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Objective: This study aims to understand plant-bacteria interactions that enhance plant resistance to environmental stressors, with a focus on maize (Zea mays L.) and its vulnerability to various pathogenic organisms. We examine the potential of 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACCA) as a compound to boost maize's resilience against stressors and pathogens. Background: With the growing global population and increased food demand, the study of endophytes, comprising bacteria and fungi, becomes crucial. They reside within plant tissues, affecting their hosts either beneficially or detrimentally. Agrobacteria are of specific interest due to their potential to contribute to developing strategies for plant resistance enhancement. Methods: We conducted exhaustive research on the defense-related proteins and mechanisms involved in maize-pathogen interactions. The efficacy of ACCA as a natural-compound that could enhance maize's resistance was examined. Results: Our research indicates that ACCA, having a binding energy of -9.98 kcal/mol, successfully strengthens maize resistance against pathogenic assaults and drought stress. It plays a crucial protective role in maize plants as they mature, outperforming other ligands in its effectiveness to improve productivity and increase yield. Conclusion: Applying ACCA to maize plants has considerable potential in enhancing their resilience and tolerance to stress, proving to be an effective strategy to boost crop yield and productivity. This could help address the increasing global food demand. However, more research is needed to optimize ACCA application methods and to gain a comprehensive understanding of its long-term effects on maize cultivations and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper tackles the influence of skin surface lipids and chromatic fungal attack on the paper support and the writing of a 125-year-old document, which involves the corroboration between multianalytical techniques. Thus, the study used three specimens sampled from different areas: a standard lipid- and fungal-attack-free sample, one with old lipid film dating back to its being used by its creator (before it had entered the archives) and another with lipid film and fungal attack present on it (from after it had entered the archives). In addition to direct observation by means of magnifying instruments, our scientific research relied on the following techniques: OM, SEM-EDX, μ-FTIR and differential thermal analysis (TG, DTA and DTG). Compared to the standard sample, the data of which correspond to the natural aging process occurring between 1895 and 2020, the other two samples show evolutionary degradation effects under the influence of oxidatively fouled lipids and on small areas photochemically and thermally cornified, as well as effects due to enzymatic degradation under the influence of fungal attack. The study has a clear goal, namely to implement specific protection measures when dealing with old documents (gloves and protective mask, air conditioning niche for preservationrestoration actions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To evaluate whether decoloured cell‐free supernatant of Lysobacter enzymogenes C3 can decrease paper bioreceptivity to fungal attack. Methods and Results: To prepare colourless C3 supernatant, single‐factor design and uniform design were applied. The optimum conditions with high decolouration degree and low antifungal activity loss were achieved as follows: carbon granule content 1·6% (M/V), temperature 27°C, decolouring time 1·2 h and pH 8·0. An agar plate bioassay was used to assess the antifungal activity of the decoloured supernatant against the fungal isolates obtained from contaminated books, and strong suppression was observed. Small‐sacle laboratory test was further introduced, in which common book papers were artificially inoculated with the fungal isolates, and then sprayed uniformly with decoloured supernatant or water. The results showed that, after treatment, the paper showed a significantly low extent of fungal colonization and high tensile strength, and maintained the same colour before and after treatment. Conclusion: These results suggest that the decoloured C3 supernatant inhibits fungal growth on types of paper commonly used in books. Significance and Impact of the Study: Decoloured C3 supernatant could be used as a preventive agent to protect books and other paper‐based items against fungal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study manuscript "Suluk alttariqat alssufia", which is kept at the Al-azhar Library in Cairo is documented and treated. The manuscript was made from cotton fibers that may have been used the induction of paper. It's exposure to various deteriorating factors, including neglect and inappropriate exhibition, caused a lot of damage. The unavailability of appropriate conditions at the library, including relative humidity, temperature, light and unsealed storage cases, lead to gathering of air dust particles and aerosols inside the storage rooms. All these factors led to severe damage which resulted in the manifestation of dust and fungi stains formed on the paper manuscript. This research offers a treatment and restoration plan and illustrates the actual scientific procedures that were followed during the restoration and treatment of the manuscript, starting from the archaeological documentation, the analysis and scientific inspection (SEM-EDX, FTIR-ATR) which were carried out to identify the components, and the actual stages of restoration and conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous depletion of forests calls for the astute usage of existing resources. Fungi and termites cause serious damage to biomass under storage and service conditions. Various protective treatments with high amounts of toxic chemicals are used by the wood and bamboo industry. Efforts are being made the world over to develop environmentally friendly preservatives for wood and bamboo species. Recent research highlights the potential and effectiveness of traditional practices and procedures, mainly water leaching technique and smoke treatment. Under laboratory conditions, the service life of treated blocks were found to be at a par with commercial chemical preservative treated blocks. Various plant extracts and oil-based formulations, such as organic acids, essential oils, and ecofriendly chemical-based preservatives, are in the stage of development. The bio-efficacy of such preservatives is measured in terms of the improvement in resistance to fungi and termites. However, much work still needs to be done to completely determine the efficacy of many of these newly developed preservatives and techniques. The present paper discusses an overview of the developments in the field of environmentfriendly biomass preservatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence for effects of saprophytic fungi on buried seed demography is usually obtained from studies involving the simultaneous burial of fungicide-treated seeds and of untreated seeds. However, any potential influence of fungicide treatment on seed dormancy levels is generally ignored in these studies. Also, some studies assume that a combination of several fungicidal compounds provides better protection against a broader range of fungi, ignoring chemical interactions that may potentially occur between different compounds. To investigate these issues, we carried out a 6-month burial experiment using seeds of Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm., Centaurea nigra L. and Daucus carota L., and three substrates differing in organic matter content. Three fungicidal compounds, captan, iprodione and mancozeb, were applied alone and in combination, including an untreated control. All fungicidal compounds and combinations thereof provided protection against fungal-induced seed mortality and, except for a low efficacy of iprodione in protecting seeds of Anthriscus, there were no pronounced differences in seed mortality between different fungicide treatments. Captan temporarily inhibited germination in Centaurea , whereas a similar inhibition in Daucus seeds caused by mancozeb was more long lasting, suggesting an induction of secondary dormancy. Organic matter content had only a negligible influence on these results. Our results suggest that the basic conclusions from most seed burial studies are robust with respect to their choice of fungicide. We conclude by discussing further implications of our findings for the design and interpretation of seed burial studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1 Seeds in soil seed banks are exposed to a number of mortality factors, including fungal attack. The composition of the soil fungal community is affected by fungus-feeding soil invertebrates, suggesting that fungus-feeding soil animals may affect losses of seeds caused by fungal attack. We tested this assumption with a full factorial experiment that examined the effects of fungivorous Collembola and of seed coating with a fungicide on seed longevity of four grassland plant species. 2 Seeds of Centaurea nigra, Dactylis glomerata, Origanum vulgare and Taraxacum officinale were kept in Petri dishes filled with soil under conditions that stimulate fungal growth but not seed germination. Treatment factors were (i) addition of the collembolan Protaphorura fimata, a soil-dwelling fungus feeder; and (ii) seed treatment with the fungicide chitosan. After 5 weeks, germination was recorded and viability of the remaining ungerminated seeds was determined. 3 In three species, the addition of P. fimata resulted in an increase in the number of remaining ungerminated viable seeds. This was due to reduced seed mortality ( C. nigra, O. vulgare) or to reduced germination ( D. glomerata). Seeds of T. officinale remained unaffected. 4 For the fungicide treatment, no significant main effect was found in any species, although in two species there was a significant interaction between the addition of Collembola and seed coating with chitosan. There is circumstantial evidence that this interaction may have resulted from a negative effect of chitosan on adult survival of P. fimata. 5 These results show that fungus-feeding soil invertebrates affect not only the performance of live plants, as shown in previous studies, but also the persistence of seeds in the soil, and that this effect varies between different plant species. 6 Our results suggest that by reducing the mortality of seeds due to fungal decay, fungal grazers may influence the dynamics of plant populations and the assembly of plant communities. Further experimentation under more realistic conditions is, however, required to investigate the importance of this process under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zygorrhynchus moelleri antagonized some soil-borne fungi on agar and in composts. Filtrates of Z. moelleri cultures contained high levels of p*-l,3-glucanase (exoglucanase) and |$-l,3(4)-glucanase (endoglucanase) when the fungus was grown on hyphal wall material from Rhizoctonia solani or Pythium intermedium as sole carbon source. Lower exo- and endoglucanase activities were produced on Fusarium oxysporum i. sp. lini (F.o.l.) hyphal walls while insignificant levels were produced on Z. moelleri hyphal walls. Protease was also produced when 2. moelleri was grown on hyphal wall material, but chitinase or cellulase were not detected. Optimum production of both glucanases occurred in media at pH 6 to 7 and activity was optimal at pH 5. The enzymes were active over a temperature range in excess of 20—50 °C but optimum activity occurred at 40 °C. Cell free culture filtrates containing exo- and endoglucanase activity lysed living hyphal walls of R. solani, P. intermedium, Verticillium albo-atrum and F.o.l. although walls of the latter were least ' sensitive to lytic activity. The culture filtrates did not lyse living mycelium of Z. moelleri. Z. moelleri also produced substances inhibitory to growth of colonies of test fungi on agar. In glasshouse experiments disease severity in flax induced by R. solani and P. intermedium, in parsley by P. paroecandrum and in radish and Zinnia by P. intermedium was suppressed in composts inoculated with sporangiospore suspensions of Z. moelleri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaf of the bitter olive Olea europaea (Oleaceae) is heavily coated by almost pure oleanolic acid, which forms part of a 'multichemical' defense against fungal attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]