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The management of inflammatory states typically involves non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opiates. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the processing of nociceptive information from potential alternatives such as some polysaccharides may enable new and meaningful therapeutic approaches. In this study, α-d-mannan isolated from the Kluyveromyces marxianus cell wall produced antinociceptive effects in models of inflammatory pain (formalin and complete Freund’s adjuvant tests). Furthermore, α-d-mannan reduced paw edema and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production after carrageenan-induced inflammation. The polysaccharide α-d-mannan was characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, methylation analysis, and spectroscopic techniques. Moreover, the Doehlert experimental design was applied to find the optimal conditions for biomass production, with the best conditions being 10.8 g/L and 117 h for the glucose concentration and the fermentation time, respectively. These results indicate that α-d-mannan from K. marxianus exerts anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in mice, possibly via a mechanism dependent on the inhibition of IL-6 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mannans has been attracted the interest in various sectors due to its promising applications. The low toxicity of mannans allows for their use in cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. In this study, the α-D-mannan extraction conditions from Aureobasidium pullulans by alkaline extraction were optimized using a Box-Behnken design (BBD). The effect of temperature (°C), pH and extraction time (hours) on the yield of α-mannan was investigated. The conditions that produced the highest yield (26%) were a temperature of 92 °C, extraction time of 3 h and pH 13. In addition, the α-D-mannan structure was confirmed by methylation analysis, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis, and GC-MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudozyma sp. are yeasts that are commercially important due to their production of glycolipid biosurfactants, squalene, itaconic acid, and exopolysaccharide. The search for other analgesia inducing drugs, such as opiates and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as alternatives is beneficial. In this study, the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions of α-d-mannan were studied using acetic acid-induced writhing, open field test, formalin test, and carrageenan-induced paw oedema tests in mice. The α-d-mannan obtained from Pseudozyma sp. was confirmed by methylation analysis, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis, and GC–MS. The results show that α-d-mannan from Pseudozyma sp. has analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The effect of the extraction time (min) and temperature (°C) on the yield of betulinic acid (BA) from Zizyphus joazeiro barks using focused microwave-assisted extraction was investigated. Materials and Methods: The ethyl acetate was used as extractor solvent because it was shown to provide a betulinic acid-clean extract. A full two-level statistical factorial design was applied to determine the important effects and interactions of these independent variables upon the yield of BA. Results: The conditions that produced the highest yield of BA were at temperature of 70 °C and an extraction time of 15 min (3.33 mg per gram of plant). Conclusion: The BA has drawn attention due to its use as a raw material in the synthesis of active compounds against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]