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Facts have proven that humanity has incurred a significant environmental cost in the process of gaining economic success due to a surge in carbon dioxide emissions. Nevertheless, if carbon emissions are not curbed at the same time, economic growth may be slowed or stopped completely. It is for this reason that OECD member countries have set out plans to cut emissions. For this reason, the current paper scrutinizes the consequence of renewable energy intake, nonrenewable energy usage, economic globalization and economic progress on environmental destruction among 28 OECD countries by means of data spanning 1990 to 2019 period. The augmented mean group heterogeneous panel model and the common correlated effects mean group regression technique revealed evidence of a positive and negative significant connection between economic progress, and square of economic progress and carbon emission respectively (thus justifying the presence of the reversed U-shaped curve hypothesis) for OECD countries. Moreover, both renewable energy intake and economic globalization reveal a destructive connection with environmental destruction while nonrenewable energy intake has positive significant relationship with the environment. It was also disclosed that renewable energy intensifies the environmental destruction reducing effect of globalization and negatively moderates the impact of economic progress on environmental destruction. On the basis of the findings, appropriate policy recommendations have been developed to assist these economies in their efforts to dissociate economic progress from environmental destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in global waste generation is an important issue directly addressed in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)‐12 and OECD countries produce large amounts of waste. In this context, the study examines the influence of waste generated and recycled on the load capacity factor (biocapacity/ecological footprint) in 28 OECD countries from 2000 to 2021 using novel panel data approaches. The study employs augmented mean group and novel half‐panel jackknife estimation approaches within the Load Capacity Curve (LCC) hypothesis and confirms the LCC for OECD nations. In addition, the long‐term prediction results illustrate that waste generation increases environmental destruction, while waste recycled supports the increase in the load capacity factor. The study recommends policymakers in OECD countries to support economic growth and increase investment in waste recycling technologies to achieve SDG‐12. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The achievement of 16 out of the 123 sustainable development goals (SDGs) indicates the vast task ahead for Turkey. Addressing the aspects of ecological sustainability via the trend of the ratio of biocapacity to ecological footprint, this study seeks to examine whether energy security, financial development, natural resources and economic expansion drive Turkey's load capacity factor. By implementing quantile‐on‐quantile and its Granger causality dimension, the results largely affirm the statistically significant effect of energy security on the load capacity factor in all quantiles. Although this impact is weak, it is significantly positive, thus indicating that the country's energy security profile is advancing its ecological sustainability. Similarly, globalization positively impacts the load capacity factor by a strong dimension. Conversely, financial development and economic growth exert a significant but negative effect on the load capacity factor in most quantiles, which reflects the undesirability of these indicators on the country's environmental sustainability drive. Specifically, the negative effects of financial development and economic output on the load capacity factor are mainly in the middle to higher quantiles (0.4–0.95) and lowest quantiles (0.05–0.3), respectively. The results of this study can guide the development of intuitive and robust energy efficiency and energy security‐related policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between gross domestic product, female labour participation, and fertility rate in a model that spans 157 countries from 1991 to 2018. It demonstrates cointegration or the existence of a long-run relationship among variables. Both short-run and long-run trends in gross domestic product and fertility rates have a significant impact on female labour participation, and this relationship is non-linear. The study finds a U-shaped relationship between female labour participation and gross domestic product, with fertility being one of the most important non-economic factors. Increased economic activity and lower fertility rates around the world have a real and positive impact on female labour participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Victorian Age was a period of economic progress for England, driven by technological advancements and the expansion of power. During this era, the British Empire dominated much of the world, and the imperialists bragged that the Sun never sets on the vast empire. The main factor behind this rapid economic progress was industrialization, which was marked by the establishment of various industries across the nation. But the industrialization of Great Britain was not without its consequences; the advent of the Industrial Revolution brought with it an increased demand for cheap industrial labour. It was the poor working-class families that were brought in to supply this cheap labour to meet the increasing demands of the fast-progressing nation. Many children from such families were also hired to keep the nation's economic graph pointing upward. Child labour, thus, became a by-product of industrialization in England. While the mighty nation revelled in the glorious result of the Industrial Revolution, the poor children toiled hard, hidden away in dark, gloomy factories. This paper aims at exploring the issue of child labour during this period through the poem A Voice from the Factories: In Serious Verse by Caroline Norton, a prominent Victorian poet and activist. It examines the sufferings and depravity of child labourers in Industrial England as addressed by Norton and many of her contemporaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of military expenditure, final consumption expenditure, gross national expenditure, net income, broad money, and total reserves on Pakistan's economic growth. The nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) and robust regressions methods are used to examine the relationship among variables. The outcomes revealed that total reserves positively impacted the economic growth during positive and negative short- and long-run shocks. Final consumption expenditure and gross national expenditure negatively influenced the economic growth. Similarly, military expenditure and net income positively and negatively impacted the economic growth, while broad money has adverse and positive relation to economic growth. The results of the robust least squares and stepwise least squares approaches showed that all variables except military expenditure and reserves have positive impact on economic development. This study suggests that government should carefully monitor defence-related investment to maintain economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of transportation on the atmosphere is immense because it is the biggest energy consumer which burns much of the global oil. This triggers environmental impact and leads to a global warming by releasing carbon dioxide, including nitrous oxide and particulate pollution. This analysis key motive is to estimate the inter links of CO2 emissions from transportation, solid and liquid fuel utilization, industrialization and manufacturing, fossil fuel energy with economic progress in Pakistan. For stationarity purposes, time span data ranging from 1971-2019. The ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) method was applied with the estimation of long- and short-run dynamics. Furthermore, FMOLS (Fully Modified Least Square) and DOLS (Dynamic Least Square) techniques were also used to estimate the long term relationships amid variables. Outcomes exposed during the long-run that CO2 emissions from transportation, liquid fuel usage, industrialization and manufacturing sector and fossil energy use has positive coefficients with probability-values (0.476), (0.653), (0.613) and (0.711) correspondingly that exposed a constructive interaction with economic progress, while carbon emission from solid fuel utilization and CO2 emissions has adverse influence to economic progress of Pakistan. Similarly, FMOLS and DOLS techniques outcomes show that the variables CO2 emissions from transportation, liquid and solid fuel usage and fossil energy use demonstrate a constructive correlation with economic growth, while carbon emission from industrialization and manufacturing and CO2 emissions has adverse influence on economic progress in Pakistan. As a cross-cutting trend of sustainable development policy, Pakistan should pay greater attention to environmental issues and recognize their importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar was born on 14th April, 1891 in a family of social outcasts, was a direct victim of social discrimination and inequality in both opportunities and standard of living. Yet he had overcome all odds to become the Father of the Indian Constitution and contributed monumentally towards eradicating poverty and improving the quality of life of marginalised communities in India. If one man, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, could imprint such a transformational and lasting effect on the nation of India encompassed with heights of social stigma and economic divide, how much more could the nation as a whole achieve by adopting his ideologies? This rationale is the basis of this paper. In 2015, the United Nations adopted seventeen Sustainable Development Goals as a universal call to action to end poverty and reduce socio-economic divide. More than 165 countries have adopted and are striving to achieve the SDGs. However, reports indicate that most of the nations are too far from achieving the SDG goals by 2030. Across all 17 goals, Sweden tops the list of countries surveyed, where as India ranked around 120. In this context, it is critical to understand the ideology and the strategic policy framework of Babasaheb Ambedkar to forge a practical and adoptable action plan to achieve the SDGs. This paper proposes a practical and simple action plan following Ambedkar's ideologies towards successfully achieving five of the most important and essential SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Under the influence of global transformations in the world, both economic processes and the system of international relations are undergoing changes. Accordingly, modern diplomacy acquires new features, its forms and methods of conduct change, the way of presenting information about one's intentions or rejection of certain phenomena, despite the obligation to comply with protocol requirements. Therefore, the current issue is the scientific substantiation of the conceptual foundations of economic diplomacy and its role in implementing the strategic priorities of the countries' development and ensuring their economic progress. Methods. The research methodology is based on a systemic approach, according to which the tools and methods of economic diplomacy and the economic progress and strategic development of states are considered in a close relationship and causality. To solve the research tasks, both general scientific and special methods of scientific research were used, in particular: the method of going from the abstract to the concrete, analysis and synthesis, generalization and analogy, conceptual and logical analysis, the historical method in combination with the methods of empirical research and international comparative studies. The results. The role of economic diplomacy in the economic development of countries is substantiated. Conceptual approaches to the concept of "economic diplomacy" are defined, and its role in the implementation of the strategic priorities of the countries' development is revealed. It is argued that economic diplomacy acquires a new character and covers wider areas. It is substantiated that the processes of economic integration force more active use of the tools of economic diplomacy. The peculiarities of the experience of some countries in the implementation of strategic development priorities using the tools of economic diplomacy are revealed. The strategic vectors and goals of economic diplomacy in promoting the national interests of countries are outlined. As a result of the conducted research, the conceptual foundations of economic diplomacy were scientifically substantiated; its role in implementing the strategic priorities of the development of individual countries and ensuring their economic progress is argued; the strategic vectors and goals of economic diplomacy in promoting the national interests of states are outlined. Discussion. The obtained research results can be used for further scientific developments regarding the improvement of the theoretical basis of economic diplomacy and its influence on economic progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the nexus between environmental degradation and economic progress has focused on polluting emissions. However, the forest area plays a significant role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) related to the environment. Forest area is directly related to air and water quality and the absorption of polluting residues. At the same time, in recent decades, economic progress processes have been internationalised and knowledge has improved in the context of persistent income inequality. The objective of this research is evidence that economic progress is destroying nature; for this, we use forest area as a measure of environmental quality. The nexus between the two variables is moderated by the globalisation KOF index, income inequality, and knowledge. Using non-linear methods, we find a threshold effect in globalisation, inequality, and economic progress. This result implies that before the threshold, the impact of the covariates differs from the impact after the threshold, generating findings different from those shown by the previous environmental literature. The results reveal that after a threshold, the impact of economic progress on forest area is negative. This fact reveals that the main obstacle to achieving environmental sustainability is in the least developed countries, where inequality and globalisation reinforce the degradation of the forest area. We find that knowledge is a mechanism to prevent deforestation, particularly in more developed countries. Those responsible for pro-environmental policy should promote global strategies to prevent economic progress from being based on the destruction of nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bulk of literature has examined the asymmetric impact of renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions by using the advanced econometric approach. While the asymmetric role of renewable energy production in the CO2 equation is largely unknown, our present study quantifies the asymmetric relationship between renewable energy production, natural resources, economic progress, and CO2 emission for Pakistan by using the NARDL approach. It is found that positive change in renewable energy production has a positive effect on CO2 emissions, while a negative change in renewable energy production has a negative effect on CO2 emissions in the long run. Furthermore, a positive and negative change in natural resources contributes negatively to CO2 emissions in the long run. The results reveal that a positive change in economic progress significantly increases CO2 emissions in the long run. Based on findings, Pakistan's government should encourage local and international investors to increase their investment in the production of renewable energy by reducing environmental degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide emissions have been the primary source of extreme environmental pollution and have detrimental consequences on human life, irrespective of an economy being developed or underdeveloped. For the developing economies, in particular, it is imperative to reduce such emissions in order to sustain the growth of the respective economies. However, for designing appropriate emission reduction policies, it is appropriate to identify the sectors which contribute the most to carbon dioxide emissions and dampen the growth of overall economy. Against this background, the key intention of this study was to examine the influence of carbon dioxide emissions generated from various sources on the economic progress in Pakistan between 1971 and 2017. This study is important for Pakistan to sustain its economic progress and enable the nation to comply with commitments of the Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals. The econometric analysis conducted in this study considers a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model which is applied to ascertain the short- and long-run economic growth impacts associated with positive and negative shocks to CO2 emissions generated from various sources. The choice of this model is driven by its capacity to perform an asymmetric analysis which is relevant for suitable policy-making purposes. The overall results, in a nutshell, reveal that carbon dioxide emissions from Pakistan's transportation sector influence the country's economic progress. Positive shocks to such carbon dioxide emissions are originate to reduce economic progress in the long run while negative shocks are evidenced to boost economic growth both in the short and long run. In contrast, carbon dioxide emissions from other major sectors are found to be ineffective in influencing Pakistan's economic growth both in the short and long run. Hence, keeping into consideration the prospects of attaining sustainable economic growth, the Pakistan government must prioritize the implementation of CO2 emissions-inhibiting policies within the transportation sector. Simultaneously, the traditional fossil fuel dependency within this sector should also be phased out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Question (1669-6581) is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Greenhouse gases are the major issues globally leading to climate change and increased pollution of the atmosphere. CO2 emissions have divergent effect to the environment that also causes the economic performance of any country. The main motive of this analysis was to expose the influence of CO2 emission on population growth, fossil fuel energy consumption, economic progress, and energy usage in Nepal by using time series data ranging from 1971 to 2019, and data stationarity was checked with the help of unit root tests. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method with cointegration test was employed to adjudicate the variable dynamics with short- and long-run evidence. Furthermore, variable causality was tested through the Granger causality test. Study findings show that during long-run analysis that fossil fuel energy consumption and energy utilization has constructive affinity with carbon dioxide emission that exposed the p-values (0.0000) and (0.1065) correspondingly, while population growth and economic progress uncovered an inimical relation to CO2 emission. Similarly, the outcomes via short-run analysis also show that fossil fuel energy consumption and energy utilization have productive relation with CO2 emission which shows the p-values (0.0000) and (0.1317), while population growth and economic progress demonstrate an adverse influence to CO2 emission. The causality test results also validate a unidirectional linkage among variables. In attempt to participate in the global fight to clean up the atmosphere, the Nepali government and officials must take new measures to reduce CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The largest challenge still remains in enhancing the living conditions and economic progress, while growing the environmental footprint is related to energy. The move towards renewable sources means that energy utilization can be increased and environmental impacts reduced. The key purpose of the present analysis was to investigate the CO2 emissions interaction to industrialization, energy imports, carbon intensity, economic progress, and gross capital formation by using time span data ranging from 1971 to 2019. Variable stationarity was confirmed by utilizing the unit root tests, while quantile regression analysis was utilized to check the CO2 emission influence on the independent variables. Outcomes showed that industrialization has constructive influence with CO2 emission having coefficient (0.161636) with probability value (0.0000). Similarly the variable energy imports, carbon intensity, and gross capital formation have positive coefficients (0.206843), (0.895212), and (0.442922) with probability values (0.2171), (0.0004), and (0.0002) correspondingly that exposed the positive interaction with CO2 emission in Pakistan. The variable economic progress exposed an adverse impact to CO2 emission with having coefficient (−0.002841) with probability value (0.8795). In directive to improve the economic progress, the government of Pakistan should take future action to minimize carbon dioxide emission from different sectors that cause the climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although urban agglomerations have introduced substantial contributions to the economies around the globe, it has also led to the serious environmental challenges. However, this situation may vary across the development levels. The existing knowledge offers a gap in terms of both theoretical and empirical grounds. The Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) is previously not known to incorporate land agglomeration and the intensity of energy use. Besides, the investigation of linkages among the variables of interest across the development levels within a country is not known to be considered by the existing knowledge. This study systematically investigates the heterogeneous dynamic causality among the intensity of energy use, land agglomeration, carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), and economic progress across the development levels in the Chinese economy, considering 29 provinces for the period 2000 to 2018. To this end, a long-term co-integration association is tested and found existent among the variables of interest. A dynamic common correlated effects mean group approach is applied for impact analysis. The key findings include: The impacts of economic progress and land agglomeration on CO2 are found positive and significant in the country panel and western zone of China (WZC). It turned to be neutral in the case of the central zone of China (CZC) and significantly negative in the eastern zone of China (EZC). To this end, economic progress presented a 'development ladder-based CO2 mitigation effect,' while the land agglomeration exposed the 'land agglomeration ladder-based CO2 mitigation effect'. Further, the causalities extracted are: first, economic progress is found in positive bilateral linkages with the intensity of energy use and land agglomeration for all the panels. Second, a positive and unilateral causal bridge is found operating from land agglomeration to the intensity of energy use and from the intensity of energy use to CO2. Third, a unilateral linkage of mixed nature is exposed to exist from land agglomeration to CO2, with positive causal links for country panel and WZC, negative causal links for EZC, while a neutral linkage is found for CZC. Fourth, a bidirectional link with mixed causalities appeared in the country panel and WZC. Economic progress increased CO2 in WZC. Next, a negative bilateral link is observed between the two variables in EZC. Additionally, this link remained neutral in CZC. Based on empirics, it is revealed that the development level matters in determining the links among the variables of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While emerging economies face the challenge of competing with developed nations, they are capable of catching up to the developed world. In this context, financial development and the degree of economic openness may provide better living conditions for the current generation without giving up future generations' prosperity. Therefore, this research's prime intention is to investigate the impact of economic openness and financial development on economic progress, employing Pakistan's time-series data from 1975--2018. To examine the long-term association between economic openness, financial development, and economic progress, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration tests were performed and the results present a long-term association between these variables. Findings from ARDL estimates indicate that the relationship between financial development and economic progress is significantly positive in the long term. Contrastingly, the relationship between economic openness and economic progress is significantly positive in the short term. A fully modified ordinary least square technique was applied to check the robustness of the long-term links. The Granger causality test revealed that economic progress is motivated by both economic openness and financial development in an emerging economy such as Pakistan. Thus, policies boosting financial development and economic openness are proposed to put the emerging economies on a path of sustainable economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accelerated urbanization in China was already coupled with a steadily increasing demand for energy usage. The present study major aim was to determine the asymmetric influence of urbanization, energy utilization, fossil fuel energy and CO2 emission on economic progress in China by using an annual time series data varies from 1975 to 2017. Stationarity amid variables was verified by applying the unit root tests, while non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) bounds testing model was used to examine the asymmetric impacts on variables with short- and long-run dynamics. Outcomes revealed that via short-run estimates, the negative shocks of energy usage cause significantly to increase the economic efficiency, but positive shocks of energy utilization display the adverse linkage with the economic progress. Similarly, the negative shocks of GDP per capita growth demonstrate a substantial upsurge in the economic progress, and the positive shocks establish the adverse influence towards economic growth. Further, the outcomes of short-run dynamics also exposed the negative shocks of urbanization significantly affected the economic growth, but positive shocks exposed the adversative influence on economic growth. The outcomes display that fossil fuel energy consumption showed a constructive impact to economic progress, and additionally, the variable CO2 emission also uncovered a positive shocks having significant impact on economic progress. Furthermore, the outcomes of long-run analysis express that energy utilization has negative and positive shocks that expose the adverse influence on economic progress of China. GDP per capita growth exposed the constructive influence on the economic growth in both shocks. The negative and positive shocks of urbanization demonstrate a noteworthy influence on economic growth. The variable fossil fuel energy consumption also exposed an optimistic influence on economic progress, and finally the influence of CO2 emission on economic growth is insignificant as the results exposed. The reducing carbon alteration target aims to be reached for China, and in the next several decades, it will encourage the green energy options in order to decrease carbon dioxide emission to avoid environmental pollution by raising its energy intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the association between gender gap and economic progress. Using a panel VAR study as well as a comprehensive gender gap index and its sub‐indices from the World Economic Forum, the study confirms the existence of bidirectional Granger causality between gender gap and economic progress, for OECD countries and developing countries. On the one hand, economic progress encourages equity for both sexes. On the other hand, gender equity helps developing nations prosper and significantly improve their human capital, which, in turn, drives long‐run economic progress. By contrast, closing the gender gap negatively affects OECD output. For the sample of developing countries, the aforementioned results are robust to sub‐indices measured by gender gap in economic participation as well as opportunity, educational attainment, and political empowerment. We recommend that gender policies specifically aim at eliminating gaps in female education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Anbar University Journal of Economic & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the heterogeneous causal linkages between urbanization, the intensity of electric power consumption, water-based pollutant emissions, and GRP in regional China by developing an urbanization-augmented "Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology" (STIRPAT) model. A whole country panel of 29 provinces as well as region sub-panels of China, for the period 1999 to 2018, are estimated employing common correlated effects mean group approach (CCEMGA), which offers robustness against heterogeneous characteristics and cross-sectionally dependent series. From the theoretic modeling aspect, the intensity of electric power consumption and urbanization have been introduced as the determinants of water-based pollutant emissions in the STIRPAT modeling framework. Based on empirical results, first, GRP growth has shown appealing behavior in the form of its heterogeneous impacts on water-based pollutant emissions growth in the case of different regions. For instance, its impact is noted to be positive and statistically significant for the western region, which turned positive but statistically insignificant for the intermediate region. And it further turned significantly negative in the case of the eastern region. We call this phenomenon as "development level-based emission mitigation effect." Second, in terms of the impact of GRP growth on urbanization, the "development-based urbanization ladder effect" has been found. Based on heterogeneous causal links, firstly, the existence of a positive bilateral causal link between the intensity of electric power consumption and GRP growth and urbanization and GRP growth has been validated. Secondly, a positive unidirectional causal link emerged from urbanization to the intensity of electric power consumption and water-based pollutant emissions growth. Thirdly, the causal connection between GRP growth and water-based pollutant emissions growth remained very interesting and of mixed nature. Based on empirical findings, useful policies are extended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we attempt to investigate the relationship between electricity consumption, foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic progress in Pakistan during the period from 1997 to 2017. We applied the unit root tests to cointegration approach with the vector error correction model (VECM) approach. We also authenticated the robustness of the outcomes with the help of the regression methods. The main findings indicated that variables are cointegrated in the long-run and the VECM approach verified long-run causal links among the variables. The short-run causality is running from electricity consumption and economic development to FDI. The results remained uniform under the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), and the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) estimations. Correspondingly, these three methods ratified that there is a significant long-run linkage between electricity consumption and the economic development of Pakistan. Additionally, the diagnostic assessments fixed that results are free from correlations and models are stable. Thus, based on these results, electricity generation and consumption, as well as FDI, is crucial for the economic progress of Pakistan. The priority should be given to promote the optimum use of available resources to generate energy, and FDI in the energy sector should be attracted through various incentives to support the economic advancement of Pakistan. Renewable energy resources are recyclable springs that can cut the intensity of carbon emissions and encourage to the promising magnitude of FDI and also certify sustainable and economic progression of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the role of quality of health, water and sanitation as key drivers of economic progress, with a focus on Nigeria from 1990 to 2015. The indicators considered were economic progress (GDP per capita), health (infant mortality rate), access to water and sanitation. The ex-post facto research design was used in this study. Also, the Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) estimation method was chosen. Empirical findings show that there is a long-run relationship where the quality of health, water and sanitation has a positive effect on economic progress. The results indicate that access to water, sanitation and better health boosts the economic progress of Nigeria. It can be said that these facilities complement labour productivity. While comparing the policy options tested in this study, the improvement of the sanitation facilities has the highest marginal impact in fostering growth in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the complexity of energy systems and the uncertainties surrounding the transition path, governments must take into account not only environmental concerns but also energy security and affordability in economic progress pathways. Therefore, using population growth and energy usage as control variables, the influence of the energy trilemma index on economic progress in the North African region is explored from 1990 to 2020. Advanced econometric approaches, particularly cross-sectional dependence, and second-generation tests, are used for empirical investigation. In addition, for short-run estimates, the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation with fixed and random effects is utilized, while for estimation in the long-run, generalized least squares (GLS) estimations for a fixed and random effect, while, fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) are used for robustness check. Our results refer to the positive significant influence of energy trilemma and energy usage on economic progress and the negative significant influence of population growth on economic progress. In addition, a two-way causal linkage exists between energy trilemma and economic progress, while population growth and energy usage cause economic progress. This may stress policymakers to accelerate the energy transition to low-carbon energies, appropriately use the nation's human resources, and promote energy efficiency. • The positive impact of the energy trilemma index on economic progress. • Energy usage as a control variable enhances economic progress. • One-way causal link between population growth and energy usage to economic progress. • The two-way causal link between energy trilemma and economic progress is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On the Globe there are countries facing religious restriction and hostilities. In this article I tried to underline how religious freedom as a fundamental human right is in many occasions accountable to better economic and business outcome. I tried to demonstrate that religious freedom can be liable for the welfare of a country and its citizens. Countries where religious freedom for all denominations is respected are democratic countries, where peace and stability co-exist and are beneficial to investment activities. It can also be seen as countries where individual rights and, implicitly, religious freedom are respected and defended; its citizens will act altruistically, not just for their own interest but for the common good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is progress and what is not progress? We can talk about progress in lots of different arenas; we will focus primarily on economic and scientific progress, but also make brief reference to cultural and moral progress. In our discussion, we want to distinguish, especially, between overall, long-term progress and narrower, shorter-term progress or regress. We will refer to these as “global” and “local” progress, respectively. Of course, one can also regress; therefore, we will also look at instances where progress, along some dimension, slows or even moves backwards. Generally, such regress is local, and often still in a context of broader, global progress. In scientific progress, for example, there are many instances of short-term progress which, if not completely discarded or disproved, are at least substantially modified or fundamentally challenged. And yet, those research paths, even when later abandoned, still contributed to the overall progress of the field. In that sense, the regress (that is, rejection or modification of previous theories) is corrected by, but not in conflict with, the overall progress. In the case of economic progress, the concept of regress usually takes on a different form in which things that aren’t advancing progress don’t necessarily stop it, but are simply retarding progress — that is, making the rate of progress less efficient. The consequence, we suggest, is that when talking about economic progress, objections to certain consequences of economic progress (for instance, income inequality — a type of regress, in our terminology) should not be cordoned off and dealt with independently, but should be incorporated into the way we think about economic progress itself — as instances of local regress within a context of global progress. We explore the effects of these different relations between progress and regress to suggest some of the challenges those seeking to broaden the standard measure, GDP, to incorporate other social values of well-being will face moving forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the quality of life involves a complex and multidimensional effort, and previous efforts to measure progress simply did not create a sufficiently nuanced picture of what a healthy society looks like. Social progress is the capacity of a society to meet the basic human needs of its citizens, to establish the areas that enable citizens and communities to improve, respectively to support the quality of their lives and to create the necessary conditions for all individuals to reaches the full potential. At the same time, progress can be considered dependent on the ability to innovate and the ability to adopt innovation. Thus, after analyzing and comparing the data for the Global Social Innovation Index and the Global Innovation Index, we are looking to answer the question which gives the title of these papers: Is innovation the premise of social progress? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern time exists the cases of discriminations to the regard of social justice. It is essential to explore whether they are the outcome of the state interventions that had not primarily the objective to achieve the social justice. The relation between state and society changes along with the enhancing the activities of state with the objective ofequalizing the possibilities and results on the base of equal rights. Before mentioned enhancement of activities the state was essentially the tool of enforcement that served as a guarantor to the self-formed society. Such reality did not excluded the fact that the state provided minimal social insurance for the society members. Creation of equal possibilities is the principle of social statehood and is the mechanism by which the state controls the market oriented economic order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is progress and what is not progress? We can talk about progress in lots of different arenas; we will focus primarily on economic and scientific progress, but also make brief reference to cultural and moral progress. In our discussion, we want to distinguish, especially, between overall, long-term progress and narrower, shorter-term progress or regress. We will refer to these as “global” and “local” progress, respectively. Of course, one can also regress; therefore, we will also look at instances where progress, along some dimension, slows or even moves backwards. Generally, such regress is local, and often still in a context of broader, global progress. In scientific progress, for example, there are many instances of short-term progress which, if not completely discarded or disproved, are at least substantially modified or fundamentally challenged. And yet, those research paths, even when later abandoned, still contributed to the overall progress of the field. In that sense, the regress (that is, rejection or modification of previous theories) is corrected by, but not in conflict with, the overall progress. In the case of economic progress, the concept of regress usually takes on a different form in which things that aren’t advancing progress don’t necessarily stop it, but are simply retarding progress — that is, making the rate of progress less efficient. The consequence, we suggest, is that when talking about economic progress, objections to certain consequences of economic progress (for instance, income inequality — a type of regress, in our terminology) should not be cordoned off and dealt with independently, but should be incorporated into the way we think about economic progress itself — as instances of local regress within a context of global progress. We explore the effects of these different relations between progress and regress to suggest some of the challenges those seeking to broaden the standard measure, GDP, to incorporate other social values of well-being will face moving forward. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Despite his emphasis on economic development, Adam Smith did not participate in the contemporary “rich country–poor country” debate. Some see the absenteeism as a deficiency, while others assume that Smith propounds a theory of uneven development and agrees with the divergence argument. In this article, Smith's own theory is expounded and related to the contentious points of the “rich country–poor country” debate. It is concluded that Smith's theory does not fit easily into the categories of this debate. He rather takes up a third position, being neither a proponent of pure convergence nor of pure divergence. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The effects the Avant-garde had on the way of thinking of people belonging to various cultures and professions were bigger than expected. The fact that there were Dada promoters who belonged to nations of Latin origin, such as Tr. Tzara and G. M. Teles, led future theoreticians to advocate the idea of a Latin union which - through joint cultural actions - could change the entire political, economic, and spiritual life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin is lost in the mists of time business. They had a sinuous evolution, with periods of glory and decay. Because such a development is the way they were perceived over time. In the contemporary period, businesses have taken on an unprecedented scale. Progress in technology and communications reduce distances and time. The consequence of globalization of markets, while maintaining local specificity. Even small companies involved in international business. Internationalization is not just a privilege of large corporations. In this paper, we present some important milestones of entrepreneurial structures that stood out in the world so "strong" business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Big business successes are the result of strong entrepreneurial personalities. In the context of competitive economy, tough selection, ruthless but unequivocally, they have managed to rise above a truly remarkable tables competitors. Without exception, these businesses and their promoters have merit not only to be glimpsed an opportunity - favorable opportunities, but that sampling of unusual managerial qualities in its capitalization. The present paper highlights some examples of successes faithfully recognized worldwide business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has been confronted with serious water quality deterioration concurrent with rapid socioeconomic progress during the past 40 years. Consequently, knowledge about economic growth and lake water quality dynamics is important to understand eutrophication processes. Objectives were to (i) reconstruct historical nutrient accumulation and the basin economic progress on burial flux (BF); (ii) determine forms and structures of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in sediment and water using six cores in three of the most severely eutrophic lake areas in China (i.e., Eastern Plain, Yunnan-Guizhou Plain, and Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang regions). Results suggest that BFs of total nitrogen (TN) continued to increase in sediment, whereas total phosphorus (TP) levels were consistent or only slightly increased, except in highly polluted lakes during the past decades. Similar results were observed for concentrations of nutrients in water (i.e., increased N/P). This historical distribution pattern was correlated to long-term fertilization practices of farmers in the watershed (N fertilization exceeds that of P) and was contingent upon pollution control policies (e.g., emphasized P whereas N was ignored). Vertical profiles of BFs indicated that lake nutrient accumulation included three stages in China. Nutrient accumulation started in the 1980s, accelerated from the 1990s, and then declined after 2000. Before the 1980s, nutrients were relatively low and stable, with nutrient inputs being controlled by natural processes. Thereafter, N- and P-bound sediments dramatically increased due to the increasing influence of anthropogenic processes. Nutrients were primarily derived from industries and domestic sewage. After 2000, BFs of nutrients were steady and even decreased, owing to implementation of watershed load reduction policies. The decreasing NaOH-extracted P (Fe/Al-P) and increasing organic phosphorus (OP) indicated that the source of exogenous pollution underwent a shift. Inputs of nutrients were predominantly from agricultural and domestic sewage, whereas industrial pollution has been gradually controlled in most of the watersheds. Historical nutrient dynamics suggest that the economy of China is growing at the expense of its aquatic ecological environments. Therefore, more attention to nutrient export to groundwater resulting from economic development is important for further aquatic ecosystem deterioration and eutrophication in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transitional profits are above-normal profits that can be earned by firms as a result of changes in market conditions or entrepreneurial innovations of the firm. They are a common pool and are competed away by firms that enter profitable markets or imitate the innovations of profitable firms. The economics literature provides two conflicting views on transitional profits. One is that above-normal profit is a sign of economic inefficiency and is the result of either monopoly power or disequilibrium. The other is that economic profit is necessary for economic efficiency because profit is the lure that pushes entrepreneurs to allocate resources more efficiently. Both views are considered, along with an analysis of whether this common pool resource is competed away too rapidly, as the theory of common pool resources would suggest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is an important branch of the national economy, with various functions such as: main source of business activity that uses the workforce, ecological factor for the protection of the environment, technical and cultural tradition, representing a civilization in itself. This paper shows that, in Romania, agriculture has an extremely special position, being one of the primary branches of material production, taking into account that the economic and social growth of the contemporary world is in close connection with the level of accomplishments in agriculture and it cannot exist outside a strong development of this production branch. Because the agricultural sector is currently growing, now, in 2014, we can see a considerably large migration from the urban area to the rural area. Young people choose villages and not cities being influenced also by the agricultural schemes offered by the European Union, schemes that support the needs of the agricultural field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to address the future role of emerging economies in the global marketplace. The paper highlights current trends in the global market and the changing role of emerging economies. Design/methodology/approach - The paper discusses various perspectives on the role of emerging economies in a globalized world. The paper relies on recent debates on the state of the global economy and the changing positions of emerging economies in the world market. Findings - The paper devises six categories for today's emerging economies. These are: advancing player, reluctant player, repositioning player, the defender, chained player, and retreating player. These classifications set the stage for a thoughtful discussion on the potential roles of emerging economies in a world that is characterized by constant changes and alternating positions of major players. Originality/value - The paper provides unique perspectives on emerging economies, while refuting those who attempt to marginalize their roles in today's marketplace. It makes a powerful argument that in the era of globalization neither the developed world nor the emerging economies can lead without the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At a time when Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is one of the least developed countries in Europe, and when most of economy' sectors are underdeveloped; it is very hard to say what should be considered as a starter of economic development. Authors consider tourism sector as a field that could contribute the most, and as a field that has biggest chances and opportunities to increase economic well-being of people in BiH. The research is consisted from set of data that proves and defends statement that tourism is sector that can be most useful for BiH economy and if the plan for tourism development is carried out systematically it could make rapid economic growth, with the long-term and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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One reason firms exist is to serve as knowledge repositories. Firms compete against other firms and need profits to survive. Firms must be entrepreneurial to discover and act on profit opportunities. Knowledge required to spot profit opportunities is disbursed among economic actors and often is tacit knowledge that can only be obtained by those in close proximity. This gives rise to agglomeration economies, which can be leveraged within firms. In a competitive economy people have an incentive to keep knowledge from people in other firms, but to share it with those in their firm. One role of the firm is to act as a repository of knowledge for those within the firm's boundaries, and to lower the cost of obtaining knowledge about profit opportunities. Entrepreneurs need firms to contain and capture the profits from their innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive meaning of work ethics that encompasses its spirit in a changing world. It also reflects on the historical evolution of work ethics in the Western world. Design/methodology/approach – The paper briefly discusses the concept of work ethics and identifies reasons that make it imperative that the paper move beyond simply equating work ethics with hard work. Findings – The deepening of the economic crises in current years demands a rethinking of the cultural/national elements that are essential for regaining initiatives that can profoundly change economic directions and reverse economic recessions. In a knowledge economy, work ethics takes on a new meaning of being adaptive to the changing nature of economic activities and the never ending search for improving one's welfare and that of societies'. Originality/value – The paper offers a genuine reflection on the historical evolution of work ethics. It sets the stage for an effective argument that recognizes a new meaning of work ethics, thus offering a hope that espousing the new meaning will profoundly change the way people relate to and engage in work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We survey perspectives on the economic differences between countries and argue that economic freedom is the key to prosperity. We close by outlining the policy implications. Specifically, removing obstacles to the exercise of economic freedom is an important step towards prosperity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neoclassical welfare economics takes an outcome-oriented approach that uses Pareto optimality as its benchmark for welfare maximization. When one looks at the remarkable improvements in economic welfare that have characterized market economies, most of those improvements in welfare have been due to economic progress that has introduced new and improved goods and services into the economy, and innovations in production methods that have brought costs down, leading to higher real incomes. Pareto optimality is only peripherally related to actual economic welfare, and no economist would argue that people are materially better off today than a century ago because the economy is closer to Pareto optimality. After analyzing the actual factors that lead to improvements in welfare, this paper suggests a reformulation of the foundations of welfare economics to replace the almost irrelevant outcome-oriented concept of Pareto optimality as the benchmark for evaluating welfare with a process-oriented benchmark based on factors that generate economic progress. The paper then explores some implications of this reformulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]