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Radio-frequency and Helicon Plasma Thrusters have emerged as viable electric propulsion systems due to their high plasma density, thrust density, and useful life. Helicon Plasma Thruster (HPT) is a very attractive technology because it could use many propellants and does not require hollow cathodes or grids, overcoming their associated critical erosion problem and extending the thruster's lifetime to some tens of thousands of hours. Despite the fact that high-power HPTs have reached 30% efficiency in laboratory configurations, sophisticated numerical models are required for a deeper understanding of the main plasma phenomena and for the preliminary design to increase the very low HPT's efficiency (3–7%) typical of the low-power class thrusters. The paper focuses on the development of a model for the low-medium power range (50–2000 W) of HPTs design. Starting from Lafleur's model, it has been improved with the hypothesis of neutral gas being expelled at the real thruster's wall operative temperature (300–600 K) in place of the more frequent laboratory temperature assumption (300 K). This hypothesis affects total thrust and specific impulse by about 10%. A parametric analysis of the slenderness ratio (chamber length-to-radius) has been conducted. The results showed that slender configurations lead to higher efficiencies. Downstream from the numerical model validation, a tool for the global design has been built with the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique that leads to optimal thruster configuration. This tool has been used to design a 4 mN HPT tuning the PSO in order to minimize the dimensions and the weight according to the assigned mission constraints (i.e., power, thrust, and weight). A total efficiency of 10.4% results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smile attractiveness is a primary factor for patients to seek orthodontic treatment, however, there is yet no systematic evaluation of this topic in the literature. Objectives: To assess the current evidence on the effect of orthodontic treatment on smile attractiveness. Search methods: Seven electronic databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Virtual Health Library, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Embase) were searched on 14 September 2022. Selection criteria: Studies evaluating smile attractiveness before and after orthodontic treatment or only after completion of orthodontic treatment. Data collection and analysis: Extracted data included study design and setting, sample size and demographics, malocclusion type, treatment modality and method for outcome assessment. Risk of bias was assessed with the ROBINS-I tool for non-randomised studies. Random-effects meta-analyses of mean differences and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were planned a priori. Methods: After elimination of duplicate studies, data extraction and risk of bias assessment according to the Cochrane guidelines, an evaluation of the overall evidence was performed. The included studies were evaluated based on the characteristics of their study and control groups and based on their main research question. Also, all outcome measures were standardized into a common assessment scale (0–100), in order to obtain more easily interpretable results. Results: Ten studies were included in this review, nine of which were assessed as being at serious risk of bias and one at moderate risk of bias. The large heterogeneity between the included studies did not allow for a meta-analysis. Orthodontic treatment has a moderately positive effect on smile attractiveness. When compared to no treatment, orthodontic treatment with premolar extractions improves smile attractiveness by 22%. Also, surgical correction of Class III cases increases smile attractiveness by 7.5% more than camouflage treatment. No other significant differences were shown between different types of treatment. Conclusion: Based on the available data, orthodontic treatment seems to moderately improve the attractiveness of the smile. There is significant bias in the current literature assessing the effect of orthodontics on smile attractiveness; therefore, the results cannot be accepted with certainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Invasive Meningococcal Disease is a severe disease mainly affecting infants and young children. Most infections are caused by serogroups A, B, C, W, X, and Y. In the last 10 years, serogroup B has been the main cause of Invasive Meningococcal Disease in Europe. Recent data resulting from an observational study conducted in Italy show a significant reduction in the number of Invasive Meningococcal Disease cases due to Neisseria meningitidis B after the introduction of vaccine 4CMenB. Thus, the Naples Team of Federation of Italian Primary Care Pediatricians and the Public Health Department started an active collaboration focused on vaccination process management (named “Progetto Via”) with the aim of increasing Meningococcal B vaccination coverage. Study design. Source of data is the regional platform “GE.VA.”. Every Primary care Pediatrician uses daily to record vaccination activity. This platform is integrated with data entered by operators of the District/ Vaccination Center. Methods. Time: January 2019 – December 2019. The Federation of Italian Primary Care Pediatricians/ Naples organized a meeting to identify six coordinators. The pediatricians could choose to counsel in their own offices and send children to the vaccination center or to counsel and vaccinate directly in their own clinics. Results. A total of 78 pediatricians took part in the project: 46 did only counseling and 32 did both counseling and vaccination in their medical clinic. Data obtained show an overall average vaccination coverage growth of about 13% in the first 4 months of the survey, and a further growth of about 11% in the following seven months, with a total growth in the entire period of 24%. The pediatricians’ counseling is essential to recover non-compliant subjects, considering both the relationship of trust with the families and the visits already scheduled as an ideal moment for vaccinations’ status check. Conclusions. The project highlights how an effective collaboration between family pediatricians and the Local Health Authority becomes valuable in getting closer to reach the Ministerial goal of 95%. Vaccination coverage increased significantly when family pediatricians supported the activity of vaccine centers in distress in many regional situations. The trust relationship, the hourly availability and the capillary network of family pediatricians’ clinics were key elements for the success of this project and were also recognized by parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades there has been growing interest in silicon photonics and in the possibility to integrate new materials to overcome the silicon intrinsic limitations. Erbium has represented a viable solution for the realization of light sources at telecommunications wavelengths opening the path to the investigation of various photonic devices based on rare earth. In this work we investigate a photodetector operating at 1550 nm whose detection mechanism is based on the internal photoemission effect through an Er/Si Schottky junction. The Er/Si junction has been carefully electrically characterized showing a potential barrier and cut-off wavelength of 0.59 eV and 2105 nm, respectively. Moreover, a responsivity of 0.62 mA/W has been measured for a 3 μm-width waveguide at 1550 nm and at reverse voltage of -8 V. Finally, the noise equivalent power of the device has been evaluated as high as 0.53 nW/(Hz)1/2 at -8 V. Even if device responsivity is still low, we believe that our insights may suggest Er/Si as a new platform for the integration of various optical functionalities on the same chip opening new frontiers in the field of low-cost silicon micro and nanophotonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatments that stimulate neuronal excitability enhance motor performance after stroke. cAMP-response-element binding protein (CREB) is a transcription factor that plays a key role in neuronal excitability. Increasing the levels of CREB with a viral vector in a small pool of motor neurons enhances motor recovery after stroke, while blocking CREB signaling prevents stroke recovery. Silencing CREB-transfected neurons in the peri-infarct region with the hM4Di-DREADD blocks motor recovery. Reversing this inhibition allows recovery to continue, demonstrating that by manipulating the activity of CREB-transfected neurons it is possible to turn off and on stroke recovery. CREB transfection enhances remapping of injured somatosensory and motor circuits, and induces the formation of new connections within these circuits. CREB is a central molecular node in the circuit responses after stroke that lead to recovery from motor deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical time integration schemes for Landau-Lifshitz magnetization dynamics are considered. Such dynamics preserves the magnetization amplitude and, in the absence of dissipation, also implies the conservation of the free energy. This property is generally lost when time discretization is performed for the numerical solution. In this work, explicit numerical schemes based on Runge-Kutta methods are introduced. The schemes are termed pseudo-symplectic in that they are accurate to order p, but preserve magnetization amplitude and free energy to order q > p. An effective strategy for adaptive time-stepping control is discussed for schemes of this class. Numerical tests against analytical solutions for the simulation of fast precessional dynamics are performed in order to point out the effectiveness of the proposed methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implicit midpoint time-integration technique is applied to the stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation. The numerical scheme converges to the Stratonovich solution in the limit of vanishing time step. It preserves the magnetization magnitude and the main energy balance properties of the LLG equation independently of the time step. The numerical technique is then applied to the study of superparamagnetic state in a small spheroidal particle, and the numerical results are compared with the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the analysis of multiband time series data for a sample of 24 Cepheids in the field of the Large Magellanic Cloud cluster NGC 1866. Very accurate BVI Very Large Telescope photometry is combined with archival UBVI data, covering a large temporal window, to obtain precise mean magnitudes and periods with typical errors of 1-2 per cent and of 1 ppm, respectively. These results represent the first accurate and homogeneous data set for a substantial sample of Cepheid variables belonging to a cluster and hence sharing common distance, age and original chemical composition. Comparisons of the resulting multiband period-luminosity and Wesenheit relations to both empirical and theoretical results for the Large Magellanic Cloud are presented and discussed to derive the distance of the cluster and to constrain the mass-luminosity relation of the Cepheids. The adopted theoretical scenario is also tested by comparison with independent calibrations of the Cepheid Wesenheit zero-point based on trigonometric parallaxes and Baade-Wesselink techniques. Our analysis suggests that a mild overshooting and/or a moderate mass-loss can affect intermediate-mass stellar evolution in this cluster and gives a distance modulus of 18.50 ± 0.01 mag. The obtained V,I colour-magnitude diagram is also analysed and compared with both synthetic models and theoretical isochrones for a range of ages and metallicities and for different efficiencies of core overshooting. As a result, we find that the age of NGC 1866 is about 140 Myr, assuming Z = 0.008 and the mild efficiency of overshooting suggested by the comparison with the pulsation models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have sequenced the complete genomes of 72 individuals affected with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease caused by an autosomal dominant, highly penetrant mutation in the presenilin-1 (PSEN1) gene, and performed genome-wide association testing to identify variants that modify age at onset (AAO) of Alzheimer's disease. Our analysis identified a haplotype of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 17 within a chemokine gene cluster associated with delayed onset of mild-cognitive impairment and dementia. Individuals carrying this haplotype had a mean AAO of mild-cognitive impairment at 51.0±5.2 years compared with 41.1±7.4 years for those without these SNPs. This haplotype thus appears to modify Alzheimer's AAO, conferring a large (~10 years) protective effect. The associated locus harbors several chemokines including eotaxin-1 encoded by CCL11, and the haplotype includes a missense polymorphism in this gene. Validating this association, we found plasma eotaxin-1 levels were correlated with disease AAO in an independent cohort from the University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center. In this second cohort, the associated haplotype disrupted the typical age-associated increase of eotaxin-1 levels, suggesting a complex regulatory role for this haplotype in the general population. Altogether, these results suggest eotaxin-1 as a novel modifier of Alzheimer's disease AAO and open potential avenues for therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow focusing is a fundamental prior step in order to sort, analyze, and detect particles or cells. The standard hydrodynamic approach requires two fluids to be injected into the microfluidic device: one containing the sample and the other one, called the sheath fluid, allows squeezing the sample fluid into a narrow stream. The major drawback of this approach is the high complexity of the layout for microfluidic devices when parallel streams are required. In this work, we present a novel parallelized microfluidic device that enables hydrodynamic focusing in each microchannel using a single feed flow. At each of the parallel channels, a cross-filter region is present that allows removing fluid from the sample fluid. This fluid is used to create local sheath fluids that hydrodynamically pinch the sample fluid. The great advantage of the proposed device is that, since only one inlet is needed, multiple parallel micro-channels can be easily introduced into the design. In the paper, the design method is described and the numerical simulations performed to define the optimal design are summarized. Moreover, the operational functionality of devices tested by using both polystyrene beads and Acute Lymphoid Leukemia cells are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare maternally inherited duplications at 15q11-13 are observed in ~1% of individuals with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), making it among the most common causes of ASD. 15q11-13 comprises a complex region, and as this copy number variation encompasses many genes, it is important to explore individual genotype-phenotype relationships. Cytoplasmic FMR1-interacting protein 1 (CYFIP1) is of particular interest because of its interaction with Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), its upregulation in transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with duplications at 15q11-13 and ASD and the presence of smaller overlapping deletions of CYFIP1 in patients with schizophrenia and intellectual disability. Here, we confirm that CYFIP1 is upregulated in transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines and demonstrate its upregulation in the post-mortem brain from 15q11-13 duplication patients for the first time. To investigate how increased CYFIP1 dosage might predispose to neurodevelopmental disease, we studied the consequence of its overexpression in multiple systems. We show that overexpression of CYFIP1 results in morphological abnormalities including cellular hypertrophy in SY5Y cells and differentiated mouse neuronal progenitors. We validate these results in vivo by generating a BAC transgenic mouse, which overexpresses Cyfip1 under the endogenous promotor, observing an increase in the proportion of mature dendritic spines and dendritic spine density. Gene expression profiling on embryonic day 15 suggested the dysregulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which was confirmed at the protein level. Importantly, similar evidence of mTOR-related dysregulation was seen in brains from 15q11-13 duplication patients with ASD. Finally, treatment of differentiated mouse neuronal progenitors with an mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin) rescued the morphological abnormalities resulting from CYFIP1 overexpression. Together, these data show that CYFIP1 overexpression results in specific cellular phenotypes and implicate modulation by mTOR signaling, further emphasizing its role as a potential convergent pathway in some forms of ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have performed a new abundance analysis of Carina red giant (RG) stars from spectroscopic data collected with UVES (high spectral resolution) and FLAMES/GIRAFFE (high and medium resolution) at ESO/VLT. The former sample includes 44 RGs, while the latter consists of 65 (high-resolution) and 800 (medium-resolution) RGs, covering a significant fraction of the galaxy's RG branch, and red clump stars. To improve the abundance analysis at the faint magnitude limit, the FLAMES/GIRAFFE data were divided into ten surface gravity and e ective temperature bins. The spectra of the stars belonging to the same gravity and temperature bin were stacked. This approach allowed us to increase the signal-to-noise ratio in the faint magnitude limit (V ⩾ 20.5 mag) by at least a factor of five. We took advantage of the new photometry index cU,B,J introduced recently as an age and probably a metallicity indicator to split stars along the red giant branch. These two stellar populations display distinct [Fe/H] and [Mg/H] distributions: their mean iron abundances are -2:15 ± 0:06 dex (σ = 0:28), and 1:75 ± 0:03 dex (σ = 0:21), respectively. The two iron distributions di er at the 75% level. This supports preliminary results. Moreover, we found that the old and intermediate-age stellar populations have mean [Mg/H] abundances of -1:91 ± 0:05 dex (σ = 0:22) and 1:35±0:03 dex ( σ= 0:22); these di er at the 83% level. Carina's -element abundances agree, within 1σ, with similar abundances for field halo stars and for cluster (Galactic and Magellanic) stars. The same outcome applies to nearby dwarf spheroidals and ultra-faint dwarf galaxies in the iron range covered by Carina stars. Finally, we found evidence of a clear correlation between Na and O abundances, thus suggesting that Carina's chemical enrichment history is quite di erent from that in the globular clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose Ketogenesis is a physiological phenomenon due to starvation or a ketogenic diet ( KD), a drastic restricted carbohydrate dietary regimen that induces lipid metabolism and ketone body synthesis. Two patients whose migraines disappeared only during, and not outside, cycles of very-low-calorie KD performed to reduce their weight were recently observed. To confirm our observation, in a dietitian clinical setting two parallel groups of migraineurs, one receiving a 1-month very-low-calorie KD prescription followed by a 5-month standard low-calorie diet ( SD) and the other a 6-month SD, were followed. Methods Ninety-six overweight female migraineurs were enrolled in a diet clinic and blindly received a KD ( n = 45) or an SD ( n = 51) prescription. Mean monthly attack frequency, number of days with headaches and tablet intake were assessed before and 1, 2, 3 and 6 months after diet initiation. Results In the KD group, the baseline attack frequency (2.9 attacks per month), number of days with headaches (5.11 days per month) and tablet intake (4.91 doses per month) were significantly reduced after the first month of diet (respectively 0.71, 0.91, 0.51; overall, KD versus baseline, P < 0.0001). During the transition period (first versus second month), the KD group showed a transient worsening of each clinical headache variable (respectively 2.60, 3.60, 3.07), despite being improved compared with baseline, with continuous improvement up to month 6 (respectively 2.16, 2.78, 3.71). In the SD group, significant decreases in the number of days with headaches and tablet intake were observed only from month 3 ( P < 0.0001), and in attack frequency at month 6 ( P < 0.0001). Conclusions The underlying mechanisms of KD efficacy could be related to its ability to enhance mitochondrial energy metabolism and counteract neural inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STREGA (STRucture and Evolution of the GAlaxy) is a guaranteed time survey being performed at the VST (the ESO Very Large Telescope Survey Telescope) to map about 150 square degrees in the Galactic halo, in order to constrain the mechanisms of galactic formation and evolution. The survey is built as a 5 yr project, organized in two parts: a core programme to explore the surrounding regions of selected stellar systems and a second complementary part to map the southern portion of the Fornax orbit and extend the observations of the core programme. The adopted stellar tracers are mainly variable stars (RR Lyraes and long-period variables) and main-sequence turn-off stars for which observations in the g, r, i bands are obtained. We present an overview of the survey and some preliminary results for three observing runs that have been completed. For the region centred on ω Cen (37 deg2), covering about three tidal radii, we also discuss the detected stellar density radial profile and angular distribution, leading to the identification of extratidal cluster stars. We also conclude that the cluster tidal radius is about 1.2 deg, in agreement with values in the literature based on the Wilson model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology of the sperm head has often been correlated with the outcome of in vitro fertilization, and has been shown to be the sole parameter in semen of value in predicting the success of intracytoplasmic sperm injection and intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection.In this paper, we have studied whether digital holographic microscopy (DHM) may be useful to obtain quantitative data on human sperm head structure and compared this technique with high-power digitally enhanced Nomarski optics. The main advantage of digital holography is that high-resolution three-dimensional quantitative sample imaging may be automatically produced by numerical refocusing of a two-dimensional image at different object planes without any mechanical scanning. We show that DHM generates useful information on the dimensions and structure of human sperm, not revealed by conventional phase-contrast microscopy, in particular the volume of vacuoles, and suggest its use as an additional prognostic tool in assisted reproduction technology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Many antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are associated with hematological disorders that range from mild thrombocytopenia or neutropenia to anemia, red cell aplasia, until bone marrow failure. Fortunately, potentially fatal hematological disorders such as aplastic anemia are very rare. This review investigates hematological effects associated with classic and newer AEDs: a PubMed search indexed for MEDLINE was undertaken to identify studies in adults, children and animals using the name of all anticonvulsant drugs combined with the terms 'hematological disease' and 'hematological abnormalities' as key words. The most common hematological alterations occur with older AEDs than newer. Indeed, careful hematological monitoring is needed especially using carbamazepine, phenytoin and valproic acid. The pathogenetic mechanisms are still unknown: they seem to be related to an immunological mechanism, but drugs pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics interactions may also play an important role. Further research is needed to assess the real pathogenetic mechanism at the basis of hematological complications caused by AEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Available data on the efficacy of lacosamide in children with Lennox- Gastaut syndrome ( LGS) are scarce and controversial. We present our experience with lacosamide therapy in children affected by LGS. Material and Methods Medical charts of all children affected by LGS receiving oral lacosamide adjunctive therapy in six paediatric neurology centres were retrospectively evaluated. Efficacy was determined according to the frequency of countable seizures during the 4 weeks prior to treatment and the frequency in the last 4 weeks of observation. Patients whose seizure frequency was reduced by at least 50% were defined as responders. Results Eighteen children (mean age 12.3 years) were identified. After a mean follow-up period of 9 months, 33% of patients were responders. None of them was seizure-free during the study period. The overall seizure reduction rate was 29%. The percentage reductions from baseline in tonic seizures and drop-attacks rates were 31% and 20%, respectively. Adverse reactions occurred in 44% of patients. The drug was discontinued in four (22%) patients because of increased seizure frequency (three cases) and walking instability (another patient). Conclusions A third of children with LGS were responders after lacosamide adjunctive therapy. Although caution is still necessary when the drug is used in children with LGS, our preliminary observations suggest that lacosamide might be effective and represent a possible therapeutic option in children affected by LGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The linear stability of the horizontal pipe flow of an equal density oil–water mixture, arranged as a core–annular flow (CAF), is here reconsidered from the point of view of non-modal analysis in order to assess the effects of non-normality of the linearized Navier–Stokes operator on the transient evolution of small disturbances. The aim of this investigation is to give insight into physical situations in which poor agreement occurs between the predictions of linear modal theory and classical experiments. The results exhibit high transient amplifications of the energy of three-dimensional perturbations and, in analogy with single-fluid pipe flow, the largest amplifications arise for non-axisymmetric disturbances of vanishing axial wavenumber. Energy analysis shows that the mechanisms leading to these transient phenomena mostly occur in the annulus, occupied by the less viscous fluid. Consequently, higher values of energy amplifications are obtained by increasing the gap between the core and the pipe wall and the annular Reynolds number. It is argued that these linear transient mechanisms of disturbance amplification play a key role in explaining the transition to turbulence of CAF. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) has recently emerged as a promising material to provide microchips with passive and active photonic functions through a back-end and CMOS-compatible technological process. In this paper, we discuss the performance achieved with different configurations of a-Si:H-based electro-optical amplitude modulators integrated into passive waveguides. All of the analysed devices are based on the plasma dispersion effect, a phenomenon that allows us to reach useful performance at the communication wavelength of λ ∼ 1.55 μm. The behaviour of the various proposed modulation approaches has been tested by ad hoc interferometric structures, such as Fabry–Perot integrated resonators or integrated Mach–Zehnder interferometer, as well as by multistack devices to enhance the static modulation efficiency. The performance of each modulator has been analysed through several figures of merit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose The thalamus seems to be profoundly involved in the cyclical recurrence of migraine clinical and neurophysiological features. Here possible structural changes in the thalamus of migraineurs were searched for by means of diffusion tensor ( DT) magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI). This MRI technique provides quantitative data on water molecule motion as a marker of tissue microstructure. Methods Twenty-four untreated migraine without aura ( MO) patients underwent DT- MRI scans (3- T Siemens Gyroscan) during ( n = 10) and between attacks ( n = 14) and were compared with a group of 15 healthy volunteers ( HVs). Fractional anisotropy ( FA) and mean diffusivity ( MD) were examined. Results During the interictal phase MO patients had a significantly higher FA and slightly lower MD values in bilateral thalami compared with HVs. During attacks, all MRI quantitative measurements in migraineurs were similar to those found in HVs. Right thalamic FA was positively correlated with the number of days since the last migraine attack in pooled patient data ( r = 0.626, P = 0.003). Conclusions These higher thalamic FA values noted during the interictal period which normalized during an attack are probably related to plastic peri-ictal modifications in regional branching and crossing of fibres. Whether these changes could be considered as the anatomical counterpart of the cyclical functional fluctuations previously observed in the neurophysiology of migraine remains to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sperm morphology is regarded as a significant prognostic factor for fertilization, as abnormal sperm structure is one of the most common factors in male infertility. Furthermore, obtaining accurate morphological information is an important issue with strong implications in zoo-technical industries, for example to perform sorting of species X from species Y. A challenging step forward would be the availability of a fast, high-throughput and label-free system for the measurement of physical parameters and visualization of the 3D shape of such biological specimens. Here we show a quantitative imaging approach to estimate simply and quickly the biovolume of sperm cells, combining the optical tweezers technique with digital holography, in a single and integrated set-up for a biotechnology assay process on the lab-on-a-chip scale. This approach can open the way for fast and high-throughput analysis in label-free microfluidic based “cytofluorimeters” and prognostic examination based on sperm morphology, thus allowing advancements in reproductive science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]