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The object of research is the technology of manufacturing «Body»-type shaped castings of the from medium carbon steel in one-time sand molds. The existing problem is that the design of the casting and foundry equipment significantly affect the formation of internal defects in castings. This especially applies to steel castings, the technology of which is more complicated than the technology of cast iron castings due to much worse casting properties of steel. To determine the influence of the location of surpluses on the «Body»-type steel castings of the on the formation of shrinkage shells, computer modeling was used, in the process of which 5 computer experiments were conducted with different sizes and geometries of surpluses. According to the simulation results, it was found that with some technological options, there is a risk of the shrinkage shell penetrating into the casting body. The use of a cylindrical surplus of a rectangular cross-section with fillets ensures complete absorption of the shrink shell in the place of surplus installation. Using an excess round section at the installation location does not guarantee absorption of the shrink shell. The determining factor affecting the coefficient of increase in the depth of the shrinking shell is the excess volume. This influence can be described by a functional dependence of the logarithmic type with the coefficient of determination R2 = 0.82. It was determined that the ratio of the diameter of the inlet to its height does not affect the coefficient of increase in the depth of the shrinking shell. The resulting functional dependence allows to set the excess volume that provides a minimum growth factor while simultaneously preventing excess metal consumption. The presented study will be useful for machine-building enterprises that have foundries in their structure, where shaped castings are made in one-time sand molds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The foundry industry is an important component of the economy on which other progressive industries depend. The reliability of the products it manufactures is determined by the technologies used, but, most importantly, it ensures the expected level of quality. The purpose of the article is to develop a synergistic quality-cost model for the improvement of casting products. The model is based on an integral methodological configuration that makes it possible to determine the level of relevance of the causes of casting nonconformity in the quality-cost context. The model integrates techniques such as the Pareto-Lorenz diagram, ranking, brainwriting, Ishikawa diagram, Likert rating scale, and matrix diagram. Verification of the method by its implication in the manufacturing process of a gearbox casting is performed. The model makes it possible to identify quality-cost relationships between key categories of problem causes and major product nonconformities. The main causes of the loss of quality stability of the analyzed product are found to be low quality of molding sand, poor technical condition of foundry equipment (too infrequent repairs and overhauls), and ineffective quality control. Carrying out the analysis made it possible to develop appropriate improvement measures. It is proposed to implement changes in the casting process, implement the TPM method, conduct periodic training, develop job instructions, implement a control system, and provide supervision of employees. Further research directions will concern the implications of the method within the other positions in the casting company and its development towards automation of analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compositions of ceramic bodies were developed for obtaining wollastonite-containing ceramics based on home-grown carbonate and siliceous raw materials. Aspects of the formation of the structure and the phase composition of the synthesized ceramic materials are determined in terms of the physicochemical properties and operational characteristics. The influence of a mineralizing additive (natural wollastonite) on the sintering and phase formation processes is determined, and the relationship between the indicators of physical, technical, and thermophysical properties, the firing temperature, and the amount of mineralizer introduced emerged. The results of the investigations are of theoretical and practical interest for organizing the production of wollastonite-based refractory ceramic 'ammo' [resources]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents several experimental methods for monitoring cast iron foundry equipment using inductive sensors. Inductive proximity sensors M12,15-30V / DC, CONTRINEX DW-AS-509-M12-390, NO (normally open), with a diameter of 12 mm, accuracy class IP67, powered with DC15-30V current and model XS8C4A1MPG13, NO with detection from 10 to 0 mm, were used to perform this experiment. The proximity sensors were mounted next to the sole of a 30KW motor, on a model extraction machine, to detect the accuracy of placing the pallet on the machine chassis and on a machine for closing formed frames, which aims to close the frames. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart susceptors are being developed for use as tooling surfaces in molding machines that use apply electro-magnetic induction heating to mold and form plastics or metal powders into structural parts, e.g., on aerospace and automotive manufacturing lines. The optimal magnetic materials for the induction heating process should have large magnetization, high magnetic permeability, but also small thermal expansion coefficient. The Fe0.65Ni0.35 invar alloy with its negligible thermal expansion coefficient is thus a natural choice for this application. Here, we use density functional theory as implemented through the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method within the coherent-potential approximation, to design new alloys with the large magnetization desired for smart susceptor applications. We consider the Fe0.65-xNi0.35-yMx+y alloys derived from Fe0.65Ni0.35 invar adding a third element M=Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, or Co with concentration (x + y) reaching up to 5 at. %. We find that the total magnetization depends linearly on the concentration of M. Specifically, the early 3d transition metals from Sc to Cr decrease the magnetization with respect to that of the invar alloy whereas Mn and Co increase it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies is the property of PC TECHNOLOGY CENTER and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Centrifugal force was used to produce open-cell Zn-22Al-2Cu alloy foams by the replication method. Three different sizes (0.50, 0.69, and 0.95 mm) of NaCl spherical particles were used as space holders. A relatively low infiltration pressure was required to infiltrate completely the liquid metal into the three pore sizes, and it was determined based on the centrifugation system parameters. The infiltration pressure required was decreased when the diameter of the particle was increased. The porosity of the foam was increased from 58 to 63 pct, when the pore size was increased from 0.50 to 0.95 mm, while the relative density was decreased from 0.42 to 0.36. The NaCl preform was preheated to avoid the freezing and to keep the rheological properties of the melt. The centrifugal-replication method is a suitable technique for the fabrication of open-cell Zn-Al-Cu alloy foams with small pore size. The compressive mechanical properties of the open-cell Zn-22Al-2Cu foams increased when the pore size decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the experimental investigation of the compaction behavior of dry single-ply and multi-ply fabric stacks (preforms). Utilizing four biaxial (two 0°/90° and two ±45°) and one triaxial (0°±45°) carbon fiber NCF, differing in weight (300 g/m2, 600 g/m2) and type of stitching (tricot, pillar, hybrid), the influence of compaction speed, pre-compaction cycles, number of layers, and stacking sequence on compaction force was examined. In contrast to other studies, the area of interest is limited to 40-50% fiber volume content (FVC), which is based on current continuous preforming conditions. The results showed that higher testing speeds result in increased compaction forces. Pre-compaction cycles (up to 8) significantly reduce (up to 69%) the required compaction forces of preforms for continuous preforming. Furthermore, at an equal total superficial density (1800 g/m2), 6-ply preforms (300 g/m2 each ply) require 75-88% higher compaction forces than 3-ply preforms (600 g/m2 each ply). This relation remains constant with decreasing or increasing total superficial density (ply number). Also the stacking sequence of 6-ply preforms (300 g/m2 each ply) remarkably influences the compaction force, whereby the stitching seam pattern and their alignment (superposition) to each other were the main influencing factors. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2609-2625, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the family of liquid composite molding techniques, bladder-assisted resin transfer molding (BARTM) enables efficient manufacturing of hollow composite parts based on tubular reinforcing textiles. However, resin injection under certain processing conditions can result in high filling times or improper parts and finding the optimal process parameters is often a difficult task. This paper studies the impregnation behavior of a biaxial braided fabric in pressure-driven BARTM under a wide range of injection and bladder pressures. Saturation experiments were accomplished by means of a specifically developed injection test rig comprising an under-sized elastomeric bladder and a monolithic transparent mold. The results obtained show significant influence of the relevant process parameters on local preform compaction, apparent global permeability and filling time. Based on the experiments, a universal moldability diagram was derived that enables identification of admissible and critical operating conditions in BARTM, which supports the finding of optimal part filling settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastics has steadily increased during the last years due to their specific properties. But considering the applications in large-scale production, the price for the organic sheets is still too high in order to compete with the metal counterparts. A starting point for the reduction of the total costs is the acceleration of the impregnation process by in-plane polymer flow. For this reason, this scientific report provides an insight into the production process using a continuous compression molding machine. In order to analyze the in-plane polymer flow and its driving forces, a method for the evaluation of the pressure distribution is presented in a first step. The examination revealed a significant inhomogeneous pressure distribution for the whole pressing area, which could be affected by different temperature settings. Afterward, the impregnation quality was correlated with the different settings, followed by the illustration of a huge potential for increasing the impregnation speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to perform accurate parasitic extraction, foundries must provide the cross section profile of devices, and IP vendors must provide sufficient layout information. However, foundries and IP vendors are increasingly reluctant to reveal such sensitive information, especially for advanced devices. Therefore, the industry is faced with the following challenges: 1) foundries/IP vendors need to protect their trade secrets; 2) electronic design automation vendors need to integrate foundry data into extraction tools; and 3) IC designers need to have the accurate parasitic data. In this paper, we propose an innovative and practical solution to these challenges, by building a macro model around any region in 2-D/3-D on a circuit where foundries or IP vendors wish to hide information, yet the macro model allows accurate capacitance extraction inside and outside of the region. We first give algorithms to construct the macro model. Then, we describe how existing extraction algorithms can interface with the macro model to perform extraction for the entire circuit at the same accuracy as if complete information was given. The macro model can be used in finite difference method/finite element method and floating random walk, due to an equivalence theorem we proved. Finally, we propose the concept of equivalent profile and describe how to find one based on the macro model. Experimental results show the macro model can be efficiently constructed and used to produce accurate capacitance extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is designing a mechanism with functions of rotational and positioning calibrations. This mechanism was applied to a hot embossing mold used for replications of double-sided structure. The hot embossed product was measured for double sided structures. The rotational and positioning alignment errors for both sides were measured by using a microscope. According to the results, the errors were calibrated wit this mechanism. The positioning and rotational resolutions of this mechanism are 40 μm and 0.5°, respectively. The results show that the mechanism has acceptable calibration accuracy. The average calibration accuracy for X-axis, Y-axis and C-axis were 92.5, 91.75 and 98.67 %, respectively. The small errors were induced by the large temperature difference between upper die and lower die during rapid cooling of a hot embossing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modularisation method of product design was put forward based on the integration of axiomatic design matrix (ADM) and design structure matrix (DSM). Because of the complementarity between ADM and DSM, the ADM is used to conduct inter-domain mapping and overall product design in function, while DSM is utilised for analysis and process the correlation and sensitivity among the design parameters, and provide a structured expression of the procedure and content of modular partition. Through the synchronous evolution and integration of ADM and DSM, a modularisation method of product design was presented with the combination of function and structure. Finally, a case is given to show the feasibility and the validity of this new method to implement the product's modularisation design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to identify changes in sheet shape during thermoforming and the effect of the model position in the molding machine on fabricated mouthguard thickness.Materials and Methods: Ethylene vinyl acetate mouthguard sheets (3.8 mm thick) were used that had cross-stripes (10 × 10 mm), and the anteroposterior and bilateral lengths were used for measurements. Two forming machines were used: a vacuum- and a pressure-forming machine, and two heating conditions were investigated that defined as the time when sagging of the softened sheet was 15 mm (H-15) and 20 mm (H-20) below the clamp, and the length of each cross-stripes was measured. The area of each lattice was calculated using Bretschneider's formula to compare changes in sheet shape for each condition. Next, mouthguards were molded by forming machine where the working model was positioned under two different conditions: with the model anterior centered in the forming unit and with the model centered. The sheet thickness after fabrication was determined for the incisal and the molar portion, and dimensional measurements were obtained using a measuring device. Differences in the thickness were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (anova).Result: In both molding machines, the change in the area under H-20 was greater than H-15. While the increase in area tended to expand from the center of the sheet in concentric circles, the difference between the central and surrounding areas was only approximately 5%. For both molding machines, differences in thickness after molding due to setting position of the model were not observed.Conclusion: The results showed that shape changes of the sheet during thermoforming tend to concentrically and almost uniformly expand from the center and that it is important to center the sheet and the model when positioning the model in the forming unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barium sulfate (BaSO4)-containing polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) granular powder was prepared through a two-phase emulsion dispersion granulation method. Because of its large bulk density, small average particle size, narrow particle size distribution, and superior powder flowability, the granular powder is suitable for use in automatic molding machines. The effects of granulation on the tensile strength of the BaSO4/PTFE composite were investigated, and the composite’s microstructures were characterized and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. All these indicated that the granulation could make BaSO4 disperse more homogeneously in PTFE and reduce many defects in molded articles. So the properties of the BaSO4/PTFE composites made by the granular powder were superior to the composite obtained from the nongranular powder. The tensile strength and elongation of the composite obtained from the granular powder could be achieved to a level of 19.4 MPa and 420%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new process was developed to produce full-size carbon/carbon-SiC brake discs consisting of two friction layers and a structural layer. Different lengths of chopped carbon fibers were used for the friction layers and structural layer. A preform of each layer was produced by hot-pressing a mixture of resin and carbon fibers. After pyrolyzing the preforms, the layers were joined by hot-pressing. Finally, liquid Si infiltration was performed to obtain a C/C-SiC brake disc. The tensile strength, compressive strength, and bending strength were 40, 46, and 61 MPa, respectively. The density of the disc was 2.1 g/Cm3. The heat transfer coefficient in the vertical direction was 16.5 W/m-°C, and it was 45.9 in the horizontal direction. The friction coefficients obtained under various braking conditions showed stable and suitable values, 0.2–0.6. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Sulfur polymer concrete (SPC) is a relatively new material used to replace Portland cement for manufacturing sewer pipes. The objective of this work is to develop an efficient molding machine with an inner rotating die to mix, compress and shape the SPC pipe. First, the alternative concepts were generated based on the TRIZ principles to overcome the drawbacks of existing machines. Then, the concept scoring technique was used to identify the best design in terms of machine structure and product quality. Finally, topology optimization was applied with the support of the density method to reduce mass and to displace the inner die. Results showed that the die volume can be reduced by approximately 9% and the displacement can be decreased by approximately 3% when compared with the initial design. This work is expected to improve the manufacturing efficiency of the concrete pipe molding machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure and properties of wear- and corrosion-resistant alloy of Fe-Cr-V-Mo-Ni-C system were investigated for plasma surfacing of screw conveyors of extruders and injection molding machines. It was shown that combination of high wear resistance and ductility of the alloy is achieved due to formation of a large amount of primary vanadium carbides VC and eutectics, located in the viscous austenitic-martensitic matrix in the form of single colonies. The alloy has an excellent formation and high resistance of the deposited bead to crack formation in surfacing, that allows surfacing rather massive parts without preheating. The service life of screw conveyors deposited using this alloy is 3-5 times higher than that of nitrated screws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Bulletin of National Mining University is the property of National Mining University, State Higher Educational Institution and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main traditional technique for commercial manufacturing of composite pipes is filament winding in which the winding angle and the discontinuity of the structure (caused by starting and ending points of the winding process) are two important matters of concern. In the present study, circular woven fabric with its orthogonal net-shaped continuous structure was produced from polyester yarns. Fabric was wet with epoxy and hand lay-up was used to manufacture the composite pipes. Composite pipes were subjected to internal hydrostatic pressure and their burst strength was recorded. In addition, tensile strength of flat laminas was assessed in the warp and weft directions. We estimated and analysed the failure strength of composite pipes using Tresca's failure criterion and Finite Element (FE) modeling. The experimental burst strength was almost 23% more than the FE model and 77% more than the theoretical estimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors attempted at examining the effect of heat treatment on abrasive wear resistance of metal composite castings. Metal matrix composites were made by infiltrating preforms created from unordered short fibers (graphite or silumin) with liquid aluminium alloy AlSi12(b). Thus prepared composites were subject to solution heat treatment at a temperature of 520°C for four hours, then aging at a temperature of 220°C for four hours. Abrasion resistance of the material was tested before and after thermal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this work is the description of phenomena occurring during centrifugal infiltration of porous ceramic materials by liquid Al alloy. In this method, the pressure required to infiltration of liquid metal into pores of ceramic is generated by centrifugal force. From the beginning it was assumed that the porous ceramic material will create reinforcement layer in specific area of the casting. The forces that influence on the liquid metal during mould centrifugation and heat exchange between ceramic preform and metal alloy within the area of the front of infiltration were considered in the analysis. The paper presents also selected experiment results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of low cement castable with polycarboxylate was studied by comparing the effects of polycarboxylate superplasticisers KS-JS70 and LMS-P and sodium tripolyphosphate on castable samples. The fluidity, bulk density, apparent porosity, compressive strength and bending strength of the castable samples at room temperature were determined, and the scanning electron microscopy images of the samples under different temperatures were analysed. Results showed that the use of polycarboxylate superplasticisers KS-JS70 and LMS-P reduced the water consumption, improved the fluidity, increased the compressive bending strength at room temperature and enhanced the physical properties of the castable samples. The slurry rheology and ζ-potential of powder particles were measured to analyse the mechanism of polycarboxylate in low cement castables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, isotactic-polypropylene (iPP) specimens were prepared by a modified injection molding machine, in which high temperature preshear (HTPS) can be imposed on the molten polymer during the plasticizing stage. The effect of HTPS on the microstructure and mechanical property of iPP was investigated. It was found that spherulite size in core region of iPP part decreased steadily with the increasing HTPS duration, indicating that HTPS could substantially enhance iPP nucleation. Moreover, β-iPP formation correlated strongly with HTPS duration. That is, in the absence of HTPS, β-iPP existed only in intermediate region; with moderate HTPS duration, β-iPP could be unexpectedly formed in core region; however, long HTPS duration inhibited β-iPP formation in both intermediate region and core region. Based on the relationship between β-iPP formation and HTPS duration, metastable nuclei, instead of α-row nuclei, were proposed to be responsible for the development of β-iPP. Notched Izod impact test showed that moderate HTPS duration enhance the impact strength of injection molded iPP by decreasing the thickness of shear region and elevating β-iPP crystallinity in core region. Dynamic mechanical test indicated that with the increase of HTPS duration, the storage modulus of injection-molded iPP improves drastically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental study was conducted to assess the consequence of titanium carbide (TiC), molybdenum carbide (Mo2C), iron carbide (Fe3C), and tungsten carbide (WC) reinforcements on the composite aluminum compacts. The hot deformation of the carbide reinforce aluminum compacts, Al-2TiC, Al-2WC, Al-2Fe3C, and Al-2Mo2C, with aspect ratios of 0.4 and 0.6, was carried out and the workability behaviors of the same were determined. The effect of carbide reinforcement and preform geometry on the relative density, stress ratio, σθ/σeff, and formability ratio was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, a control system for a Plastic Injection Mold Machine was proposed by using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) of type IMO iSmart ED-RD-20. The PLC is intended to be implemented in an automated industrial system to yield plastic products, such as flowerpots. For the practical implementation of a prototype of the system, besides the PLC, a power source (24 V DC), a temperature sensor, two DC motors, LEDs for signaling the inputs and outputs states, switches and buttons were also used. The project was realized in the Ladder Diagram (LD) language, comprising 8 LD programs and was simulated with the software simulator SMT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of natural fibres as reinforcement in polymer composites has been increased significantly for their lightweight, low cost, high specific strength, modulus and biodegradable characteristic. In this present work, the mechanical properties of randomly distributed short coir-fibre-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites have been studied as a function of fibre loading. In order to improve the composite's mechanical properties, raw coir fibres were treated with 1% alkali (NaOH) solution. Both raw and alkali treated coir-fibre-reinforced PP composites were prepared with different fibre loadings (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 wt%) using a double roller open mixer machine and injection molding machine. The mechanical properties, such as tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM), flexural strength (FS) and flexural modulus (FM) were investigated for the prepared composites. The alkali treated coir-fibre-reinforced PP composites showed better results in mechanical properties compared to untreated composites. Finally, the optical microscopic studies were carried out on fractured surfaces of the tensile test specimens, which indicated weak interfacial bonding between the fibre and the polymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research aimed to identify both the specialized resources and competences for value co-creation when the value co-creation phenomenon is extended to the early stage of the value chain. Further, it proposes a framework that can analyze the value co-creation process in the high-tech business-to-business (B-to-B) market. Methodology/approach: The research methodology was based on building a theory from a case study. The qualitative data was coded based on the grounded theory coding after collecting data from multiple sources. Findings: Four critical resource types (financial resources, knowledge resources, efficiency resources, and intellectual resources) and five competence types (relational capability, collaboration capability, strategic capability, innovation capability, and managing capability) were constructed as the principal factors for value co-creation at the early stage in the value chain within the high-tech B-to-B market. Among the four resources and five competences, intellectual resource and strategic capability associated with value co-creation were unique findings in our case research. Research implications: Our results provided new insights, which the value co-creation can be extended to the early stages in the value chain, such as the research and development (R&D) stage, in the high-tech B-to-B market, whereas extant value research was more focused on the late stages of the value chain. The reciprocal value co-creation process, which used four resources and five competences of both the supplier and customer, was proposed as an integrated framework to co-create value at the early stage of the value chain within the high-tech B-to-B market. Practical implications: A supplier’s R&D, marketing, manufacturing, planning departments and the customer can utilize the defined resources as well as competences at different stages of the value chain in order to co-create value and improve their performance. In particular, the marketing department of the supplier needs to turn their eyes to the early stages in the value chain so as to seek a value co-creation strategy. Originality/value/contribution: A value co-creation strategy was sought from a different perspective, extending from a late stage to an early stage in the value chain of the high-tech B-to-B market. The integrated research framework, combining resources and competences of the supplier and customer, was established to analyze the value co-creation phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The major disadvantage of rotational molding is the cycle time, which is very long compared to other plastic processing methods. A major percentage of the cycle time besides heating and cooling results from the time necessary to remove gas inclusions from the polymer melt, which are trapped while sintering the polymer powder. In this work the formation of gas inclusions is investigated by conducting a cycle time variation on a uniaxial rotational molding machine. The influence of low pressure during melting on the formation of inclusions is investigated by examining sintering experiments with a pressure variation during the melting of the polymer. Sintering experiments are conducted with different melt residence times to investigate the mechanisms of gas inclusion removal. By comparing the time to reach a pore-free polymeric melt, the cycle time reduction potential under low-pressure application while melting the polymeric powder is estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing forging processes have limitations in forming products with sharp edges. Therefore, a new hybrid-forming process that combines drawing and forging processes was designed to form a sharp-edged product. First, a corner radius of a preform design was arranged to be smaller than the minimum bent area corner radius formed in general drawing processes. Then, the shape of the preform was planned to have the exact shape of the final product. Given that forming loads are a limiting condition in forging processes, they were set as an evaluation criterion to determine design requirements for final product shapes and the shapes of preforms. The reliability of finite element analysis results was verified by comparing analysis and experiment results, and a multistage preforming process was implemented to satisfy the determined evaluation criterion. This study demonstrates that IT products with sharp edges can be formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Materialwissenschaft und Werkstoffechnik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)