of 360 referrals accepted by community organizations, 98 (27%) were resolved. The most common reasons for unresolved referrals were inability of service organization to contact patients (151), no reason stated (71), and patients declined service (30). Conclusions: A framework based on sequential steps may be used to evaluate social determinants of health screening and assistance programs. Further work is needed to address reasons for failure to complete steps, to include patient perspectives, and to determine long-term outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trust is key to understanding the dynamics of social relations, to the extent that it is often viewed as the glue that holds society together. We review the mounting sociological literature to help answer what trust is and where it comes from. To this end, we identify two research streams—on particularized trust and generalized trust, respectively—and propose an integrative framework that bridges these lines of research while also enhancing conceptual precision. This framework provides the springboard for identifying several important avenues for future research, including new investigations into the radius of trust, the intermediate form of categorical trust, and the interrelationships between different forms of trust. This article also calls for more scholarship focusing on the consequences (versus antecedents) of trust, addressing more fully the trustee side of the relation, and employing new empirical methods. Such novel approaches will ensure that trust research will continue to provide important insights into the functioning of modern society in the years to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike film, the study of medievalist music within video games remains a nascent field, with recent contributions being made by scholars such as James Cook. To paraphrase Helen Deeming, this article examines what the employment of medieval(ist) music within video games reveals about contemporary notions of the medieval, and what emotional connotations are embedded within such musical choices. I analyze the use of three ubiquitous medievalist musical tropes – the Gothic organ, the church bell, and the wordless voice – to create a set of 'opposite' emotional states: a sense of peace, tranquility, or sanctuary on the one hand, and danger, violence, the supernatural, and death on the other, connecting these emotional and musical stereotypes to those of the medieval era itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient engagement strategies are used in community-based participatory research. A successful strategy requires that patients, researchers, and health-care providers collaborate to create meaningful outcomes. Hard-to-reach patient populations such as those living with complex physical or psychosocial conditions, who are geographically dispersed, or who are disadvantaged financially or socially, experience judgment, stigmatization, and marginalization within society and in the research process. Therefore, strategies are needed to better engage hard-to-reach populations in research. One strategy to engage this population is group concept mapping (GCM). This article illustrates how GCM was utilized to engage a hard-to-reach population of young adults (YAs) with life-limiting conditions (LLC), parents of YAs with LLC, and health and health and community experts. Study participants were involved in generating, analyzing, and interpreting data. Five attributes of GCM are outlined, and suggestions are made for how other researchers could use GCM to engage their hard-to-reach patient populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study examines caregiver quality of life (CQOL) 3-26 years after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for patients with lymphoma. Using a framework that views the patient-caregiver dyad as a system of mutual influence, we argue that CQOL is associated with survivor functional health status and sense of personal control.Methods: Ninety-nine autologous HCT survivor-caregiver dyads participated. CQOL was measured using the Caregiver Quality of Life Scale-Cancer. Survivor functional health status was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General. Sense of control was examined using an instrument from the MIDUS II study. Clinical measures were collected from medical records.Results: After controlling for sociodemographic and clinical covariates, caregivers with higher sense of control had higher CQOL. Poorer survivor functional health was associated with lower CQOL but only when the survivor reported low personal control. When the survivor reported high personal control, functional health was not a factor. Lower CQOL was observed for younger and more educated caregivers. In contrast, more education among survivors was linked to higher CQOL.Conclusion: These results (1) support using a mutuality framework for the study of long-term outcomes of caregivers, (2) suggest the importance of ongoing support for caregivers, and (3) help identify caregivers at risk for poorer adaptation. Poorer survivor functional health is a risk factor, but its adverse implications can be offset by higher caregiver and survivor sense of control, a psychological resource aiding caregiver adaptation. These findings can inform the development of support programs for long-term caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smith and Mick identify four basic problems with the theory the present writers developed to explain organizational responses (in this case the behavior of hospitals) to regulation. They challenge the basic assumption regarding autonomy, disagree with the implied cause and effect relations between organizational response and regu-lation, criticize the omission of goals, and claim that the theory has only limited generality. In so doing they state that their primary concern is with "improving our understanding of the limitations and benefits of the theory." Each of the four topics they raise for consideration will receive comment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A preface is presented to the June 1, 1992 issue of the periodical, which focuses on rewards systems in organizations.

This paper presents a general theory of organizational response to regulation, a theory that integrates adaptation and mutual selection perspectives. Two major forms of regulation in the hospital industry, certificate of need and rate review, are examined. Hypotheses are derived concerning the nature and timing of the various adjustments hospitals make both in internal organizational arrangements and in patterns of interorganizational activity in the face of regulatory constraints. Suggestions and data sources for testing the theory are presented [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curiosity about imaginary thematic maps described in The Consolidator, Daniel Defoe’s 1705 satirical fantasy about a trip to the Moon, inspired research into the early modern English public's knowledge of maps. The Early English Books Online (EEBO) and Eighteenth Century Books Online (ECCO) databases of digitized early modern literature were employed. A full-text EEBO search of 1600-1700 found the word ‘map’ and its variants in 3382 records. A similar search in ECCO of 1701-1710 yielded results in 1425 records. About half of the results are printed map illustrations and mentions of actual maps, while the remainder are map metaphors in sermons, poems, plays, etc. The metaphors can be classified using Oxford English Dictionary definitions of ‘map’. This literary use of map metaphors arguably prepared the public to accept maps as tools for the visualization of invisible or intangible physical and cultural phenomena, when thematic maps began to develop in the mid-eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide social exchange on a global level, sharing-economy companies leverage interpersonal trust between their members on a scale unimaginable even a few years ago. A challenge to this mission is the presence of social biases among a large heterogeneous and independent population of users, a factor that hinders the growth of these services. We investigate whether and to what extent a sharing-economy platform can design artificially engineered features, such as reputation systems, to override people's natural tendency to base judgments of trustworthiness on social biases. We focus on the common tendency to trust others who are similar (i.e., homophily) as a source of bias. We test this argument through an online experiment with 8,906 users of Airbnb, a leading hospitality company in the sharing economy. The experiment is based on an interpersonal investment game, in which we vary the characteristics of recipients to study trust through the interplay between homophily and reputation. Our findings show that reputation systems can significantly increase the trust between dissimilar users and that risk aversion has an inverse relationship with trust given high reputation. We also present evidence that our experimental findings are confirmed by analyses of 1 million actual hospitality interactions among users of Airbnb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do people distrust others in social exchange? To what degree, if at all, is distrust subject to genetic influences and thus possibly heritable and to what degree is it nurtured by families and immediate peers who encourage young people to be vigilant and suspicious of others? Answering these questions could provide fundamental clues about the sources of individual differences in the disposition to distrust, including how they may differ from the sources of individual differences in the disposition to trust. In this article, we report the results of a study of monozygotic and dizygotic female twins who were asked to decide either how much of a counterpart player's monetary endowment they wanted to take from their counterpart (i.e., distrust) or how much of their own monetary endowment they wanted to send to their counterpart (i.e., trust). Our results demonstrate that although the disposition to trust is explained to some extent by heritability but not by shared socialization, the disposition to distrust is explained by shared socialization but not by heritability. The sources of distrust are therefore distinct from the sources of trust in many ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thanks to the Internet and the related availability of “Big Data,” social interactions and their environmental context can now be studied experimentally. In this article, we discuss a methodology that we term the online field experiment to differentiate it from more traditional lab-based experimental designs. We explain how this experimental method can be used to capture theoretically relevant environmental conditions while also maximizing the researcher’s control over the treatment(s) of interest. We argue that this methodology is particularly well suited for social psychology because of its focus on social interactions and the factors that influence the nature and structure of these interactions. We provide one detailed example of an online field experiment used to investigate the impact of the sharing economy on trust behavior. We argue that we are fundamentally living in a new social world in which the Internet mediates a growing number of our social interactions. These highly prevalent forms of social interaction create opportunities for the development of new research designs that allow us to advance our theories of social interaction and social structure with new data sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With improvements in pediatric care and technology, more young adults (YAs) with life-limiting conditions (LLCs) are surviving into adulthood. However, they have limited expectations to live beyond the first decade of adulthood. This study describes the monumental efforts required for YAs with LLCs to achieve their goals in an abbreviated life. Objectives: The experiences and aspirations of YAs with LLCs to achieve their goals are relatively unknown. This report focuses on their experiences of living with uncertainty and its impact on achieving developmental goals. Design: This study is one component of a larger descriptive study using an innovative bulletin board focus group to examine life experiences of YAs with LLCs. Results: YAs with LLCs share the aspirations and goals of all YAs. Some participants demonstrated a striking capacity to navigate system barriers and achieve their goals, whereas others 'got stuck' resulting in lost opportunities. Successful personal life investments were possible if resources were made available, coordinated, navigable, and responsive to new and special requests. Transformative changes to health, social care, and community services are necessary to support their YA ambitions. Conclusions: This study gave voice to those who were previously unheard and demonstrates the monumental hurdles YAs with LLCs face to achieve their goals. A palliative approach to care can mitigate unnecessary hardships and support their goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the popularity of the notion that social cohesion in the form of dense social networks promotes cooperation in Prisoner’s Dilemmas through reputation, very little experimental evidence for this claim exists. We address this issue by testing hypotheses from one of the few rigorous game-theoretic models on this topic, the Raub & Weesie model, in two incentivized lab experiments. In the experiments, 156 subjects played repeated two-person PDs in groups of six. In the “atomized interactions” condition, subjects were only informed about the outcomes of their own interactions, while in the “embedded” condition, subjects were informed about the outcomes of all interactions in their group, allowing for reputation effects. The design of the experiments followed the specification of the RW model as closely as possible. For those aspects of the model that had to be modified to allow practical implementation in an experiment, we present additional analyses that show that these modifications do not affect the predictions. Contrary to expectations, we do not find that cooperation is higher in the embedded condition than in the atomized interaction. Instead, our results are consistent with an interpretation of the RW model that includes random noise, or with learning models of cooperation in networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Violent interpersonal injury is a common presentation to emergency departments (EDs) and is increasingly being treated as a preventable condition. Given the complexity of the issue, it is key to ensure interventions are feasible and acceptable within the communities that are affected by violence. Our team consists of ED staff, community members who work with youth affected by violence, people who were affected by violence in their youth, and researchers. Objectives: We describe how an integrated knowledge translation (KT) process was used to develop an ED violence intervention program (EDVIP) for youth affected by violence. Methods: We used the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Guidelines for integrated KT (iKT) to develop an EDVIP. Specifically, we report the Knowledge to Action process which involves both knowledge creation and an action cycle. Results: Our team determined the research question, the research approach, assessed feasibility and determined outcomes for our study. Using the iKT approach facilitated initiation of a funded trial that is now active. Conclusions: This paper highlights the benefit of including community experts at the beginning of and throughout the research process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using semi-structured interviews with 50 hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients who were 2 to 22 years post-transplant, this study investigates cancer survivors’ interpretations of their economic and work-related experiences during and after treatment. Survivors described a variety of challenges in these areas, including job insecurity, discrimination, career derailment, the lack of career direction, delayed goals, financial losses, insurance difficulties, constraints on job mobility, and physical/mental limitations. Survivors described the ways these challenges were offset by external factors that helped them to navigate these difficulties and buffered the negative financial and career-related impacts. Good health insurance, favorable job characteristics, job accommodations, and financial buffers were prominent offsetting factors. Most survivors, however, were also forced to rely on individual behavioral and interpretative strategies to cope with challenges. Behavioral strategies included purposeful job moves, retraining, striving harder, and retiring. Some strategies were potentially problematic, such as acquiring large debt. Interpretive strategies included reprioritizing and value shifts, downplaying the magnitude of cancer impact on one's life, denying the causal role of cancer in negative events, making favorable social comparisons, and benefit finding. Post-treatment counseling and support services may assist survivors in identifying available resources and useful strategies to improve long-term adaptation in the career and financial realms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Amongst the digital research methods that have developed in recent years, one with immense possibilities for early music scholarship is text mining. This approach extracts data from written sources, determining patterns based on statistical analyses of word usage. Because this approach is computerbased, it can quickly process a large number of sources at a single time. While text mining cannot replace other traditional research methods, a program such as Lexomics (http://wheatoncollege.edu/lexomics/introduction-lexomics/) is a useful addition to early music scholarship. Lexomics is a tool that determines relationships between text sources based on an analysis of word frequency. It can reveal connections or disparities between or within sources with regard to vocabulary, style, potential authorship and transmission. When applied to early theoretical treatises, it can therefore illuminate relationships between greater- and lesser-known sources or authors, trace textual influences, expose shifts in terminology or assist in the re-creation of potential stemmas. In this article, I provide an overview of the Lexomics program and demonstrate its practical usefulness in early music research. Using texts from the online Thesaurus Musicarum Latinarum database (and the critical editions from which they were drawn), I apply Lexomics to one of my own current projects: an exploration of the relationship between Petrus de Sancto Dionysio's Tractatus de musica and a set of small anonymous treatises that circulate alongside in its manuscript sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does lacking vs. possessing power in a social exchange affect people's trust in their exchange partner? An answer to this question has broad implications for a number of exchange settings in which dependence plays an important role. Here, we report on a series of experiments in which we manipulated participants' power position in terms of structural dependence and observed their trust perceptions and behaviors. Over a variety of different experimental paradigms and measures, we find that more powerful actors place less trust in others than less powerful actors do. Our results contradict predictions by rational actor models, which assume that low-power individuals are able to anticipate that a more powerful exchange partner will place little value on the relationship with them, thus tends to behave opportunistically, and consequently cannot be trusted. Conversely, our results support predictions by motivated cognition theory, which posits that low-power individuals want their exchange partner to be trustworthy and then act according to that desire. Mediation analyses show that, consistent with the motivated cognition account, having low power increases individuals' hope and, in turn, their perceptions of their exchange partners' benevolence, which ultimately leads them to trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The copyist of the manuscript Oxford, Bodleian Library, Canon. Misc. 213 was detailed and well versed in numerous notational styles, and as a result, examples of unusual notation in this manuscript have drawn a critical eye. Yet the unique transcription of Binchois's rondeau Mon seul et souverain desir, in which the copyist alternates between the two common note shapes for the semiminim in the cantus voice, has thus far gone unexplained. This notation has no rhythmic significance; as such, it appears to be a superficial anomaly. In this article, I lay out a rationale for a reading of the notation of the semiminims in this piece as potentially deliberate and meaningful. Over the course of compiling the manuscript, the copyist increasingly aligned semiminim shape with prolation: the full-black shape is used exclusively in minor prolation, whereas the void flagged shape becomes more frequently restricted to major prolation. Since the rondeau is in minor prolation, I suggest that the copyist might have used the void flagged figure in order to suggest a momentary shift into major prolation. In so doing, the copyist might have left to us a witness of a performance practice in which the mensural and rhythmic possibilities inherent in the built-in tension between and were explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the sources of organizational trustworthiness remains bifurcated. Some scholars have adopted a calculative perspective, stressing the primacy of actors' rational calculations, while others have approached trustworthiness from a relational perspective, focusing on its social underpinnings. We help to reconcile these seemingly disparate views by adopting an integrative approach that allows us to clarify the boundaries of both perspectives. Based on dyadic survey data from 171 strategic alliances, we find that the calculative perspective (represented by contractual safeguards) has higher predictive power when the partner lacks a favorable reputation. In contrast, the relational perspective (represented by organizational culture) predicts trustworthiness more strongly when familiarity with the partner organization is high. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sharing, caring, and profit with Juliet B. Schor, Edward T. Walker, Caroline W. Lee, and Paolo Parigi and Karen Cook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new group of medically fragile young adults are graduating from pediatric palliative care programs with limited expectations to live beyond early adulthood, and no comparable adult services to support their complex needs. Accessing this population is difficult because of the complexity of their conditions, the extensive personal and equipment supports that limit feasibility for travel, and divergent communication abilities. Therefore, we undertook a descriptive case study using an asynchronous modification of an online focus group, a bulletin board focus group (BBFG). The greatest strengths of the BBFG are the appeal of this methodology for young adults and the multi day focus group becomes both a community and an intervention. An important limitation of this method was participant follow through on discussion threads. This BBFG provided rich and varied types of data, and very positive participant experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of recessions on social and political attitudes are likely smaller than the effects on employment, income, and wealth, but relatively modest aggregate effects may be masking differences in attitudes between individuals who live in areas most and least affected by recessions. To investigate social and political attitudes in geographical context, we exploit a new data source that matches individuals to their county of residence to analyze whether changing economic conditions at the county level are associated with changing confidence in major social institutions and with changing levels of interpersonal trust. We find that individuals in particularly affected counties are more likely to decrease their support for organized labor and the federal government. County-level hardship does not appear to be associated with changes in interpersonal measures of trust, however, suggesting that two very different processes may be at play. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A violation of trust can have quite different consequences, depending on the nature of the relationship in which the trust breach occurs. In this article, we identify a key relationship characteristic that affects trust recovery: the extent of relationship experience before the trust breach. Across two experiments, this investigation establishes the behavioral effect that greater relationship experience before a trust breach fosters trust recovery. A neuroimaging experiment provides initial evidence that this behavioral effect is possible because of differential activation of two brain systems: while decision making after early trust breaches engages structures of a controlled social cognition system (C-system), specifically the anterior cingulate cortex and lateral frontal cortex, decision making after later trust breaches engages structures of an automatic social cognition system (X-system), specifically the lateral temporal cortex. The present findings make contributions to both social psychological theory and the neurophysiology of trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most research on trust in interorganizational relationships focuses on a single level of analysis, typically the individual or organizational level, and treats trust as a fairly static phenomenon. To stimulate more cross-level research, we propose a theoretical model that explains how trust in interorganizational relationships is related across various levels of analysis. At the same time, our model emphasizes the dynamic aspect of trust by examining how trust develops throughout consecutive relationship stages. Drawing from several programs of research, we identify the mechanisms that drive the progression of trust across levels as the interorganizational relationship unfolds. Starting with the boundary spanner as the key individual at the beginning of a new collaboration, we specify how trust gradually becomes part of the fabric of organizational action. By integrating micro and macro approaches over time, the proposed model contributes to a better understanding of how trust evolves in interorganizational relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we explore two contrasting perspectives on individuals' participation in associations. On the one hand, some have considered participation the byproduct of pre-existing friendship ties — the more friends one already has in the association, the more likely he or she is to participate. On the other hand, some have considered participation to be driven by the association's capacity to form new identities — the more new friends one meets in the association, the more likely he or she is to participate. We use detailed temporal data from an online association to adjudicate between these two mechanisms and explore their interplay. Our results show a significant impact of new friendship ties on participation, compared to a negligible impact of pre-existing friends, defined here as ties to other members formed outside of the organization's context. We relate this finding to the sociological literature on participation and we explore its implications in the discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in pediatric care have not provided the interdisciplinary support services required by those young adults with pediatric life-threatening conditions (pedLTCs) who live beyond childhood but have limited expectations to live past early adulthood. These young adults, the first generation to live into adulthood, face multiple challenges transitioning from a plethora of pediatric palliative services to scant adult health services. In a case study, using an innovative bulletin board focus group, we describe the complex interplay of the health, education, and social service sectors in this transition. Our descriptions include system deficits and strengths and the young adults' resilience and coping strategies to overcome those deficits and move forward with their lives. Young adults with pedLTC need knowledgeable providers, coordinated and accessible services, being respected and valued, and services and supports that promote independence. We recommend implementation of multidisciplinary solutions that are focused on young adult priorities to ensure seamless access to resources to support these young adults' health, educational, vocational, and social goals. The input and voice of young adults in the development of these services are imperative to ensure that multisystem services support their needs and life goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we examine the link between relational trust and general trust in the context of large-scale social and economic transformations such as those that have occurred in Poland and Russia. We argue that trust plays an important role in interpersonal relationships, but in more impersonal dealings, as in economic life, reliable and impartial institutions that create binding rules and ensure their enforcement are more important. These provide a stable framework for exchange and make it safe for people to take risks involving others they do not know directly. Relational trust, however, may be critical in situations in which institutions are weak or corrupt. And, even if economic relationships are constrained by carefully devised contracts, there remains residual uncertainty that can be resolved only by relying on trust.. If networks involving trust relationships are the dominant means for engaging in exchange, however, exchange is limited to those whom one knows personally or is linked to through close ties, and opportunities for broader exchange are constrained, which may retard the transition to a more open economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japanese participants in Study 1 exhibited a self-effacing tendency when no reason for their self-evaluation was provided. However, they exhibited a self-enhancing tendency when they were offered a monetary reward for the correct evaluation. In Study 2, Americans, especially American men, exhibited a self-enhancing tendency whereas Japanese exhibited a self-effacing tendency when no reason for making the evaluation was presented. This cultural difference disappeared when participants were provided with a monetary reward for correctly evaluating their performance level. These results support the view that the modesty observed in self-evaluation among Japanese participants is a 'default strategy' to avoid offending others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This pilot study aimed to assess the benefits of hypnotherapy in the management of anxiety and other symptoms, including depression and sleep disturbance, in palliative care patients with cancer. Eleven hospice patients received four sessions of hypnotherapy and completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System, and the Verran and Snyder-Halpern Scale at set time points. Wrist actigraphy also provided an objective assessment of sleep quality. After the second hypnotherapy session there was a statistically significant reduction in mean anxiety and symptom severity, but not in depression or sleep disturbance. After the fourth session there was a statistically significant reduction in all four patient-reported measures but not in actigraphy. These results offer evidence that hypnotherapy can reduce anxiety in palliative care patients, as well as improving sleep and the severity of psychological and physical symptoms. Further studies are needed to explore whether the observed benefits were a direct result of the hypnotherapy and how the intervention could most benefit this patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]