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An integral subresiduated lattice ordered commutative monoid (or integral srl-monoid for short) is a pair (A , Q) where A = (A , ∧ , ∨ , · , 1) is a lattice ordered commutative monoid, 1 is the greatest element of the lattice (A , ∧ , ∨) and Q is a subalgebra of A such that for each a , b ∈ A the set { q ∈ Q : a · q ≤ b } has maximum, which will be denoted by a → b . The integral srl-monoids can be regarded as algebras (A , ∧ , ∨ , · , → , 1) of type (2, 2, 2, 2, 0). Furthermore, this class of algebras is a variety which properly contains the varieties of integral commutative residuated lattices and subresiduated lattices respectively. In this paper we study the quasivariety of { ∧ , · , → , 1 } -subreducts of integral srl-monoids, which will be denoted by SR s . In particular, we show that SR s is a variety. We also characterize simple and subdirectly irreducible algebras of SR s respectively. Finally, through a Hilbert style system, we present a logic which has as algebraic semantics the variety SR s and we apply this result in order to present an expansion of the previous logic which has as algebraic semantics the variety of integral srl-monoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High precision mass and g-factor measurements in Penning traps have enabled groundbreaking tests of fundamental physics. The most advanced setups use multi-trap methods, which employ transport of particles between specialized trap zones. Present developments focused on the implementation of sympathetic laser cooling will enable significantly shorter duty cycles and better accuracies in many of these scenarios. To take full advantage of these increased capabilities, we implement fast adiabatic transport concepts developed in the context of trapped-ion quantum information processing in a cryogenic Penning trap system. We show adiabatic transport of a single 9 Be + ion initially cooled to 2 mK over a 2.2-cm distance within 15 ms and with less than 10 mK energy gain at a peak velocity of 3 m/s. These results represent an important step towards the implementation of quantum logic spectroscopy in the (anti-)proton system. Applying these developments to other multi-trap systems has the potential to considerably increase the data-sampling rate in these experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1973, Katriňák proved that regular double p-algebras can be regarded as (regular) double Heyting algebras by ingeniously constructing binary terms for the Heyting implication and its dual in terms of pseudocomplement and its dual. In this paper, we prove a converse to Katriňák's theorem, in the sense that in the variety ℝ D ℙ ℂ ℍ of regular dually pseudocomplemented Heyting algebras, the implication operation → satisfies Katriňák's formula. As applications of this result together with the above-mentioned Katriňák's theorem, we show that the varieties ℝ D B L ℙ , ℝ D ℙ ℂ ℍ , ℝ ℙ ℂ ℍ d and ℝ D B L ℍ of regular double p-algebras, regular dually pseudocomplemented Heyting algebras, regular pseudocomplemented dual Heyting algebras, and regular double Heyting algebras, respectively, are term-equivalent to each other and also that the varieties ℝ D M ℙ , ℝ D M ℍ , ℝ D M D B L ℍ , ℝ D M D B L ℙ of regular De Morgan p-algebras, regular De Morgan Heyting algebras, regular De Morgan double Heyting algebras, and regular De Morgan double p-algebras, respectively, are also term-equivalent to each other. From these results and recent results of Adams, Sankappanavar and Vaz de Carvalho on varieties of regular double p-algebras and regular pseudocomplemented De Morgan algebras, we deduce that the lattices of subvarieties of all these varieties have cardinality 2 ℵ 0 . We then define new logics, ℛ D P C ℋ , ℛ P C ℋ d and ℛ D ℳ ℋ , and show that they are algebraizable with ℝ D ℙ ℂ ℍ , ℝ ℙ ℂ ℍ d and ℝ D M ℍ , respectively, as their equivalent algebraic semantics. It is also deduced that the lattices of extensions of all of the above mentioned logics have cardinality 2 ℵ 0 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ntly, Gautama algebras were defined and investigated as a common generalization of the variety RDBLSt of regular double Stone algebras and the variety RKLSt of regular Kleene Stone algebras, both of which are, in turn, generalizations of Boolean algebras. Those algebras were named in honor and memory of the two founders of Indian Logic{Akshapada Gautama and Medhatithi Gautama. The purpose of this paper is to define and investigate a generalization of Gautama algebras, called \Almost Gautama algebras (AG, for short)." More precisely, we give an explicit description of subdirectly irreducible Almost Gautama algebras. As consequences, explicit description of the lattice of subvarieties of AG and the equational bases for all its subvarieties are given. It is also shown that the variety AG is a discriminator variety. Next, we consider logicizing AG; but the variety AG lacks an implication operation. We, therefore, introduce another variety of algebras called \Almost Gautama Heyting algebras" (AGH, for short) and show that the variety AGH is term-equivalent to that of AG. Next, a propositional logic, called AG (or AGH), is defined and shown to be algebraizable (in the sense of Blok and Pigozzi) with the variety AG, via AGH; as its equivalent algebraic semantics (up to term equivalence). All axiomatic extensions of the logic AG, corresponding to all the subvarieties of AG are given. They include the axiomatic extensions RDBLSt, RKLSt and G of the logic AG corresponding to the varieties RDBLSt, RKLSt, and G (of Gautama algebras), respectively. It is also deduced that none of the axiomatic extensions of AG has the Disjunction Property. Finally, We revisit the classical logic with strong negation CN and classical Nelson algebras CN introduced by Vakarelov in 1977 and improve his results by showing that CN is algebraizable with CN as its algebraic semantics and that the logics RKLSt, RKLStH, 3-valued Lukasivicz logic and the classical logic with strong negation are all equivalent [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lifetime of induction motors can be significantly extended by installing diagnostic systems for monitoring their operating conditions. In particular, detecting broken bar failures in motors is important for avoiding the risk of short circuits or other accidents with serious consequences. In the literature, many approaches have been proposed for motor fault detection; however, additional generalized methods based on local and statistical analysis could provide a low-complexity and feasible solution in this field of research. The proposed work presents a methodology for detecting one or two broken rotor bars using the sums and differences histograms (SDH) and machine learning classifiers in this context. From the SDH computed in one phase of the motor's current, nine texture features are calculated for different displacements. Then, all features are used to train two classifiers and to find the best displacements for faults and health identification in the induction motors. A final experimental evaluation considering the best displacements shows an accuracy of 98.16 % for the homogeneity feature and a few signal samples used in a decision tree classifier. Additionally, a polynomial regression curve validates the use of 50 samples to obtain an accuracy of 88.15 % , whereas the highest performance is achieved for 250 samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variety DHMSH of dually hemimorphic semi-Heyting algebras was introduced in 2011 by the second author as an expansion of semi-Heyting algebras by a dual hemimorphism. In this paper, we focus on the variety DHMSH from a logical point of view. The paper presents an extensive investigation of the logic corresponding to the variety of dually hemimorphic semi-Heyting algebras and of its axiomatic extensions, along with an equally extensive universal algebraic study of their corresponding algebraic semantics. Firstly, we present a Hilbertstyle axiomatization of a new logic called "Dually hemimorphic semi-Heyting logic" (DHMSH, for short), as an expansion of semi-intuitionistic logic SI (also called SH) introduced by the first author by adding a weak negation (to be interpreted as a dual hemimorphism). We then prove that it is implicative in the sense of Rasiowa and that it is complete with respect to the variety DHMSH. It is deduced that the logic DHMSH is algebraizable in the sense of Blok and Pigozzi, with the variety DHMSH as its equivalent algebraic semantics and that the lattice of axiomatic extensions of DHMSH is dually isomorphic to the lattice of subvarieties of DHMSH. A new axiomatization for Moisil's logic is also obtained. Secondly, we characterize the axiomatic extensions of DHMSH in which the "Deduction Theorem" holds. Thirdly, we present several new logics, extending the logic DHMSH, corresponding to several important subvarieties of the variety DHMSH. These include logics corresponding to the varieties generated by two-element, three-element and some four-element dually quasi-De Morgan semi- Heyting algebras, as well as a new axiomatization for the 3-valued Lukasiewicz logic. Surprisingly, many of these logics turn out to be connexive logics, only a few of which are presented in this paper. Fourthly, we present axiomatizations for two infinite sequences of logics namely, De Morgan Gödel logics and dually pseudocomplemented Gödel logics. Fifthly, axiomatizations are also provided for logics corresponding to many subvarieties of regular dually quasi-De Morgan Stone semi-Heyting algebras, of regular De Morgan semi-Heyting algebras of level 1, and of JI-distributive semi-Heyting algebras of level 1. We conclude the paper with some open problems. Most of the logics considered in this paper are discriminator logics in the sense that they correspond to discriminator varieties. Some of them, just like the classical logic, are even primal in the sense that their corresponding varieties are generated by primal algebras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color image segmentation divides the image into areas that represent different objects and focus points. One of the biggest problems in color image segmentation is the lack of homogeneity in the color of real urban images, which generates areas of over-segmentation when traditional color segmentation techniques are used. This article describes an approach to detecting and classifying objects in urban environments based on a new chromatic segmentation to locate focus points. Based on components a and b on the CIELab space, we define a chromatic map on the complex space to determine the highest threshold values by comparing neighboring blocks and thus divide various areas of the image automatically. Even though thresholds can result in broad segmentation areas, they suffice to locate centroids of patches on the color image that are then classified using a convolutional neural network (CNN). Thus, this broadly segmented image helps to crop only outlying areas instead of classifying the entire image. The CNN is trained to use six classes based on the patches drawn from the database of reference images from urban environments. Experimental results show a high score for classification accuracy that confirms the contribution of this segmentation approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psittacidae is one of the most endangered families of birds in the world. Knowledge of their nutrition is important for understanding their survival and productivity in the wild, as well as for their adequate husbandry under human care. Hand‐rearing is a common practice for psittacines, however research on their nutrition is limited. We analysed the predicted metabolisable energy, crude protein, crude fat, minerals and the essential amino acid profiles of the crop contents from free‐living nestlings of scarlet macaws (Ara macao) and red‐and‐green macaws (Ara chloropterus) from southeastern Peru, Cuban Amazons (Amazona leucocephala bahamensis) from the Bahamas, lilac‐crowned Amazons (Amazona finschi) from northwestern Mexico and thick‐billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha) from northern Mexico. The crop content of the different parrot species displayed remarkably similar nutritional profiles, considering their diversity in habitats, geographic ranges and food sources. The crude protein and crude fat concentrations in crop samples were particularly similar for the Ara and Amazona species, while the thick‐billed parrot stood out for its higher crude fat and lower crude protein content. Wider variations were found among the concentrations of sodium (Na) and iron (Fe), proline and tryptophan. Compared with the requirements of 6−12 weeks leghorn chickens, all free‐ranging parrot diets contained lower crude protein, calcium (Ca), potassium (P) and Na concentrations. The hand‐feeding formulas contained lower crude fat, magnesium (Mg), arginine, valine and phenylalanine concentrations, as well as much higher levels of Ca and zinc (Zn), in comparison with parrot crop samples. Our data suggest that a single formulation could be used to hand‐rear Ara and Amazona sp. of 3 weeks of age and older, while a different formulation would likely be more appropriated for Rhynchopsitta sp. Experimental studies should evaluate if increasing the concentration of crude fat, Mg, arginine, valine and phenylalanine enhances psittacine chick growth and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2012, the second author introduced, and initiated the investigations into, the variety 퓘 of implication zroupoids that generalize De Morgan algebras and ∨-semilattices with 0. An algebra A = 〈 A, →, 0 〉, where → is binary and 0 is a constant, is called an implication zroupoid (퓘-zroupoid, for short) if A satisfies: (x → y) → z ≈ [(z′ → x) → (y → z)′]′, where x′ := x → 0, and 0″ ≈ 0. Let 퓘 denote the variety of implication zroupoids and A ∈ 퓘. For x, y ∈ A, let x ∧ y := (x → y′)′ and x ∨ y := (x′ ∧ y′)′. In an earlier paper, we had proved that if A ∈ 퓘, then the algebra Amj = 〈A, ∨, ∧〉 is a bisemigroup. The purpose of this paper is two-fold: First, we generalize the notion of semidistributivity from lattices to bisemigroups and prove that, for every A ∈ 퓘, the bisemigroup Amj is semidistributive. Secondly, we generalize the Whitman Property from lattices to bisemigroups and prove that the subvariety 퓜퓔퓙 of 퓘, defined by the identity: x ∧ y ≈ x ∨ y, satisfies the Whitman Property. We conclude the paper with two open problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a category equivalent to that of semi-Nelson algebras. The objects in this category are pairs consisting of a semi-Heyting algebra and one of its filters. The filters must contain all the dense elements of the semi-Heyting algebra and satisfy an additional technical condition. We also show that the category of dually hemimorphic semi-Nelson algebras is equivalent to that of dually hemimorphic semi-Heyting algebras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cosmological observations as well as theoretical approaches to physics beyond the standard model provide strong motivations for experimental tests of fundamental symmetries, such as CPT invariance. In this context, the availability of cold baryonic antimatter at CERN has opened an avenue for ultrahigh-precision comparisons of protons and antiprotons in Penning traps. This work discusses an experimental method inspired by quantum logic techniques that will improve particle localization and readout speed in such experiments. The method allows for sympathetic cooling of the (anti-)proton to its quantum-mechanical ground state as well as the readout of its spin alignment, replacing the commonly used continuous Stern–Gerlach effect. Both of these features are achieved through coupling to a laser-cooled 'logic' ion co-trapped in a double-well potential. This technique will boost the measurement sampling rate and will thus provide results with lower statistical uncertainty, contributing to stringent searches for time dependent variations in the data. Such measurements ultimately yield extremely high sensitivities to CPT violating coefficients acting on baryons in the standard-model extension, will allow the exploration of previously unmeasured types of symmetry violations, and will enable antimatter-based axion-like dark matter searches with improved mass resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on psittacine nutrition is limited, and nestling requirements are poorly understood. This study analysed fatty acid (FA) profiles of crop contents of free‐living scarlet macaws (Ara macao, n = 18), red‐and‐green macaws (Ara chloropterus, n = 5), Cuban parrots (Amazona leucocephala bahamensis, n = 27), lilac‐crowned Amazons (Amazona finschi, n = 33) and thick‐billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha, n = 32). The same analysis was carried out on 15 commercial parrot hand‐feeding formulas. The mean FA concentration of the crop samples of each species ranged from 15% to 53% DM for crop samples and ranged from 6% to 22% for hand‐feeding formulas. Long‐chain FA represented over 92% of all FA in the crop samples and over 81% of all FA in the commercial formulas. Parrot species shared similarities in saturation profiles of crop samples, ranging between 13%–29% saturated fatty acids (SFA), 12%–40% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and 39%–58% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). All studied psittacines, except for the red‐and‐green macaw, were within the range of values for hand‐rearing formulas. Palmitic acid was the most common SFA in scarlet macaws, red‐and‐green macaws, Cuban parrot, thick‐billed parrot and in all but one commercial formula. Palmitic and stearic acids dominated the SFA in the samples of the Lilac‐crowned Amazon. Oleic acid was the most common MUFA in all hand‐feeding formulas as well as in the crop samples, except for the lilac‐crowned amazon and the thick‐billed parrot where vaccenic acid dominated. Linoleic acid was by far the most common PUFA found in the crop samples as well as in the hand‐feeding formulas. PUFA were largely dominated by the n6 family, both in the crop samples and the formulas. The data presented on nestling diets of free‐living parrot species provide a foundation for future researchers to test whether increasing FA concentration in hand‐feeding formulas improves nestling development or if species‐specific formulas will be advantageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An electrical potential not previously reported-electrical cochlear response (ECR)-observed only in implanted patients is described. Its amplitude and growth slope are a measurement of the stimulation achieved by a tone pip on the auditory nerve. The stimulation and recording system constructed for this purpose, the features of this potential obtained in a group of 43 children, and its possible clinical use are described. The ECR is obtained by averaging the EEG epochs acquired each time the cochlear implant (CI) processes a tone pip of known frequency and intensity when the patient is sleeping and using the CI in everyday mode. The ECR is sensitive to tone pip intensity level, microphone sensitivity, sound processor gain, dynamic range of electrical current, and responsiveness to electrical current of the auditory nerve portion involved with the electrode under test. It allows individual evaluation of intracochlear electrodes by choosing, one at the time, the central frequency of the electrode as the test tone pip frequency, so the ECR measurement due to a variable intensity tone pip allows to establish the suitability of the dynamic range of the electrode current.Results: There is a difference in ECR measurements when patients are grouped based on their auditory behavior. The ECR slope and amplitude for the Sensitive group is 0.2 μV/dBHL and 10 μV at 50 dBHL compared with 0.04 μV/dBHL and 3 μV at 50dBHL for the Inconsistent group. The clinical cases show that adjusting the dynamic range of current based on the ECR improved the patient's auditory behavior.Conclusions: ECR can be recorded regardless of the artifact due to the electromyographic activity of the patient and the functioning of the CI. Its amplitude and growth slope versus the intensity of the stimulus differs between electrodes. The relationship between minimum ECR detection intensity level and auditory threshold suggests the possibility of estimating patient auditory thresholds this way. ECR does not depend on the subject's age, cooperation, or health status. It can be obtained at any time after implant surgery and the test procedure is the same regardless of device manufacturer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We determine the number of non‐isomorphic semi‐Heyting algebras on an n‐element chain, where n is a positive integer, using a recursive method. We then prove that the numbers obtained agree with those determined in [1]. We apply the formula to calculate the number of non‐isomorphic semi‐Heyting chains of a given size in some important subvarieties of the variety of semi‐Heyting algebras that were introduced in [5]. We further exploit this recursive method to calculate the numbers A(n,m) of non‐isomorphic semi‐Heyting chains with n elements such that removing the mth element (1

Static magnetic field gradients superimposed on the electromagnetic trapping potential of a Penning trap can be used to implement laser‐less spin–motion couplings that allow the realization of elementary quantum logic operations in the radio‐frequency regime. An important scenario of practical interest is the application to g‐factor measurements with single (anti‐)protons to test the fundamental charge, parity, time reversal (CPT) invariance as pursued in the Baryon Antibaryon Symmetry Experiment (BASE) collaboration. The classical and quantum behavior of a charged particle in a Penning trap with a superimposed magnetic field gradient is discussed. Using analytic and numerical calculations, it is found that it is possible to carry out a SWAP gate between the spin and the motional qubit of a single (anti‐)proton with high fidelity, provided the particle has been initialized in the motional ground state. The implications of the findings for the realization of quantum logic spectroscopy in this system are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extending the relation between semi-Heyting algebras and semi-Nelson algebras to dually hemimorphic semi-Heyting algebras, we introduce and study the variety of dually hemimorphic semi-Nelson algebras and some of its subvarieties. In particular, we prove that the category of dually hemimorphic semi-Heyting algebras is equivalent to the category of dually hemimorphic centered semi-Nelson algebras. We also study the lattice of congruences of a dually hemimorphic semi-Nelson algebra through some of its deductive systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have shown great potential in multiple applications. Their versatility is derived from the possibility of tuning their physical and chemical properties. CNFs can be synthesized using two main methods: the catalytic decomposition of carbon precursors or the electrospinning and carbonization of polymers. The most appropriate method relies on the desired characteristics of the CNFs. Some of their applications include the synthesis of catalysts and catalytic supports, as electrodes for fuel cell devices, in hydrogen storage systems, and in functional nanocomposites. In this review, recent advances in the synthesis and potential applications of CNFs are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Primary health care clinicians play an important role in the management of depression. Thus, it is very important to have a valid and reliable assessment of the competences needed to manage depression in primary health care, with the use of clinical simulation providing such an opportunity. Objective: The present study describes the assessment of primary health care clinicians' depression-related skills through a series of objective structured clinical examination stations. Material and Methods: Clinicians from multi-professional teams for the management of depression at two primary health care clinics in Santiago, Chile, went through seven objective structured clinical examination stations, lasting 10 to 20 min each, to assess their depression-related skills. The clinical and communicative skills measured were in accordance with clinical guidelines. Standardized patients portrayed cases usually encountered in clinical practice, while expert raters evaluated clinicians' performance with standardized checklists. Results: Psychosocial clinicians performed better than biomedical clinicians in the assessed skills. The most notable results were as follows: a high level of accomplishment in the relationship with patient, medical anamnesis, health checkup, and lab test requests; heterogeneous performance in patient management according to screening results, feedback to the patient, and registration in clinical records; and major deficiencies in the differential diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Discussion: The objective structured clinical examinations administered provided an opportunity to perform an in-depth examination of the depression-related skills of primary health care clinicians, where flaws in the screening and diagnosis procedures used by biomedical clinicians were detected. Given the significant involvement of these types of clinicians in depression management, undergraduate-level and continuing health education opportunities are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An algebra A = ⟨ A , → , 0 ⟩ , where → is binary and 0 is a constant, is called an implication zroupoid (I -zroupoid, for short) if A satisfies the identities: (x → y) → z ≈ ((z ′ → x) → (y → z) ′) ′ and 0 ′ ′ ≈ 0 , where x ′ : = x → 0 . An implication zroupoid is symmetric if it satisfies: x ′ ′ ≈ x and (x → y ′) ′ ≈ (y → x ′) ′ . The variety of symmetric I -zroupoids is denoted by S . We began a systematic analysis of weak associative laws (or identities) of length ≤ 4 in Cornejo and Sankappanavar (Soft Comput 22(13):4319–4333, 2018a. 10.1007/s00500-017-2869-z), by examining the identities of Bol–Moufang type, in the context of the variety S . In this paper, we complete the analysis by investigating the rest of the weak associative laws of length ≤ 4 relative to S . We show that, of the (possible) 155 subvarieties of S defined by the weak associative laws of length ≤ 4 , there are exactly 6 distinct ones. We also give an explicit description of the poset of the (distinct) subvarieties of S defined by weak associative laws of length ≤ 4 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An algebra A = ⟨ A , → , 0 ⟩ , where → is binary and 0 is a constant, is called an implication zroupoid (I -zroupoid, for short) if A satisfies the identities: (x → y) → z ≈ ((z ′ → x) → (y → z) ′) ′ and 0 ′ ′ ≈ 0 , where x ′ : = x → 0 . An implication zroupoid is symmetric if it satisfies: x ′ ′ ≈ x and (x → y ′) ′ ≈ (y → x ′) ′ . The variety of symmetric I -zroupoids is denoted by S . We began a systematic analysis of weak associative laws (or identities) of length ≤ 4 in Cornejo and Sankappanavar (Soft Comput 22(13):4319–4333, 2018a. 10.1007/s00500-017-2869-z), by examining the identities of Bol–Moufang type, in the context of the variety S . In this paper, we complete the analysis by investigating the rest of the weak associative laws of length ≤ 4 relative to S . We show that, of the (possible) 155 subvarieties of S defined by the weak associative laws of length ≤ 4 , there are exactly 6 distinct ones. We also give an explicit description of the poset of the (distinct) subvarieties of S defined by weak associative laws of length ≤ 4 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Imazaquin is a chiral herbicide which displays high mobility in soils. Like other imidazolinones, imazaquin is available for use only as racemic mixture of its enantiomers. In this work, several clay materials were assayed as adsorbents of imazaquin, and then the most suitable material was selected to prepare a clay‐based slow release imazaquin nanoformulation containing exclusively the biologically active R‐enantiomer. Next, laboratory experiments were conducted to illustrate the benefits of using the clay‐based R‐imazaquin formulation over the free (non‐supported) racemic herbicide or the free pure R‐imazaquin enantiomer regarding its leaching behavior and bioefficacy. RESULTS: The clay material selected as a carrier for R‐imazaquin, hexadecyltrimethylammonium‐saturated montmorillonite (SA‐HDTMA), combined a high affinity for the herbicide and a high stability of the clay‐herbicide adsorption complex. In a simulated scenario of high water input shortly after herbicide application, the clay‐based R‐imazaquin formulation displayed reduced leaching and increased bioefficacy compared to free racemic imazaquin and free R‐imazaquin. CONCLUSION: The new clay‐R‐imazaquin formulation prepared, besides avoiding the environmental impact caused by the application of the less active S‐enantiomer, reduced the herbicide leaching losses and prolonged the herbicidal activity, by increasing the residence time of the herbicide in the topsoil. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An algebra A = (A, V, Λ, →S-, 0,1} is a semi-Heyting algebra if (A, V, Λ, 0,1) is a bounded lattice, and it satisfies the identities : x Λ (x → y) ≈ x Λ y, x Λ (y → z) ≈ X Λ [(x Λ y), and x → x ≈ 1. SH denotes the variety of semi-Heyting algebras. Semi-Heyting algebras were introduced by the second author as an abstraction from Heyting algebras. They share several important properties with Heyting algebras. An identity of associative type of length 3 is a groupoid identity, both sides of which contain the same three (distinct) variables that occur in any order and that are grouped in one of the two (obvious) ways. A subvariety of S'H is of associative type of length 3 if it is defined by a single identity of associative type of length 3. In this paper we describe all the distinct subvarieties of the variety SH of aso-ciative type of length 3. Our main result shows that there are 3 such subvarities of SH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Penning-trap facility for high-precision mass spectrometry based on a novel detection method has been built. This method consists in measuring motional frequencies of singly-charged ions trapped in strong magnetic fields through the fluorescence photons from laser-cooled 40Ca+ ions, to overcome limitations faced in electronic single-ion detection techniques. The key element of this facility is an open-ring Penning trap coupled upstream to a preparation Penning trap similar to those used at Radioactive Ion Beam facilities. Here we present a full characterization of the trap and demonstrate motional frequency measurements of trapped ions stored by applying external radiofrequency fields in resonance with the ions' eigenmotions, in combination with time-of-flight identification. The infrastructure developed to observe the fluorescence photons from 40Ca+, comprising the 12 laser beams and the optical system to register the image in a high-sensitive CCD sensor, has been proved by taking images of the trapped and cooled 40Ca+ ions. This demonstrates the functionality of the proposed laser-based mass-spectrometry technique, providing a unique platform for precision experiments with implications in different fields of physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archivos Venezolanos de Farmacología y Terapéutica is the property of Archivos Venezolanos de Farmacologia y Terapeutica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Motivated by a construction due to R. Cignoli that relates Heyting algebras and centered Nelson algebras, in this paper we prove that there exists an equivalence between the category of semi-Heyting algebras and the category of centered semi-Nelson algebras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An algebra A=⟨A,→,0⟩, where → is binary and 0 is a constant, is called an implication zroupoid (I-zroupoid, for short) if A satisfies the identities: (I): (x→y)→z≈((z′→x)→(y→z)′)′, and (I0): 0′′≈0, where x′:=x→0. An implication zroupoid is symmetric if it satisfies the identities: x′′≈x and (x→y′)′≈(y→x′)′. An identity is of Bol-Moufang type if it contains only one binary operation symbol, one of its three variables occurs twice on each side, each of the other two variables occurs once on each side, and the variables occur in the same (alphabetical) order on both sides of the identity. In this paper, we will present a systematic analysis of all 60 identities of Bol-Moufang type in the variety S of symmetric I-zroupoids. We show that 47 of the subvarieties of S, defined by the identities of Bol-Moufang type, are equal to the variety SL of ∨-semilattices with the least element 0 and one of others is equal to S. Of the remaining 12, there are only three distinct ones. We also give an explicit description of the poset of the (distinct) subvarieties of S of Bol-Moufang type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the definition of semi-Nelson algebras, a propositional calculus called semi-intuitionistic logic with strong negation is introduced and proved to be complete with respect to that class of algebras. An axiomatic extension is proved to have as algebraic semantics the class of Nelson algebras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generalizing the well known and exploited relation between Heyting and Nelson algebras to semi-Heyting algebras, we introduce the variety of semi-Nelson algebras. The main tool for its study is the construction given by Vakarelov. Using it, we characterize the lattice of congruences of a semi-Nelson algebra through some of its deductive systems, use this to find the subdirectly irreducible algebras, prove that the variety is arithmetical, has equationally definable principal congruences, has the congruence extension property and describe the semisimple subvarieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An algebra A = (A, →, 0), where ! is binary and 0 is a constant, is called an I- zroupoid if A satisfies the identities: (x → y) → z ≈ [(z' → x) → (y → z)']' and 0'' ≈ 0, where x' := x → 0, and I denotes the variety of all I-zroupoids. An I-zroupoid is symmetric if it satisfies x'' ≈ x and (x → y')' ≈ (y → x')'. The variety of symmetric I-zroupoids is denoted by S. An identity p ≈ q, in the groupoid language (→), is called an identity of associative type of length 3 if p and q have exactly 3 (distinct) variables, say x; y; z, and are grouped according to one of the two ways of grouping: (1) ★ → (★ → ★) and (2) (★ → ★) → ★, where ★ is a place holder for a variable. A subvariety of I is said to be of associative type of length 3, if it is defined, relative to I, by a single identity of associative type of length 3. In this paper we give a complete analysis of the mutual relationships of all subvarieties of I of associative type of length 3. We prove, in our main theorem, that there are exactly 8 such subvarieties of I that are distinct from each other and describe explicitly the poset formed by them under inclusion. As an application of the main theorem, we derive that there are three distinct subvarieties of the variety S of associative type, each defined relative to S, by a single identity of associative type of length 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2012, the second author introduced and studied in Sankappanavar (Sci Math Jpn 75(1):21-50, 2012) the variety $${\mathcal {I}}$$ of algebras, called implication zroupoids, that generalize De Morgan algebras. An algebra $${\mathbf {A}} = \langle A, \rightarrow , 0 \rangle $$ , where $$\rightarrow $$ is binary and 0 is a constant, is called an implication zroupoid ( $${\mathcal {I}}$$ -zroupoid, for short) if $${\mathbf {A}}$$ satisfies: $$(x \rightarrow y) \rightarrow z \approx [(z' \rightarrow x) \rightarrow (y \rightarrow z)']'$$ and $$ 0'' \approx 0$$ , where $$x' : = x \rightarrow 0$$ . The present authors devoted the papers, Cornejo and Sankappanavar (Alegbra Univers, 2016a; Stud Log 104(3):417-453, 2016b. doi:; and Soft Comput: 20:3139-3151, 2016c. doi:), to the investigation of the structure of the lattice of subvarieties of $${\mathcal {I}}$$ , and to making further contributions to the theory of implication zroupoids. This paper investigates the structure of the derived algebras $$\mathbf {A^{m}} := \langle A, \wedge , 0 \rangle $$ and $$\mathbf {A^{mj}} :=\langle A, \wedge , \vee , 0 \rangle $$ of $${\mathbf {A}} \in {\mathcal {I}}$$ , where $$x \wedge y := (x \rightarrow y')'$$ and $$x \vee y := (x' \wedge y')'$$ , as well as the lattice of subvarieties of $${\mathcal {I}}$$ . The varieties $${\mathcal {I}}_{2,0}$$ , $${{\mathcal {R}}}{{\mathcal {D}}}$$ , $$\mathcal {SRD}$$ , $${\mathcal {C}}$$ , $${{\mathcal {C}}}{{\mathcal {P}}}$$ , $${\mathcal {A}}$$ , $${{\mathcal {M}}}{{\mathcal {C}}}$$ , and $$\mathcal {CLD}$$ are defined relative to $${\mathcal {I}}$$ , respectively, by: (I $$_{2,0}$$ ) $$x'' \approx x$$ , (RD) $$(x \rightarrow y) \rightarrow z \approx (x \rightarrow z) \rightarrow (y \rightarrow z)$$ , (SRD) $$(x \rightarrow y) \rightarrow z \approx (z \rightarrow x) \rightarrow (y \rightarrow z)$$ , (C) $$ x \rightarrow y \approx y \rightarrow x$$ , (CP) $$ x \rightarrow y' \approx y \rightarrow x'$$ , (A) $$(x \rightarrow y) \rightarrow z \approx x \rightarrow (y \rightarrow z)$$ , (MC) $$x \wedge y \approx y \wedge x$$ , (CLD) $$x \rightarrow (y \rightarrow z) \approx (x \rightarrow z) \rightarrow (y \rightarrow x)$$ . The purpose of this paper is two-fold. Firstly, we show that, for each $${\mathbf {A}} \in {\mathcal {I}}$$ , $${\mathbf {A}}^{\mathbf {m}}$$ is a semigroup. From this result, we deduce that, for $${\mathbf {A}} \in {\mathcal {I}}_{2,0} \cap {{\mathcal {M}}}{{\mathcal {C}}}$$ , the derived algebra $$\mathbf {A^{mj}}$$ is a distributive bisemilattice and is also a Birkhoff system. Secondly, we show that $$\mathcal {CLD} \subset \mathcal {SRD} \subset {{\mathcal {R}}}{{\mathcal {D}}}$$ and $${\mathcal {C}} \subset \ {{\mathcal {C}}}{{\mathcal {P}}} \cap {\mathcal {A}} \cap {{\mathcal {M}}}{{\mathcal {C}}} \cap \mathcal {CLD}$$ , both of which are much stronger results than were announced in Sankappanavar (Sci Math Jpn 75(1):21-50, 2012). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a paper published in 2012, the second author extended the well-known fact that Boolean algebras can be defined using only implication and a constant, to De Morgan algebras-this result led him to introduce, and investigate (in the same paper), the variety $${\mathcal{I}}$$ of algebras, there called implication zroupoids ( I-zroupoids) and here called implicator groupoids ( $${\mathcal{I}}$$ -groupoids), that generalize De Morgan algebras. The present paper is a continuation of the paper mentioned above and is devoted to investigating the structure of the lattice of subvarieties of $${\mathcal{I}}$$ , and also to making further contributions to the theory of implicator groupoids. Several new subvarieties of $${\mathcal{I}}$$ are introduced and their relationship with each other, and with the subvarieties of $${\mathcal{I}}$$ which were already investigated in the paper mentioned above, are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variety $${\mathcal{SH}}$$ of semi-Heyting algebras was introduced by H. P. Sankappanavar (in: Proceedings of the 9th 'Dr. Antonio A. R. Monteiro' Congress, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, 2008) [13] as an abstraction of the variety of Heyting algebras. Semi-Heyting algebras are the algebraic models for a logic HsH, known as semi-intuitionistic logic, which is equivalent to the one defined by a Hilbert style calculus in Cornejo (Studia Logica 98(1-2):9-25, 2011) [6]. In this article we introduce a Gentzen style sequent calculus GsH for the semi-intuitionistic logic whose associated logic GsH is the same as HsH. The advantage of this presentation of the logic is that we can prove a cut-elimination theorem for GsH that allows us to prove the decidability of the logic. As a direct consequence, we also obtain the decidability of the equational theory of semi-Heyting algebras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a well known fact that Boolean algebras can be defined using only implication and a constant. In fact, in 1934, Bernstein (Trans Am Math Soc 36:876-884, 1934) gave a system of axioms for Boolean algebras in terms of implication only. Though his original axioms were not equational, a quick look at his axioms would reveal that if one adds a constant, then it is not hard to translate his system of axioms into an equational one. Recently, in 2012, the second author of this paper extended this modified Bernstein's theorem to De Morgan algebras (see Sankappanavar, Sci Math Jpn 75(1):21-50, 2012). Indeed, it is shown in Sankappanavar (Sci Math Jpn 75(1):21-50, 2012) that the varieties of De Morgan algebras, Kleene algebras, and Boolean algebras are term-equivalent, respectively, to the varieties, $$\mathbf {DM}$$ , $$\mathbf {KL}$$ , and $$\mathbf {BA}$$ whose defining axioms use only the implication $$\rightarrow $$ and the constant 0. The fact that the identity, herein called (I), occurs as one of the two axioms in the definition of each of the varieties $$\mathbf {DM}$$ , $$\mathbf {KL}$$ and $$\mathbf {BA}$$ motivated the second author of this paper to introduce, and investigate, the variety $$\mathbf {I}$$ of implication zroupoids, generalizing De Morgan algebras. These investigations are continued by the authors of the present paper in Cornejo and Sankappanavar (Implication zroupoids I, 2015), wherein several new subvarieties of $$\mathbf {I}$$ are introduced and their relationships with each other and with the varieties studied in Sankappanavar (Sci Math Jpn 75(1):21-50, 2012) are explored. The present paper is a continuation of Sankappanavar (Sci Math Jpn 75(1):21-50, 2012) and Cornejo and Sankappanavar (Implication zroupoids I, 2015). The main purpose of this paper is to determine the simple algebras in $$\mathbf {I}$$ . It is shown that there are exactly five (nontrivial) simple algebras in $$\mathbf {I}$$ . From this description we deduce that the semisimple subvarieties of $$\mathbf {I}$$ are precisely the subvarieties of the variety generated by these simple I-zroupoids and that they are locally finite. It also follows that the lattice of semisimple subvarieties of $$\mathbf {I}$$ is isomorphic to the direct product of a 4-element Boolean lattice and a 4-element chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Chile, there are inconsistencies in the management of depression in primary care settings, and the National Depression Program, currently in effect, was implemented without a standardized training program. The objective of this study is to evaluate the acceptability of a training program on the management of depression for primary care health teams. Methods: The study was a randomized controlled trial, and two primary centers from the Metropolitan Region of Santiago were randomly selected to carry out the intervention training program. Pre-post surveys were applied, to evaluate expectations and satisfaction with the intervention, respectively. Descriptive and content analysis was carried out. Result: The sample consisted of 41 health professionals, 56.1% of who reported that their expectations for the intervention were met. All of the training activities were evaluated with scores higher than 6.4 (on a 1-7 scale). The trainers, the methodology, and the learning environment were considered strengths and facilitators of the program, while the limited duration of the training, the logistical problems faced during part of the program, and the lack of educational material were viewed as weaknesses. Conclusion: The intervention was well accepted by primary health care teams. However, the clinical impact in patients still has to be evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variety $${\mathbf{I}}$$ of implication zroupoids (using a binary operation $${\to}$$ and a constant 0) was defined and investigated by Sankappanavar ( Scientia Mathematica Japonica 75(1):21-50, 2012), as a generalization of De Morgan algebras. Also, in Sankappanavar ( Scientia Mathematica Japonica 75(1):21-50, 2012), several subvarieties of $${\mathbf{I}}$$ were introduced, including the subvariety $${\mathbf{I_{2,0}}}$$ , defined by the identity: $${x^{\prime \prime}\approx x}$$ , which plays a crucial role in this paper. Some more new subvarieties of $${\mathbf{I}}$$ are studied in Cornejo and Sankappanavar (Algebra Univ, 2015) that includes the subvariety $${\mathbf{SL}}$$ of semilattices with a least element 0. An explicit description of semisimple subvarieties of $${\mathbf{I}}$$ is given in Cornejo and Sankappanavar ( Soft Computing, 2015). It is a well known fact that there is a partial order (denote it by $${\sqsubseteq}$$ ) induced by the operation ∧, both in the variety $${\mathbf{SL}}$$ of semilattices with a least element and in the variety $${\mathbf{DM}}$$ of De Morgan algebras. As both $${\mathbf{SL}}$$ and $${\mathbf{DM}}$$ are subvarieties of $${\mathbf{I}}$$ and the definition of partial order can be expressed in terms of the implication and the constant, it is but natural to ask whether the relation $${\sqsubseteq}$$ on $${\mathbf{I}}$$ is actually a partial order in some (larger) subvariety of $${\mathbf{I}}$$ that includes both $${\mathbf{SL}}$$ and $${\mathbf{DM}}$$ . The purpose of the present paper is two-fold: Firstly, a complete answer is given to the above mentioned problem. Indeed, our first main theorem shows that the variety $${\mathbf{I_{2,0}}}$$ is a maximal subvariety of $${\mathbf{I}}$$ with respect to the property that the relation $${\sqsubseteq}$$ is a partial order on its members. In view of this result, one is then naturally led to consider the problem of determining the number of non-isomorphic algebras in $${\mathbf{I_{2,0}}}$$ that can be defined on an n-element chain (herein called $${\mathbf{I_{2,0}}}$$ -chains), n being a natural number. Secondly, we answer this problem in our second main theorem which says that, for each $${n \in \mathbb{N}}$$ , there are exactly n nonisomorphic $${\mathbf{I_{2,0}}}$$ -chains of size n. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Soil incubation and column leaching experiments were conducted to address the question of whether the type of formulation (unsupported versus clay supported) and repeated applications of the chiral fungicide ( RS)-metalaxyl affected the enantioselectivity of its dissipation and leaching in a slightly alkaline, loamy sand agricultural soil. RESULTS Regardless of the type of formulation and the number of fungicide applications, the R-enantiomer of metalaxyl was degraded faster than the S-enantiomer, but the individual degradation rates of R- and S-metalaxyl were highly affected by the different application regimes assayed ( t 1/ 2 = 2-104 days). Repeated applications accelerated the degradation of the biologically active R-metalaxyl enantiomer, whereas they led to slower degradation of the non-active S-metalaxyl enantiomer. The type of formulation had less influence on the dissipation rates of the enantiomers. For all formulations tested, soil column leachates became increasingly enriched in S-enantiomer as the number of fungicide applications was increased, and application of metalaxyl to soil columns as clay-based formulations reduced the leaching of both enantiomers. CONCLUSION Pesticide application conditions can greatly influence the enantioselective dissipation of chiral pesticides in soil, and hence are expected to exert a great impact on both the biological efficacy and the environmental chiral signatures of pesticides applied as mixtures of enantiomers or racemates to agricultural soils. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we introduce a logic that we name semi Heyting-Brouwer logic, $${\mathcal{SHB}}$$ , in such a way that the variety of double semi-Heyting algebras is its algebraic counterpart. We prove that, up to equivalences by translations, the Heyting-Brouwer logic $${\mathcal{HB}}$$ is an axiomatic extension of $${\mathcal{SHB}}$$ and that the propositional calculi of intuitionistic logic $${\mathcal{I}}$$ and semi-intuitionistic logic $${\mathcal{SI}}$$ turn out to be fragments of $${\mathcal{SHB}}$$ . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxyfluorfen herbicide residues have been previously reported in surface and ground water in the Guadalquivir river basin in Spain. Soil factors and processes (sorption, dissipation, and leaching) influencing the potential offsite transport of oxyfluorfen to surface and ground water were characterized in laboratory experiments for two soils from Southern Spain. The influence of olive-oil mill waste amendment on the soil processes was also determined. Oxyfluorfen sorption in unamended soils was not significantly affected by soil active components (organic matter and clay fraction). However, a significant increase in soil sorption of the herbicide was observed upon amendment. Laboratory half-life values for oxyfluorfen in unamended sandy clay loam and silty clay soils at 40% moisture content and 25°C were 29 and 19 days, respectively, and it increased by a factor of four upon amendment. Oxyfluorfen's mobility along soil profile increased with the amendment in leaching studies at 25°C, suggesting that dissolved organic matter of amendment can play an important role enhancing soil vertical movement of the pesticide. The increase in soil adsorption and persistence observed with olive-oil mill waste amendment can promote its losses by runoff following winter application, whereas vertical movement of oxyfluorfen can be enhanced following spring application when olive-oil mill waste amendment is also applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bentazone and S-metolachlor are herbicides widely used for the control of broad leaf weeds in crops such as corn and soybean. The effect of the addition to soils with different texture and organic matter content of an organic waste (OW) from oil olive production (alperujo) on different processes affecting behaviour of both herbicides was evaluated. Sorption of S-metolachlor increased upon amendment. A six-fold increase could be observed for Kd values on the sandy soil amended at 10% rate and a five-fold increase on the soil with higher content on clay (48%) and same rate of OW (10%). The results revealed that although an increase in soil total pore volume was found upon amendment (from 210 to 266 mm3 g−1 in sandy (S) soil, from 215 to 251 in clayey (19% silt) (T) soil, and from 240 to 289 in clayey (50% silt) (E) soil), leaching of the herbicide S-metolachlor was greatly reduced (from 61 to 3.5% in the S-soil and from 37 to <1% in the clayey T-soil) since its behaviour in soils is strongly affected by sorption processes. Bentazone leaching was only slightly delayed upon amendment. Half-life of both herbicides also increased upon amendment. The greatest increase was observed with the higher rate of OW (10%) in the soils with higher content of clay (48% in T-soil and 31% in E-soil). A 17-fold increase was observed for S-metolachlor half-life in T-soil and a four-fold increase for bentazone in E-soil. Thus, the use of the by-product from olive oil extraction can be a good strategy to reduce the off-site movement of S-metolachlor by increasing its soil sorption, and therefore the risk of water pollution can be diminished. However, the higher persistence of both herbicides in organic amended soils should be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-intuitionistic logic is the logic counterpart to semi-Heyting algebras, which were defined by H. P. Sankappanavar as a generalization of Heyting algebras. We present a new, more streamlined set of axioms for semi-intuitionistic logic, which we prove translationally equivalent to the original one. We then study some formulas that define a semi-Heyting implication, and specialize this study to the case in which the formulas use only the lattice operators and the intuitionistic implication. We prove then that all the logics thus obtained are equivalent to intuitionistic logic, and give their Kripke semantics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the variety $${\mathbb{IMT}n}$$ and some of its subvarieties. After proving some general properties of IMTn-chains, we characterize IMT4-chains and we provide a complete description of some subvarieties of $${\mathbb{IMT}4}$$ . We establish a relationship between totally symmetric partitions of the m-cube and IMT4-chains, and as a consequence of this relationship, we give a procedure to construct all finite IMT4-chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives High rates of household participation are critical to the success of door-to-door vector control campaigns. We used the Health Belief Model to assess determinants of participation, including neighbour participation as a cue to action, in a Chagas disease vector control campaign in Peru. Methods We evaluated clustering of participation among neighbours; estimated participation as a function of household infestation status, neighbourhood type and number of participating neighbours; and described the reported reasons for refusal to participate in a district of 2911 households. Results We observed significant clustering of participation along city blocks ( p<0.0001). Participation was significantly higher for households in new versus established neighbourhoods, for infested households, and for households with more participating neighbours. The effect of neighbour participation was greater in new neighbourhoods. Conclusions Results support a 'contagion' model of participation, highlighting the possibility that one or two participating households can tip a block towards full participation. Future campaigns can leverage these findings by making participation more visible, by addressing stigma associated with spraying, and by employing group incentives to spray. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate those subvarieties of the variety $\mathcal {SH}$ of semi-Heyting algebras which are term-equivalent to the variety $\mathcal L_{\mathcal H}$ of Gödel algebras (linear Heyting algebras). We prove that the only other subvarieties with this property are the variety $\mathcal L^{\rm Com}$ of commutative semi-Heyting algebras and the variety $\mathcal L^{\vee}$ generated by the chains in which a < b implies a → b = b. We also study the variety $\mathcal C$ generated within $\mathcal{SH}$ by $\mathcal L_{\mathcal H}$, $\mathcal L_\vee$ and $\mathcal L_{\rm Com}$. In particular we prove that $\mathcal C$ is locally finite and we obtain a construction of the finitely generated free algebra in $\mathcal C$. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we prove that the free algebras in a subvariety \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathcal V$\end{document} of the variety \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathcal {SH}$\end{document} of semi-Heyting algebras are directly decomposable if and only if \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathcal V$\end{document} satisfies the Stone identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are few experiments aiming at determining directly the mass of the electron antineutrino with a sensitivity of 0.2 eV by analyzing the end of the β-decay spectrum of specific nuclei. This sensitivity can be only reached if the uncertainties arising from systematic effects are very small and very well determined. The same holds for experiments aiming at improving the sensitivity in the determination of the mass of the electron neutrino using electron-capture (ϵ)-decaying nuclei. One important input in these cases is an accurate Q-value of the decay which can be unambiguously determined from the difference of the mass of the mother and the daughter nuclei by means of Penning traps. In order to reach the required sensitivity, a novel device called Quantum Sensor is under construction at the University of Granada (Spain). The device will allow measuring atomic masses, and therefore Q-values from decays with unprecedented accuracy and sensitivity, using fluorescence photons from a laser-cooled ion instead of electronic detection. This paper will give an overview on Q-value measurements performed with Penning traps, relevant for neutrino mass spectrometry, describing the Quantum Sensor and the facility under construction. It will end by presenting the status of the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]