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A numerical model describing a magnonic active ring oscillator (MARO) based on a microscopic spin-wave delay line is proposed. The model considers excitation, propagation, and reception of the magnetostatic surface waves in a yttrium iron garnet (YIG) magnetic film with a thickness in the nanometer range. The waves are excited and received with a microscopic coplanar antenna. We employed the model to analyze the influence of the YIG-film thickness and the distance between the antennas on the MARO performance characteristics. We showed that an increase in the delay time inserted by the delay line reduces the phase noise of the MARO and increases the auto-oscillation threshold. In addition, we found a relation between the auto-oscillation threshold, the thickness of the YIG film, and the distance between the antennas. The relation helps design miniature MAROs and suggests a way to reduce the phase noise of the device. The model predicts a phase noise level of −115 dBc/Hz at a 10 kHz offset from an oscillation frequency in the vicinity of 5 GHz for the MARO based on a 100 nm-thick YIG film and 56 μm of distance between the coplanar nano-antennas of the YIG-film based delay line. We believe that this is a clear way forward to microminiaturize the time-delay feedback microwave auto-oscillators. A further reduction in the phase noise down to −125 dBc/Hz at a 10 kHz offset is found in a model of cascaded connection of several microscopic spin-wave delay lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended simple regions have been the focus of recent developments in philosophical logic, metaphysics, and philosophy of physics. However, only a handful of works provides a rigorous characterization of an extended simple region. In particular, a recent paper in this journal defends a definition based on an extrinsic notion of least distance. Call it the Least Distance proposal. This paper provides the first assessment of it. It argues that Least Distance faces difficulties and drawbacks. The paper then goes on to suggest a different proposal, the Diameter proposal that is able to handle such drawbacks and difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To overcome the defects of large rigidity and the low load of magnetic particles in the magnetic component of an electromagnetic generator, Nd2Fe14B magnetic powder was used as the magnetic material, weft-knitted hollow webbing as the flexible matrix, and waterborne polyurethane as the packaging layer to prepare magnetic yarns, which were then woven into magnetic fabrics. A magnetoelectric generation system and magnetoelectric clothing generator based on magnetic fabric and a conductive coil were prepared, and their electrical output performance was tested. The results show that the load of magnetic particles in magnetic yarn is up to 182.80 mg/cm, and the magnetic intensity of the magnetic fabric reaches 38 mT. The electrical output performance of the magnetoelectric generation system improves with increasing the content of magnetic particles, the number of turns of the conductive coil, the speed of relative movement, and reducing the vertical working distance. The voltage and current generated by the magnetoelectric clothing generator reach 2.42 V and 6.26 mA respectively, and the maximum output power density can reach 439.94 mW/m2. This electromagnetic generator based on magnetic fabric is expected to be applied in the field of wearable self-powered devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shortest distance between the first $ n $ iterates of a typical point can be quantified with a log rule for some dynamical systems admitting Gibbs measures. We show this in two settings. For topologically mixing Markov shifts with at most countably infinite alphabet admitting a Gibbs measure with respect to a locally Hölder potential, we prove the asymptotic length of the longest common substring for a typical point converges and the limit depends on the Rényi entropy. For interval maps with a Gibbs-Markov structure, we prove a similar rule relating the correlation dimension of Gibbs measures with the shortest distance between two iterates in the orbit generated by a typical point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme mass ratio inspirals (EMRIs) are one of the primary targets for the recently adopted millihertz gravitational-wave observatory LISA. Some previous studies have argued that a fraction of all EMRIs form in matter-rich environments, and can potentially explain the dozens of soft X-ray band (⁠|$\sim 10^{-1}\,\rm keV$|⁠), low-frequency (⁠|$\sim 0.1$| mHz) periodic phenomena known as quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs) and quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs). Here, using a representative EMRI population retrofitted with cutoffs on LISA-band SNRs and luminosity distances to account for the sensitivity of current instruments, we estimate the mean frequency band in which QPEs and QPOs originating from detectable LISA EMRIs may be emitting an X-ray signal 'today' (i.e. in 2024) to be |$0.46 \pm 0.22$| mHz. We also model the well-known QPO source, RE J1034+396, which falls in this frequency band, as an EMRI assuming its primary black hole mass to be |$10^6{-}10^7 \,{\rm M}_\odot$|⁠. Through a prior-predictive analysis, we estimate the orbiting compact object's mass to be |$46^{+ 10}_{-40} \,{\rm M}_\odot$| and the source's LISA-band SNR as |$\approx 14$|⁠ , highlighting it as a candidate multimessenger EMRI target. We also highlight the role of current and near-future X-ray and UV observatories in enabling multimessenger observations of EMRIs in conjunction with LISA, and conclude with a discussion of caveats of the current analysis, such as the exclusion of eccentricity and inclination from the model, and the measurability of subsolar mass compact object EMRIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Absolute distance measurements based on optical frequency combs (OFCs) have greatly promoted advances in both science and technology, owing to the high precision, large non-ambiguity range (NAR), and a high update rate. However, cyclic error, which is extremely difficult to eliminate, reduces the linearity of measurement results. In this study, we quantitatively investigated the impact of cyclic error on absolute distance measurement using OFCs based on two types of interferometry: synthetic wavelength interferometry and single-wavelength interferometry. The numerical calculations indicate that selecting a suitable reference path length can minimize the impact of cyclic error when combining the two types of interferometry. Recommendations for selecting an appropriate synthetic wavelength to address the tradeoff between achieving a large NAR and minimizing the risk of failure when combining the two methods are provided. The results of this study are applicable not only in absolute distance measurements but also in other applications based on OFCs, such as surface profile, vibration analysis, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In approximate query searching (AQS), the given query point ( q ¯ ′ ) can be seen as a noise ( η ¯ ) corrupted version of one of the points ( q ¯ ) in the existing database X , i.e., q ¯ ′ = q ¯ + η ¯ . Thus deciding on an appropriate distance d that would return the correct match ( q ¯ ) entails that the chosen distance should be aware of the type of distribution of the noise. In this work, we study the suitability of Minkowski-type distances in AQS when the q ¯ is afflicted by both white and coloured noises to different extent. To this end, we employ a simple similarity search based scoring algorithm proposed in François et al. (ESANN 2005, 13th European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks, Bruges, Belgium, April 27–29, 2005, Proceedings, pp 339–344, 2005). Our study reveals an interesting interplay of the following 3D's in the quest for an appropriate distance: Dimensionality and Domain geometry of the data and the type of noise Distribution and has led us to explore this problem from a basic geometric perspective. Our main contribution herein is the proposal of a novel index called the Relative Contained Volume (RCV) that helps explain the performance of the considered distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using detailed data on company visits by Chinese mutual funds, we provide direct evidence of mutual fund information acquisition activities and the consequent informational advantages mutual funds establish in local firms. Mutual funds are more likely to visit local and nearby firms both in and outside of their portfolios, but the ease of travel between fund and firm locations can substantially alleviate geographic distance constraints. Company visits by mutual funds are strongly associated with both fund trading activities and fund trading performance. Our results show that geographic constraints and costly information acquisition amplify information asymmetry in financial markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study to determine the detection efficiency and location accuracy of the Worldwide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) over Spain is presented by comparing data with those of the Meteorological Spanish Agency (AEMET), taken as a ground truth. The WWLLN operates a planetary distributed network of stations which detect lightning signals at a planetary scale. Very high currents from lightning strokes radiate strong Very Low Frequency (VLF) signals in the band 6–22 kHz, which are detected up to 10,000 km by the WWLLN stations. Two WWLLN stations operate in the Iberian Peninsula since 2012, which are supported by other stations at distances below 4000 km. The stations in the Iberian Peninsula are at a distance of around 800 km. This is a short distance in comparison with the typical distance between WWLLN stations in other areas, which is around 5.000–15.000 km. The WWLLN stations locate the time and position of the lightning stroke detected by triangulation, similarly as Global Positioning Systems do. Distances to each station are obtained by means of the time of arrival of the signal to the corresponding stations. A lightning detection is considered as a valid one when at least five stations detect it with a time and space coincidence with AEMET data of 0.5 s and 20 km, respectively. A study of the WWLLN performance for the whole area of Spain is carried out, obtaining that the detection efficiency of WWLLN is around 38 % with a location accuracy between 2 and 3 km. The efficiency for high energy strokes is considerable higher. The results obtained for Spain are better than those obtained in previous studies in other areas of the World, which may be caused by the high density of stations in the Spanish region and its surroundings. A study for two reduced regions with different geographic features is also considered to assess the possible influence of the different typology of storms on the network features. Finally, an application of the WWLLN data for three major storms in 2020, 2021 and 2022 in the Mediterranean area of Spain demonstrates that the WWLLN is well suited for tracking the time evolution of adverse meteorological phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the post-epidemic era, the restart of China's inbound tourism is imminent. However, there are gaps in our current understanding of how distance perception dynamically affects inbound tourism in China. In order to understand the past patterns of inbound tourism in China, we mapped the data of 61 countries of origin from 2004 to 2018 into a dynamic expanding gravity model to understand the effects of cultural distance, institutional distance, geographical distance, and economic distance on inbound tourism in China and revealed the dynamic interaction mechanism of non-economic distance perception on inbound tourism in China. Our research results show that cultural distance has a positive impact on China's inbound tourism, while institutional distance has a negative impact. The significant finding is that the dynamic interaction of the above two kinds of perceived distance can still have a positive impact on China's inbound tourism. Its practical significance is that it can counteract the influence of institutional distance by strengthening the cultural distance. Generally speaking, geographical distance and institutional distance restrict China's inbound tourism flow, while cultural distance, economic distance, and interactive perceptual distance promote China's inbound tourism flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) based distance method in the I band is one of the most efficient and precise techniques for measuring distances to nearby galaxies (D ≲ 15 Mpc). The TRGB in the near-infrared (NIR) is 1–2 mag brighter relative to the I band, and has the potential to expand the range over which distance measurements to nearby galaxies are feasible. Using Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging of 12 fields in eight nearby galaxies, we determine color-based corrections and zero-points of the TRGB in the Wide Field Camera 3 IR (WFC3/IR) F110W and F160W filters. First, we measure TRGB distances in the I band equivalent Advanced Camera System (ACS) F814W filter from resolved stellar populations with the HST. The TRGB in the ACS F814W filter is used for our distance anchor and to place the WFC3/IR magnitudes on an absolute scale. We then determine the color dependence (a proxy for metallicity/age) and zero-point of the NIR TRGB from photometry of WFC3/IR fields that overlap with the ACS fields. The new calibration is accurate to ∼1% in distance relative to the F814W TRGB. Validating the accuracy of the calibrations, we find that the distance modulus for each field using the NIR TRGB calibration agrees with the distance modulus of the same field as determined from the F814W TRGB. This is a JWST preparatory program, and the work done here will directly inform our approach to calibrating the TRGB in JWST NIRCam and NIRISS photometric filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, using the formulas derived in (Nenkov 2019) and (Nenkov 2022) for the distances from some remarkable points in the quadrilateral to its vertices and to the midpoints of its sides and diagonals, formulas for the distances from these remarkable points to the intersection of the diagonals and to the intersections of the pairs of opposite sides were obtained. Formulas are also derived for the distances from another remarkable point to the vertices of the quadrilateral, as well as to the remarkable points discussed in (Nenkov 2019). Using the obtained formulas for these distances, a number of interesting inequalities in the quadrilateral are proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the American Association of Geographers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Secure hamming distance computation is an important primitive of secure multiparty computation, enabling two parties to jointly compute the hamming distance without revealing any private information of each party. Secure hamming distance computation has a wide application in private similarity determination fields, such as secure biometric identification and error detection. In this paper, we present a quantum protocol for secure hamming distance computation based on single photons and local unitary operations, ensuring easy implementation with present technologies. Our protocol guarantees fairness between the two parties and provides higher security compared to classical protocols, leveraging the physical principles of quantum mechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) germicidal light can effectively inactivate airborne pathogens and mitigate the transmission of infectious diseases. As the application of UV-C for disinfection gains popularity, practical estimation of UV irradiance is essential in determining the UV fluence (dose) and designing tubular UV lamp configurations for indoor air treatment. It is generally understood that the inverse square (~1/d²) law (i.e., irradiance is proportional to the inverse square of the distance) applies well to point light sources. However, there has been a recognition that the ~1/d² law does not work well for tubular light sources in the commonly defined near-field applications where the UV source is relatively close to the treated air. Therefore, practical near-field irradiation estimation is needed for designing portable air cleaners and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) ducts with built-in UV light bulbs. This research investigated UV-C light irradiance from tubular (L = 0.9 m) light bulbs at near distances inside an air cleaner prototype duct under three power output (1-, 4-, and 8-bulb) scenarios and conducted theoretical estimation based on a line-source irradiation model. Similarly sized visible fluorescent bulbs were used as a reference. The data were fitted on both ~1/d² and ~1/d correlation of irradiance with distance. Both measured and line source estimated data fit better (i.e., evaluated by R-square, standard errors, root mean squared errors) with the ~1/d than the ~1/d² relationship in the near distance. Although the differences between the measured and the modeled were observed, the pattern of light distribution generally follows an inverse relationship (~1/d) with distances (d) shorter than two tubular bulb lengths (d < 2L). The pattern applies to both UV and visible light tested in this study. It is recommended that the inverse (~1/d) correlation be used for near-distance estimation of light distribution, especially for disinfection purposes in air ducting for indoor air quality improvement and airborne disease mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The giant spiral galaxy M101 is host to the nearest recent Type Ia supernova (SN 2011fe) and thus has been extensively monitored in the near-infrared to study the late-time light curve of the SN. Leveraging this existing baseline of observations, we derive the first Mira-based distance to M101 by discovering and classifying a sample of 211 Miras with periods ranging from 240–400 days in the SN field. Combined with new Hubble Space Telescope (HST) WFC3/IR channel observations, our data set totals 11 epochs of F110W (HST YJ) and 13 epochs of F160W (HST H) data spanning ∼2900 days. We adopt absolute calibrations of the Mira period–luminosity relation based on geometric distances to the Large Magellanic Cloud and the water megamaser host galaxy NGC 4258, and find μ M101 = 29.10 ± 0.06 mag. This distance is in 1 σ agreement with most other recent Cepheid and tip of the red giant branch distance measurements to M101. Including the previous Mira SN Ia host, NGC 1559, and SN 2005df, we determine the fiducial SN Ia peak luminosity, M B 0 = − 19.27 ± 0.09 mag. With the Hubble diagram of supernovae Ia, we derive H 0 = 72.37 ± 2.97 km s−1 Mpc−1, a 4.1% measurement of H 0 using Miras. We find excellent agreement with recent Cepheid distance ladder measurements of H 0 and confirm previous indications that the local universe value of H 0 is higher than the early universe value at ∼95% confidence. Currently, the Mira-based H 0 measurement is still dominated by the statistical uncertainty in the SN Ia peak magnitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide state-dependent error bounds for strongly continuous unitary representations of connected Lie groups. That is, we bound the difference of two unitaries applied to a state in terms of the energy with respect to a reference Hamiltonian associated with the representation and a left-invariant metric distance on the group. Our method works for any connected Lie group, and the metric is independent of the chosen representation. The approach also applies to projective representations and allows us to provide bounds on the energy-constrained diamond norm distance of any suitably continuous channel representation of the group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of urban management on the efficiency of regional innovation in China's manufacturing industry, with a specific focus on modern sustainable energy. The research takes into consideration the regional diversity in innovation development across China's three major regions and integrates common Frontier theory with the MSBM model. By employing a non-radial distance function approach, this study develops the MMSBMP model, incorporating various improved methods proposed by researchers. The Luenberger index methodology is utilized to assess the innovation efficiency of the national manufacturing industry from 2017 to 2021, enabling the identification of efficiency losses. The findings highlight significant disparities and opportunities for enhancing innovation efficiency across the three major regions, both at the common Frontier and the group Frontier. However, caution is advised due to the potential overestimation of regional Frontier efficiency values resulting from variations in technical reference datasets. Analysis of the Total Growth Rate (TGR) values reveals distinct development characteristics among the regions, with the eastern region exhibiting smaller extremes and the central and western regions displaying larger extremes. This comprehensive examination of China's manufacturing industry emphasizes the influence of urban management. By investigating the consequences of urban management practices, this research provides insights into the relationship between urban development strategies and the performance, efficiency, and sustainable growth of the manufacturing industry. The study highlights the significance of urban management in shaping regional innovation efficiency and emphasizes the continual improvement of the industry's innovation performance in the context of modern sustainable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents, for the first time, a distance metric learning algorithm for monotonic classification. Monotonic datasets arise in many real-world applications, where there exist order relations in the input and output variables, and the outputs corresponding to ordered pairs of inputs are also expected to be ordered. Monotonic classification can be addressed through several distance-based classifiers that are able to respect the monotonicity constraints of the data. The performance of distance-based classifiers can be improved with the use of distance metric learning algorithms, which are able to find the distances that best represent the similarities among each pair of data samples. However, learning a distance for monotonic data has an additional drawback: the learned distance may negatively impact the monotonic constraints of the data. In our work, we propose a new model for learning distances that does not corrupt these constraints. This methodology will also be useful in identifying and discarding non-monotonic pairs of samples that may be present in the data due to noise. The experimental analysis conducted, supported by a Bayesian statistical testing, demonstrates that the distances obtained by the proposed method can enhance the performance of several distance-based classifiers in monotonic problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation Protein structure comparison is pivotal for deriving homological relationships, elucidating protein functions, and understanding evolutionary developments. The burgeoning field of in-silico protein structure prediction now yields billions of models with near-experimental accuracy, necessitating sophisticated tools for discerning structural similarities among proteins, particularly when sequence similarity is limited. Results In this article, we have developed the align distance matrix with scale (ADAMS) pipeline, which synergizes the distance matrix alignment method with the scale-invariant feature transform algorithm, streamlining protein structure comparison on a proteomic scale. Utilizing a computer vision-centric strategy for contrasting disparate distance matrices, ADAMS adeptly alleviates challenges associated with proteins characterized by a high degree of structural flexibility. Our findings indicate that ADAMS achieves a level of performance and accuracy on par with Foldseek, while maintaining similar speed. Crucially, ADAMS overcomes certain limitations of Foldseek in handling structurally flexible proteins, establishing it as an efficacious tool for in-depth protein structure analysis with heightened accuracy. Availability ADAMS can be download and used as a python package from Python Package Index (PyPI): adams · PyPI. Source code and other materials are available from young55775/ADAMS-developing (github.com). An online server is available: Bseek Search Server (cryonet.ai) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent puzzling observations, such as the H 0 tension, large-scale anisotropies, and massive disk galaxies at high redshifts, have been challenging the standard cosmological model. While one possible explanation is that the standard model is incomplete, other theories are based on the contention that the redshift model as a distance indicator might be biased. These theories can explain the recent observations, but they are challenged by the absence of a direct empirical reproducible observation that the redshift model can indeed be inconsistent. Here, I describe a simple experiment that shows that the spectra of galaxies depend on their rotational velocity relative to the rotational velocity of the Milky Way. Moreover, it shows that the redshift of galaxies that rotate in the opposite direction relative to the Milky Way is significantly smaller compared with the redshift of galaxies that rotate in the same direction relative to the Milky Way (p < 0.006). Three different datasets were used independently, each one was prepared in a different manner, and all of them showed similar redshift bias. A fourth dataset of galaxies from the Southern Galactic pole was also analyzed and shows similar results. All four datasets are publicly available. While a maximum average z difference of ∼0.012 observed with galaxies of relatively low redshift (z < 0.25) is not extreme, the bias is consistent and canpotentially lead to explanations to puzzling observations such as the H 0 tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the crucial steps in the multi-criteria decision analysis involves establishing the importance of criteria and determining the relationship between them. This paper proposes an extended Hellwig's method (H_EM) that utilizes entropy-based weights and Mahalanobis distance to address this issue. By incorporating the concept of entropy, weights are determined based on their information content represented by the matrix data. The Mahalanobis distance is employed to address interdependencies among criteria, contributing to the improved performance of the proposed framework. To illustrate the relevance and effectiveness of the extended H_EM method, this study utilizes it to assess the progress toward achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4 of the 2030 Agenda within the European Union countries for education in the year 2021. Performance comparison is conducted between results obtained by the extended Hellwig's method and its other variants. The results reveal a significant impact on the ranking of the EU countries in the education area, depending on the choice of distance measure (Euclidean or Mahalanobis) and the system of weights (equal or entropy-based). Overall, this study highlights the potential of the proposed method in addressing complex decision-making scenarios with interdependent criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors investigate how the geographical distance between online users is associated with electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) effectiveness. Their research leverages variation in the visibility of eWOM messages on the social media platform of Twitter to address the issue of correlated user behaviors and preferences. The study shows that the likelihood that followers who are exposed to users' WOM subsequently make purchases increases with followers' geographic proximity to the users. The authors propose social identification as a potential mechanism for why geographical distance still matters online in eWOM: because consumers may form a sense of social identity based on their physical location, information regarding the spatial proximity of users could trigger online social identification with others. The findings are robust to alternative methods and specifications, such as further controlling for latent user homophily by incorporating user characteristics and embeddings based on advanced machine-learning and deep-learning models and a corpus of 140 million messages. The authors also rule out several alternative explanations. The findings have important implications for platform design, content curation, and seeding and targeting strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of sorting or categorizing objects or information about these objects into clusters according to certain criteria is a fundamental procedure in data analysis. Where it is feasible to determine the distance metric for any pair of objects, the significance and reliability of the separation can be evaluated by calculating the separation/segregation power (SP) index proposed herein. The latter index is the ratio of the average inter distance to the average intra distance, independent of the scale parameter. Here, the calculated SP value is compared to its statistical distribution obtained by a simulation study for a given partition under the homogeneity null hypothesis to draw a conclusion using standard statistical procedures. The proposed concept is illustrated using three examples representing different types of objects under study. Some general considerations are given regarding the nature of the SP distribution under the null hypothesis and its dependence on the number of divisions and the amount of data within them. A detailed modus operandi (working method) for analyzing a metric data partition is also offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the large-scale integration of distributed renewable energy into low-voltage distribution station areas, rapidly growing services put forward new requirements on transparent monitoring. In order to accurately and objectively quantify the transparency of various distribution station areas and measure the impact of different dimensional indexes on the transparency evaluation of distribution station areas, this paper proposes a confidence relative offtarget distance-based multi-dimensional transparency evaluation method. First, a multi-dimensional transparency evaluation index system with electrical and communication integration is constructed. Second, an improved gray target model combining both positive and negative target vectors is established to realize bi-directional quantitative analysis. Then, the relative off-target distance is calculated based on the endowment coefficient by leveraging both subjective and objective weights. Finally, the confidence of the relative off-target distance is calculated based on fuzzy entropy to improve the reliability of transparency evaluation. The simulation results show that this method can effectively distinguish the transparency gap between different distribution station areas, identify the single dimensional index with the greatest contribution or potential, and verify the effectiveness of the proposed method applied to the transparency evaluation of distribution station areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kalman filter algorithm is very important as a recursive algorithm method to optimize sensor output from physical parameter measurement systems, especially physics practicum demonstration systems. One of the distance parameter measurement demonstration systems used in Hooke’s law demonstration system is applied in physics practicum, the system has problems related to fluctuating or unstable sensor output. This research implements the Kalman filter algorithm on the Arduino IDE sketch to reduce noise that appears at the ultrasonic sensor output. The methodology used in this study includes the application of the Kalman filter algorithm to the Arduino IDE sketch with the variable value of the Kalman filter algorithm equation modified with a value of R=10, H=1, and Q=1, and returns the filtered Kalman out value. The Arduino output results are exported to Ms. Excel for further analysis and generate a filtered ultrasonic sensor output signal graph compared without using the Kalman filter. The ultrasonic sensor output noise filtration effectively reduces noise by showing a decrease in the mean squared error (MSE) value and obtaining the best performance of up to 89.23 %. The accuracy of Kalman filter filtration results can be seen from the calculation that the spring constant of filtered metal materials is smaller than the conventional measurement spring constant. Accurate and effective results with the implementation of the Kalman filter algorithm can be developed for the variation values of distance parameters and Kalman filter algorithm variables (R, Q, and H) with other value variations, especially variables that produce filtering curves close to straight lines. It was concluded that the Kalman filter algorithm was able to improve the performance of Hooke’s law prop system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS) has been suggested as a rapid, cost-effective, and accurate diagnostic tool for leaf nutrient analysis that could replace more traditional laboratory diagnostics. To ease operational workflows, there would advantage in estimating nutrients using a single method, namely NIRS. This study evaluated the potential of NIRS as a diagnostic method for the measurement of key macro and micronutrients in sugarcane leaf samples. Three hundred and fifty-one sugarcane leaf samples used in quality control reference analysis in Fertiliser Advisory Service (FAS) were used for model calibration. About 35% of the samples were from growers within South Africa, while the remainder were from estates across southern and eastern Africa. Dried and milled leaf material was scanned on a Bruker MPA-NIRS instrument, and spectral pre-processing was performed. Support vector machine regression (SVMR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were used for calibrating the estimation models with the test validation(Tval) procedure. The results showed both the PLSR and SVMR model resulted in the best calibration for (K, Ca, Mg)(R2 >87% and the ratio of performance to inter-quartile distance(RPIQ) > 2.1). With a test validation dataset, the SVMR yielded relatively high accuracy(R2 >85% and the RPIQ > 2.5, while PLSR yielded poor accuracy. The SVMR also outperforms Zn(R2 = 0.86; and RPIQ = 2.5) for model calibration. NIR Spectrometry combined with the SVMR technique resulted in a practical option to accurately measure leaf nutrient concentrations and evaluate sugarcane mineral contents accurately. These results indicate that NIRS can replace the current analytical methods used in FAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power unevenness, mainly induced by stimulated Raman scattering, has been a major problem in multi-band transmission systems, especially in the upcoming field-deployed 400 Gbit/s widened C band plus L band system for backbone long-haul and ultra-long-haul scenarios. To reduce the impact of power unevenness, we propose an automatic power optimization (APO) algorithm to guarantee reliable transmission for all channels, especially the channels at short wavelengths. The simulation results show that the power unevenness of output power after 5-span transmission in the C band is up to 11 dB before APO, while after APO is applied, it is greatly improved to less than 1.6 dB. To further investigate the performance of the APO scheme, we conduct a real-time 44 Tbit/s C+L transmission system over 1900 km G.654.E fiber utilizing 400 Gbit/s transponders. The experimental results show that the power unevenness has been effectively compensated from 12 dB to 4 dB in the entire 11 THz range, making the received optical signal-to-noise ratio relatively flat (3.4 dB). Moreover, the capacity and distance product of this system is 83.6 Pbit/s·km (44 Tbit/s × 1900 km), and to the best of our knowledge, this is a record capacity and distance product in the real-time single-mode fiber transmission system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to explore the relationship between the content characteristics of destination online reviews and travel intention under three individual circumstances: temporal distance, social distance and experiential distance. Design/methodology/approach: Based on construal-level theory (CLT), this study divides online travel reviews into concrete and abstract reviews. Three experiments were conducted to test the moderating effects of temporal distance, social distance and experiential distance on the influence of review content characteristics on tourists' travel intentions. Findings: The results show that abstract reviews would lead to higher travel intentions than concrete reviews. Furthermore, tourists' travel intentions differed depending on social distance and were significantly affected by reviews posted by reviewers similar to review recipients. In addition, the study contributes by discovering that the moderating effects of temporal distance, social distance and experiential distance were not significant, which differs from most of the previous research conclusions. Originality/value: This study focused on review content characteristics, which provided a novel perspective for constructing online travel reviews. Furthermore, this research defined the concept of experiential distance in the context of online travel and expanded the research on psychological distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Empirical studies on the effects of urban forests on the health of humans and other animals are needed to rationalize the construction of urban forests for healthcare. The effects of urban forests (coniferous, broadleaved, and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved) were studied relative to the physical and mental health of mice and the major environmental factors influencing them. Compared with the control group, the total movement distance of the mice that stayed in the coniferous forest, mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest, and broad-leaved forest increased 9.7% to 18.1%, the central grid movement distance increased 7.2% to 23.9%, central grid dwell time increased 10.7% to 16.3%, and the number of entries increased 5.2% to 18.6%, indicating that the mental state and the exploration and cognitive abilities of mice were significantly improved in the three urban forests. The broad-leaved forest had greater positive effects than the other two forest types. This can be attributed to a decrease in temperature and the increases in humidity and concentrations of oxygen and negative ions in the air in the broad-leaved forest. The research results provide a theoretical basis for building urban forests that are beneficial to the health of urban residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we explore the limiting dynamics of deep neural networks trained with stochastic gradient descent (SGD). As observed previously, long after performance has converged, networks continue to move through parameter space by a process of anomalous diffusion in which distance traveled grows as a power law in the number of gradient updates with a nontrivial exponent. We reveal an intricate interaction among the hyperparameters of optimization, the structure in the gradient noise, and the Hessian matrix at the end of training that explains this anomalous diffusion. To build this understanding, we first derive a continuous-time model for SGD with finite learning rates and batch sizes as an underdamped Langevin equation. We study this equation in the setting of linear regression, where we can derive exact, analytic expressions for the phase-space dynamics of the parameters and their instantaneous velocities from initialization to stationarity. Using the Fokker-Planck equation, we show that the key ingredient driving these dynamics is not the original training loss but rather the combination of a modified loss, which implicitly regularizes the velocity, and probability currents that cause oscillations in phase space. We identify qualitative and quantitative predictions of this theory in the dynamics of a ResNet-18 model trained on ImageNet. Through the lens of statistical physics, we uncover a mechanistic origin for the anomalous limiting dynamics of deep neural networks trained with SGD. Understanding the limiting dynamics of SGD, and its dependence on various important hyperparameters like batch size, learning rate, and momentum, can serve as a basis for future work that can turn these insights into algorithmic gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining gravity with quantum theory is still a work in progress. On the one hand, classical gravity is the geometry of space-time determined by the energy–momentum tensor of matter and the resulting nonlinear equations; on the other hand, the mathematical description of a quantum system is Hilbert space with linear equations describing evolution. In this paper, various measures in Hilbert space will be presented. In general, distance measures in Hilbert space can be divided into measures determined by energy and measures determined by entropy. Entropy measures determine quasi-distance because they do not satisfy all the axioms defining distance. Finding a general rule to determine such a measure unambiguously seems to be fundamental. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to examine how implicit distance (cognitive and social) impacts supply chain capabilities, and the roles of information technology (IT) utilization and supply chain flexibility in this process. Design/methodology/approach: The authors designed a conceptual model including the implicit distance, supply chain flexibility, supply chain capability and IT utilization and verified the relationships among variables through a survey that collected data from 104 manufacturing enterprises in China. Findings: The results show that cognitive and social distances positively and negatively affect supply chain flexibility, respectively. Furthermore, IT utilization strengthens the positive effect of cognitive distance and the negative effect of social distance on supply chain flexibility. Additionally, supply chain flexibility has a positive effect on supply chain capability and mediates the effects of cognitive and social distances on supply chain capability. Practical implications: Enterprises should prioritize cooperation with different types of partners with whom the enterprises have established good collaborative working experiences. Moreover, if enterprises cooperate with new partners, enterprises should communicate and handle things face to face instead of frequently utilizing IT. Originality/value: This study links the implicit distance between enterprises with supply chain capability and newly applies social network theory to explain the mechanism. Further, the authors' data confirm the moderating role of IT utilization in this process, supplementing the research on implicit distance. Moreover, this study employs dynamic capability theory to better understand how firms can improve supply chain capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hellwig's method is a multi-criteria decision-making technique designed to facilitate the ranking of alternatives based on their proximity to the ideal solution. Typically, this approach calculates distances using the Euclidean norm, assuming implicitly that the considered criteria are independent. However, in real-world situations, the assumption of criteria independence is rarely met. The paper aims to propose an extension of Hellwig's method by incorporating the Mahalanobis distance. Substituting the Euclidean distance with the Mahalanobis distance has proven to be effective in handling correlations among criteria, especially in the context of asymmetrical relationships between criteria. Subsequently, we investigate the impact of the Euclidean and Mahalanobis distance measures on the several variants of Hellwig procedures, analyzing examples based on various illustrative data with 10 alternatives and 4 criteria. Additionally, we examine the influence of three normalization formulas in Hellwig's aggregation procedures. The investigation results indicate that both the distance measure and normalization formulas have some impact on the final rankings. The evaluation and ranking of alternatives using the Euclidean distance measure are influenced by the normalization formula, albeit to a limited extent. In contrast, the Mahalanobis distance-based Hellwig's method remains unaffected by the choice of normalization formulas. The study concludes that the ranking of alternatives is strongly dependent on the distance measure employed, whether it is Euclidean or Mahalanobis. The Mahalanobis distance-based Hellwig method is deemed a valuable tool for decision-makers in real-life situations. It enables the evaluation of alternatives by considering interactions between criteria, providing a more comprehensive perspective for decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, little research has been conducted to understand the role of psychological distances on smoking behaviour. Construal Level Theory posits that individuals mentally construe events, objects, or ideas based on their perceived distance in terms of spatial, temporal, social, and hypothetical dimensions, influencing their judgments and decision-making processes. The aim of the current study was (1) to provide a comprehensive exploration of psychological distances of costs and benefits of tobacco smoking and antismoking intention and (2) to examine whether smoking can be attributed to rational behaviour based on the psychological distance weighted balance of perceived costs and benefits of quitting and continuing smoking. Mediation models delineating the relationships among temporal and hypothetical psychological distances, personal relevance and antismoking intention were tested on cross-sectional survey data of 1486 smokers (880 men, Mage = 39.9 years, SD = 13.36). Psychological distances were shown to be important factors in the cognitive evaluation process of smoking behaviour. Perceived temporal distance to smoking continuation/cessation was related to personal importance and hypothetical psychological distances, which were associated with anti-smoking intention. Furthermore, antismoking intention was related to the psychological distance-weighted gain-cost balance of quitting and continuing smoking. The current findings enhance our knowledge of the cognitive evaluation of the outcomes of smoking, indicating that the choice of not quitting smoking may be partially based on a biased rational decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we significantly improve estimates of distance to the X-ray binary systems Cyg X-3 and GRS 1915+105. We report a highly accurate trigonometric parallax measurement for Cyg X-3 using the Very Long Baseline Array at 43 GHz, placing the source at a distance of 9.67 − 0.48 + 0.53 kpc. We also use Galactic proper motions and line-of-sight radial velocity measurements to determine three-dimensional (3D) kinematic distances to both systems, under the assumption that they have low peculiar velocities. This yields distances of 8.95 ± 0.96 kpc for Cyg X-3 and 9.4 ± 0.6 (statistical) ± 0.8 (systematic) for GRS 1915+105. The good agreement between parallax and 3D kinematic distances validates the assumption of low peculiar velocities, and hence small natal kicks, for both of the systems. For a source with a low peculiar velocity, given its parallax distance, Cyg X-3 should have a V LSR near −64 ± 5 km s−1. Our measurements imply a slightly higher inclination angle, and hence lower black hole mass, for GRS 1915+105 than found from previous work by Reid et al. and strengthen arguments from X-ray polarization that Cyg X-3 would be an ultraluminous X-ray source if viewed face-on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibilities of creating artificial absence points (pseudo-absences) to build species distribution models are considered. An approach proposed by R. Engler and adapted by T. Hengl is described, which takes into account habitat suitability indices and distances to presence points to create pseudo-absences. Using the example of the common bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) in the Central Forest Nature Reserve and its buffer zone, generalized linear models based on the Engler–Hengl approach, traveled tracks, and distances to presence points are compared, and the model built using the maximum entropy method. The results obtained indicate the superiority of the model based on the Engler–Hengl approach both in terms of quality assessments and in terms of the realism of the constructed spatial distribution maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the basic unit structure of electromagnetic metamaterial, the structure size of open resonant ring directly determines the constitutive parameters of SRR (dielectric constant ε and permeability μ). In order to improve the energy exchange efficiency of the electromagnetic acoustic transducer, the coil backplane of the electromagnetic ultrasonic shear wave sensor was optimized. First, the influence of the thickness of the coil backplane on the ultrasonic signal is studied by the experimental method, and then, the magnetic field distribution of the coil backplane is simulated by the finite element simulation software. Finally, the SNR and lift distance of the shear wave sensor before and after the coil backplane optimization are compared by experiments. In this article, a multi-hypothesis data fusion method in distributed detection system is proposed, which extends the multi-sensor data fusion rules to more general cases. The results show that the optimum thickness of the coil back plate in the electromagnetic ultrasonic transverse wave sensor is 1.5–2.0 mm. Using iron powder with the same length and width as the working area of the coil as the coil backplane can significantly increase the magnetic field strength in the working area of the sensor. Compared with the coil backplane made of non-magnetic materials, the optimized backplane can increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the sensor by about one time and the lift-off distance by about 1 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a generalization of the Wasserstein distance of order 1 to quantum spin systems on the lattice Z d , which we call specific quantum W 1 distance. The proposal is based on the W 1 distance for qudits of De Palma et al. (IEEE Trans Inf Theory 67(10):6627–6643, 2021) and recovers Ornstein's d ¯ -distance for the quantum states whose marginal states on any finite number of spins are diagonal in the canonical basis. We also propose a generalization of the Lipschitz constant to quantum interactions on Z d and prove that such quantum Lipschitz constant and the specific quantum W 1 distance are mutually dual. We prove a new continuity bound for the von Neumann entropy for a finite set of quantum spins in terms of the quantum W 1 distance, and we apply it to prove a continuity bound for the specific von Neumann entropy in terms of the specific quantum W 1 distance for quantum spin systems on Z d . Finally, we prove that local quantum commuting interactions above a critical temperature satisfy a transportation-cost inequality, which implies the uniqueness of their Gibbs states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides an extended overview of recent results obtained by the authors in the process of studying the vacuum interaction of topological cosmic strings at short distances, taking into account their transverse size a and the mass m of the quantized field. We consider the case of a massive real-valued scalar field with minimal coupling. It is shown that at the interstring distances significantly larger than the Compton length, l c = 1 / m , the Casimir effect is damped exponentially. On the other hand, at distances smaller than l c but much larger than the typical string width, the field-mass influence becomes insignificant. In this case, the partial contribution of a massive field to the Casimir energy is of the same order as the contribution of a massless one. At these distances, the string's transverse size is insignificant also. However, at the interstring distances of the same order as a string radius, the energy of the vacuum interaction of thick strings may significantly surpass the one for two infinitely thin strings with the same mass per unit length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic flow analysis is essential to develop smart urban mobility solutions. Although numerous tools have been proposed, they employ only a small number of parameters. To overcome this limitation, an edge computing solution is proposed based on nine traffic parameters, namely, vehicle count, direction, speed, and type, flow, peak hour factor, density, time headway, and distance headway. The proposed low-cost solution is easy to deploy and maintain. The sensor node is comprised of a Raspberry Pi 4, Pi camera, Intel Movidius Neural Compute Stick 2, Xiaomi MI Power Bank, and Zong 4G Bolt+. Pre-trained models from the OpenVINO Toolkit are employed for vehicle detection and classification, and a centroid tracking algorithm is used to estimate vehicle speed. The measured traffic parameters are transmitted to the ThingSpeak cloud platform via 4G. The proposed solution was field-tested for one week (7 h/day), with approximately 10,000 vehicles per day. The count, classification, and speed accuracies obtained were 79.8%, 93.2%, and 82.9%, respectively. The sensor node can operate for approximately 8 h with a 10,000 mAh power bank and the required data bandwidth is 1.5 MB/h. The proposed edge computing solution overcomes the limitations of existing traffic monitoring systems and can work in hostile environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot spots resulted from shock-induced void collapse could seriously alter the ignition and initial chemical reactions in heterogeneous explosive crystals. Herein, the influences of hot spot distance on ignition and reaction growth in the crystalline RDX were investigated through reactive molecular dynamics simulations. As two voids collapsed completely, double hot spots occurred at the internal upstream and downstream voids in the crystalline RDX, respectively. The farther hot spot distance could be observed in the bulk RDX with the larger void–void distance. Combined with the resulted chemical fragments analysis, hot spot distance affects the chemical reaction rate but does not alter the initial decomposition mechanism in RDX. The farther hot spot distance results in a faster decomposition degree of RDX molecules, a higher concentration of NO2 liberation, and even greater violent growth for explosive reaction. It is evident that RDX with a longer void–void distance is more sensitive to the present overdriven shock. The farther double hot spots result in more RDX molecules being heated simultaneously and then reacted quickly under the synergetic growth of double hot spots. In terms of the synergetic growth of double hot spots, it is demonstrated that reducing hot spot distance could result in decreasing the high-temperature area ratio in the crystalline RDX exposed to an overdriven insult, avoiding the occurrence of a greater violent scenario. The present study can provide an efficient route to understand the role of hot spot distance in ignition and reaction growth and further evaluate the shock sensitivity of crystalline explosives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of general relativity, the geodesic deviation equation (GDE) relates the Riemann curvature tensor to the relative acceleration of two neighboring geodesics. In this paper, we consider the GDE for the generalized hybrid metric-Palatini gravity and apply it in this model to investigate the structure of time-like, space-like, and null geodesics in the homogeneous and isotropic universe. We propose a particular case f (R , R) = R + R to study the numerical behavior of the deviation vector η (z) and the observer area–distance r 0 (z) with respect to redshift z. Also, we consider the GDE in the framework of the scalar–tensor representation of the generalized hybrid metric-Palatini gravity, i.e., f (R , R) , in which the model can be considered as dynamically equivalent to a gravitational theory with two scalar fields. Finally, we extend our calculations to obtain the modification of the Mattig relation in this model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the ability of the modular multi‐level converter to quickly clear and isolate faults in the multi‐terminal flexible DC grid, this paper analyzes the characteristics of current faults in the multi‐terminal flexible direct current grid, introduces the comprehensive distance of current fault waveform, and proposes a line protection method based on the similarity of current fault waveform. This protection method firstly uses Euclid Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) distance and entropy weight method to process electrical quantity signals, calculates the comprehensive distance of current fault waveform of two converter stations, and builds the protection criterion based on the similarity of current fault waveform. Then, the fault identification is realized by using the calculated comprehensive distance, and the fault pole identification is realized by using the ratio of comprehensive distance between positive and negative poles. Finally, PSCAD was used to build a simulation model to output the fault data under different fault conditions, and MATLAB was used to process the fault data to verify the protection algorithm. The simulation results show that the proposed method has good resistance to high resistance, and its rapidity and adaptability are further improved. Compared with other similarity methods, this method combines Euclidean DTW distance and entropy method to process the signal, realizes the fault pole identification, and can still operate correctly under the interference of 500 Ω transition resistance and 20 dB noise ratio. The research results will provide a theoretical basis for the safe and reliable operation of flexible DC power grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]