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Background: Long-term outcome and quality of life (QOL) in patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation after failure to wean in the ICU is scarcely documented. We aimed to evaluate long-term survival and QOL in patients discharged from the ICU with a tracheostomy for difficult weaning, and with or without ventilator dependency at ICU discharge. Methods: We retrospectively investigated post-ICU trajectories and survival in patients requiring tracheostomy for difficult weaning admitted to the medical ICU of a tertiary center between 1999 and 2013, discriminating between patients who were ventilator dependent or were weaned at ICU discharge. In 2014, a QOL assessment was done in survivors with the use of the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Severe Respiratory Insufficiency questionnaire. Results: A total of 114 patients was included, of whom 59 were ventilator dependent and 55 were weaned at ICU discharge. One-year survival rates were 73 % and 69 %, respectively. Overall QOL scores for physical functioning were low, and not significantly different between patients ventilated and those weaned at ICU discharge; scores for social functioning and mental health were less below norm and similar between both groups. Conclusions: Long-term survival in patients discharged from the ICU with tracheostomy and ventilator dependency after failure to wean was not significantly different from that of patients with tracheostomy and weaned at ICU discharge. Despite the physical QOL scores being low in both groups, mental QOL was acceptable. Given the intrinsic limitations of this retrospective study, prospective and preferentially multicenter studies are required to confirm these preliminary results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to characterize pharmacokinetics of tiotropium solution 5 µg compared to powder 18 µg and assess dose-dependency of tiotropium solution pharmacodynamics in comparison to placebo. In total 154 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were included in this multicenter, randomized, double-blind within-solution (1.25, 2.5, 5 µg, and placebo), and open-label powder 18 µg, crossover study, including 4-week treatment periods. Primary end points were peak plasma concentration (Cmax,ss), and area under the plasma concentration-time profile (AUC0-6h,ss), both at steady state. The pharmacodynamic response was assessed by serial spirometry (forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity). Safety was evaluated as adverse events and by electrocardiogram/Holter. Tiotropium was rapidly absorbed with a median tmax,ss of 5-7 minutes postdosing for both devices. The gMean ratio of solution 5 µg over powder 18 µg was 81% (90% confidence interval, 73-89%) for Cmax,ss and 76% (70-82%) for AUC0-6h,ss, indicating that bioequivalence was not established. Dose ordering for bronchodilation was observed. Powder 18 µg and solution 5 µg were most effective, providing comparable bronchodilation. All treatments were well tolerated with no apparent relation to dose or device. Comparable bronchodilator efficacy to powder18 µg at lower systemic exposure supports tiotropium solution 5 µg for maintenance treatment of COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Respiratory cancer and its treatment are known to contribute to muscle weakness and functional impairment. Aim. To assess the effects of rehabilitation in patients with respiratory cancer. Methods. Radically treated respiratory cancer patients were included in a 12-week multidisciplinary rehabilitation program. Results. 16 patients (age: 61±7 years; FEV1: 57±16% pred.) showed a reduced exercise tolerance (VO2max: 56±15% pred.; 6 MWD: 67±11% pred.), muscle force (PImax: 54±22% pred.; QF: 67±16% pred.), and quality of life (CRDQd: 17±5 points; CRDQf: 16±5 points). Exercise tolerance, muscle force, and quality of life improved significantly after rehabilitation. Conclusion. Radically treated patients with respiratory cancer have a decreased exercise capacity, muscle force, and quality of life. 12 weeks of rehabilitation leads to a significant improvement in exercise capacity, respiratory muscle force, and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently performed long term trials have enhanced the insight into the assessment of progression of COPD. The present review focuses on the initial assessment of COPD in general practice and the assessment of disease progression. Several variables may be used to assess this progression, all of which are associated with significant methodological problems. Finding the appropriate mix of outcome measures to capture all aspects of disease progression is a significant challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the dermatological consequences of treatment with a beta-adrenergic antagonist, atenolol, in a patient with pheochromocytoma. There were acral skin lesions, histologically characterized by epidermal and sweat-gland necrosis. It is believed that the combined action of severe local ischaemia and profuse sweating produced these lesions, which resembled histologically the changes found in patients comatose as the result of carbon monoxide or drug poisoning. The importance of such lesions in diagnosis is discussed. Pheochromocytoma is a tumour of chromaffin cells usually originating in the adrenal medulla. Due to hypersecretion of catecholamines the tumour manifests itself with a typical clinical picture, characterized by paroxysmal hypertension with concomitant pallor, headache, sweating, tachycardia, abdominal discomfort, nausea and vomiting. We describe a patient who received a beta-adrenergic antagonist before the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was made, and who developed unusual acral skin lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most of the currently available inhaled beta 2 agonists are short acting bronchodilators. The aim of this study was to compare the rate of onset and duration of the bronchodilating activity of formoterol and salbutamol.Methods: Fourteen patients with reversible airways obstruction received placebo, 200 micrograms salbutamol, and 12, 24, and 48 micrograms formoterol from a metered dose inhaler, according to a double blind, randomised crossover design. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and specific airways conductance (sGaw) were measured over 12 hours.Results: Salbutamol and all doses of formoterol caused a significant and substantial increase in sGaw one minute after inhalation. The mean maximum increase in FEV1 was 58% (8%) after 200 micrograms salbutamol compared with 63% (11%), 62% (10%), and 74% (10%) after 12, 24, and 48 micrograms formoterol, respectively. The mean maximum increase in FEV1 occurred 57 (12) minutes after administration of salbutamol compared with 137 (16), 141 (21), and 161 (33) minutes after 12, 24, and 48 micrograms formoterol respectively. The bronchodilating effect of salbutamol did not differ from placebo after six hours. In contrast, the mean increase in FEV1 12 hours after 12 micrograms formoterol (26% (8%) of baseline) significantly exceeded the change after placebo. Tremor was recorded in four patients after 48 micrograms formoterol.Conclusion: Formoterol is a potent, fast acting bronchodilator with a long duration of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]