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Purpose: To realize a systematic review to evaluate groin hernia surgery for adults in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, the primary objective of which was to determine the surgical techniques used for unilateral groin hernia surgery in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies published in the last 20 years were considered. A meta-analysis estimated the pooled prevalence with 95% confidence interval (CI) of mortality, chronic pain and recurrence. A subgroup analysis compared the rate of complications between complicated or uncomplicated hernia. Results: We included 113 articles. The most used technique was Bassini in 40.1%, followed by Lichtenstein in 29.9% and Shouldice in 12.6%. The overall mortality rate was 0.6% (95% CI 0.4–0.9). The pooled recurrence rate was 1.4% (95% CI 1.05–1.9). The pooled rate of chronic pain was 2.7% (95% CI 1.9–3.7). We found that mortality rate for complicated hernias (6.4%) was higher compared to uncomplicated hernias (0.2%). This difference was statistically significant [p ≤ 0.001; OR = 47.7; 95 CI (27.2–83.47)]. Conclusion: This review showed that pure tissue repairs are the most used techniques with Bassini and Shouldice as leading procedures. The post-operative rates of recurrence and chronic pain are low. However, there is a high heterogeneity between studies than can underestimate these pooled prevalences. The consultation at complication stage remains frequent and associated with a higher mortality. Futures studies should focus on improving the quality of studies in terms of design and follow-up to increase the degree of evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mali Médical is the property of Mali Medical, Faculte de Medecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-stomatologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Stratocumulus cloud top entrainment has a significant effect on cloud properties, but there are few observations quantifying its impact. Using explicit 0‐D parcel model simulations, initialized with below‐cloud in situ measurements, and validated with in situ measurements of cloud properties, the shortwave cloud radiative forcing (SWCF) was reduced by up to 100 W m−2 by cloud top entrainment in the Southern Ocean. The impact of entrainment‐corrected SWCF is between 2 and 20 times that of changes in the aerosol particle concentration or updraft at cloud base. The variability in entrainment‐corrected SWCF accounts for up to 50 W m−2 uncertainty in estimating cloud forcing. Measurements necessary for estimating the impact of entrainment on cloud properties can be constrained from existing airborne platforms and provide a first‐order approximation for cloud radiative properties of nonprecipitating stratocumulus clouds. These measurement‐derived estimates of entrainment can be used to validate and improve parameterizations of entrainment in Global Climate Models. Plain Language Summary: Clouds over the ocean have a significant impact on climate because they reflect sunlight that would otherwise be absorbed by the ocean. Understanding and accurately modeling how much sunlight these clouds reflect is important to understand feedbacks between clouds and climate. Using a simple model and cloud measurements, mixing of moist cloud air with warm‐dry air from above the cloud was shown to decrease the cloud droplet number concentration and consequently total liquid water, which significantly decreases the overall amount of sunlight reflected by the cloud. Cloud droplets form onto small particles as they enter the base of the cloud through an updraft; in the meantime, warm‐dry air from above the cloud mixes downward. In this study, the warm‐dry air from above the cloud was shown to be more influential on reflecting sunlight than the concentration of particles and the updraft velocity at cloud base. These results emphasize the importance of accurately accounting for the mixing in of warm‐dry air from above the cloud in climate models and can be constrained by existing measurements that are readily available on weather balloons and aircraft. Key Points: Basic vertical profile measurements are sufficient to constrain entrainment in nonprecipitating Southern Ocean (SO) stratocumulus cloudsThe sensitivity of shortwave cloud forcing to entrainment is 2–20 times the sensitivity to particle concentration or cloud base updraftQuantifying the impact of entrainment on shortwave cloud forcing is needed to determine the energy budget in the SO [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: The aim was to compare the effectiveness of the anal fistula plug (AFP) with the rectal advancement flap (RAF) for complex cryptoglandular anal fistulas. Methods: We conducted a literature search to identify relevant available articles published without language restriction from Embase and PubMed databases and the Cochrane Library. Studies comparing outcomes with the AFP vs RAF for complex cryptoglandular anal fistulas were eligible for inclusion. Results: A total of 11 articles with 810 patients were included in this meta‐analysis. Four RCTs and one observational clinical study provided long‐term follow‐up. The pooled analysis of all 11 studies indicated that there was no significant difference between the AFP and RAF in terms of healing rate, recurrence rate and incidence of fistula complications. However, the pooled results of studies with long‐term follow‐up revealed that the RAF group had a significantly higher healing rate (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.13, 0.78, P = 0.01) and lower recurrence rate (OR 4.45, 95% CI 1.45, 13.65, P = 0.009) than the AFP group. Conclusions: For the treatment of complex cryptoglandular anal fistulas, the RAF was superior to the AFP in terms of healing and recurrence rate after pooling of randomized controlled trials with long‐term follow‐up, even though a comparison based on the pooling of all studies showed no significant difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Africaine de Chirurgie et Spécialités is the property of Faculty of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mali Médical is the property of Mali Medical, Faculte de Medecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-stomatologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal Africain D'Hépato-Gastroentérologie is the property of Lavoisier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal Africain D'Hépato-Gastroentérologie is the property of Lavoisier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study was to develop an improved model for describing the accumulation of aboveground cotton biomass. The model input was RTEP, which was the normalized product of thermal effectiveness and photosynthetically active radiation. The model was calibrated using data from field plots with five N rates and two cotton cultivars. Model validation was conducted using data from three independent cotton fields. Eight nonlinear functions described cotton growth well (R>0.0.894, SD<0.05). The parameters of the functions were then compared and the results indicated that the Richards function best fit the nonlinear relationships in a biologically meaningful way. The equation was as follows: relative aboveground biomass accumulation (RAGBA) = 1.024/(1+e6.646-10.115RTEP)1/1417 (r = 0.981, s = 0.043). Validation results indicated that the root mean square error was 0.659 t hm-2, the relative error was 5.337%, the coefficient of concordance was 0.988, and the coefficient of determination was 0.961. The second derivative of the optimized model showed that in cotton, the process of aboveground biomass accumulation could be divided into three phrases using two inflection points. When the accumulation rate of the aboveground biomass of cotton was at its maximum, the relative product of thermal effectiveness and PAR was 0.622, the maximum rate of the aboveground biomass accumulation was 2.299, and the aboveground biomass accumulation was 0.549. In conclusion, our study indicates that the product of thermal effectiveness and PAR is a valuable parameter for estimating aboveground biomass accumulation in cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cirrus clouds have large yet uncertain impacts on the Earth's climate. Ice supersaturation (ISS) -- where the relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi) is greater than 100% -- is the prerequisite condition of ice nucleation. Here we use 1 Hz (~230 m) in situ aircraft-based observations from 87° N-67° S to analyze the spatial characteristics of ice supersaturated regions (ISSRs). The median length of 1-D horizontal ISSR segments is found to be very small (~1 km), which is two orders of magnitude smaller than previously reported. To understand the conditions of these small scale ISSRs, we compare individual ISSRs with their horizontally adjacent subsaturated surroundings and show that 99% and 73% of the ISSRs are moister and colder, respectively. When quantifying the contributions of water vapor (H2O) and temperature (T) individually, the magnitudes of the differences between the maximum RHi values inside ISSRs (RHimax) and the RHi in subsaturated surroundings are largely derived from the H2O spatial variabilities (by 88 %) than from those of T (by 9 %). These features hold for both ISSRs with and without ice crystals present. Similar analyses for all RHi horizontal variabilities (including ISS and non-ISS) show strong contributions from H2O variabilities at various T, H2O, pressure (P) and various horizontal scales (~1-100 km). Our results provide a new observational constraint on ISSRs on the microscale (~100 m) and point to the importance of understanding how these fine scale features originate and impact cirrus cloud formation and the RHi field in the upper troposphere (UT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of African Journal of Cancer / Journal Africain du Cancer is the property of Lavoisier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the calibration of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) with World Meteorological Organization (WMO)-scale aircraft profile data. It notes that the TCCON develops accurate measurements of the column average dry-air mole fractions of chemical elements and gases in different sites worldwide. It mentions the consistency of the calibration curves shown between the different TCCON sites which can be described by a single calibration factor for each molecule.

The article presents a study which evaluates the importance of Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) which was calibrated by World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in situ trace gas measurement scales. It states that the network is designed for aircraft campaigns for Stratosphere-Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport 2008 (START-08) included a profile over the Lamont and Lauder sites. The global calibration factor of gas captures the TCCON data is also evaluated.

Copyright of Journal Africain D'Hépato-Gastroentérologie is the property of Lavoisier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background:Sudden sensorineural hearing loss rarely occurs in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia.Case report:We present a case report of a patient who presented with sudden sensorineural hearing loss as the first manifestation of chronic myeloid leukaemia, and review the mechanisms responsible for sudden sensorineural hearing loss in leukaemic patients.Results:A 31-year-old female presented to our clinic with unilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus. Pure tone audiometry revealed profound sensorineural hearing loss in the left ear at all frequencies. During an investigation into her hearing loss, the patient was found to have chronic myeloid leukaemia.Conclusion:Every case of sudden sensorineural hearing loss must be carefully evaluated, and haematological disorders must be considered in the differential diagnosis of sudden hearing loss. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]