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This paper studied the preparation method of graphene carbon nanotube supercapacitor electrode material for new energy vehicles. By analyzing the characteristics of electrode materials graphene and carbon nanotubes, combined with the working principle of supercapacitors, we designed an effective preparation process based on Hummers method. First, high-quality graphene was synthesized by chemical vapour deposition and characterized to confirm its structure and properties. Then, carbon nanotubes were uniformly dispersed in a graphene matrix by solvothermal method to form graphene-carbon nanotubes composite material. The electrochemical properties of the composites were optimized by adjusting the preparation parameters. The experimental results showed that the electrode material of graphene carbon nanotube supercapacitor has excellent conductivity, high specific surface area and good cycle stability. The material also shows excellent rate performance and long cycle life, making it an ideal electrode material for supercapacitors in new energy vehicles. This study provides a potential new electrode material for the energy storage system of new energy vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Escherichia coli is a major pathogen responsible for calf diarrhea, which has been exacerbated by the irrational and unscientific use of antimicrobial drugs, leading to significant drug resistance. Methods: This study focused on the isolation and identification of E. coli from calf diarrhea samples in the Tongliao area of China. Isolation was conducted using selective media, Gram staining, and 16S rRNA sequencing. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of E. coli was determined through the microbroth dilution method. Additionally, the presence of antibiotic-resistant genes was detected, and multidrug-resistant strains were selected for whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Results: The results revealed that all 40 isolated strains of E. coli exhibited resistance to sulfadiazine sodium, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, with 90% of the strains being susceptible to polymyxin B. Notably, strains 11, 23, and 24 demonstrated severe resistance. The detection rates of the antibiotic resistance genes TEM-1, TEM-206 , strA , strB , qacH , and blaCTX were 100%, indicating a high prevalence of these genes. Moreover, the majority of strains carried antibiotic resistance genes consistent with their resistance phenotypes. WGS of strains 11, 23, and 24 revealed genome sizes of 4,897,185 bp, 4,920,234 bp, and 4,912,320 bp, respectively. These strains carried two, one, and two plasmids, respectively. The prediction of antibiotic resistance genes showed a substantial number of these genes within the genomes, with strain 24 harboring the highest number, totaling 77 subspecies containing 88 antibiotic resistance genes. Discussion: In conclusion, all 40 isolated strains of E. coli from calf diarrhea in this study were multidrug-resistant, exhibiting a broad distribution of antibiotic resistance genes and mobile components. This poses a significant risk of horizontal gene transfer, highlighting the critical situation of antibiotic resistance in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) detection, challenges such as occlusion, complex backgrounds, motion blur, and inference time often lead to false detections and missed detections. General object detection frameworks encounter difficulties in adequately tackling these challenges, leading to substantial information loss during network downsampling, inadequate feature fusion, and being unable to meet real-time requirements. In this paper, we propose a Real-Time Small Object Detection YOLO (RTSOD-YOLO) model to tackle the various challenges faced in UAVs detection. We further enhance the adaptive nature of the Adown module by incorporating an adaptive spatial attention mechanism. This mechanism processes the downsampled feature maps, enabling the model to better focus on key regions. Secondly, to address the issue of insufficient feature fusion, we employ combined serial and parallel triple feature encoding (TFE). This approach fuses scale-sequence features from both shallow features and twice-encoded features, resulting in a new small-scale object detection layer. While enhancing the global context awareness of the existing detection layers, this also enriches the small-scale object detection layer with detailed information. Since rich redundant features often ensure a comprehensive understanding of the input, which is a key characteristic of deep neural networks, we propose a more efficient redundant feature generation module. This module generates more feature maps with fewer parameters. Additionally, we introduce reparameterization techniques to compensate for potential feature loss while further improving the model's inference speed. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed RTSOD-YOLO achieves superior detection performance, with mAP 50 / mAP 50 : 95 reaching 97.3%/51.7%, which represents improvement of 3%/3.5% over YOLOv8, and 2.6%/0.1% higher than YOLOv10. Additionally, it has the lowest parameter count and FLOPs, making it highly efficient in terms of computational resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant resistance, which acts as a selective pressure that affects viral population fitness, leads to the emergence of resistance‐breaking virus strains. Most recessive resistance to potyviruses is related to the mutation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) or its isoforms that break their interactions with the viral genome‐linked protein (VPg). In this study, we found that the VPg α1–α2 loop, which is essential for binding eIF4E, is the most variable domain of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) VPg. PRSV VPg with the naturally occurring amino acid substitution of K105Q or E108G in the α1–α2 loop fails to interact with watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) eIF4E but interacts with watermelon eIF(iso)4E instead. Moreover, PRSV carrying these mutations can break the eIF4E‐mediated resistance to PRSV in watermelon accession PI 244019. We further revealed that watermelon eIF(iso)4E with the amino acid substitutions of DNQS to GAAA in the cap‐binding pocket could not interact with PRSV VPg with natural amino acid substitution of K105Q or E108G. Therefore, our finding provides a precise target for engineering watermelon germplasm resistant to resistance‐breaking PRSV isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhaili Kiln is considered one of the earliest kilns to produce northern celadon, but there is currently little comprehensive research on its celadon production. Thirty pieces of typical Zhaili celadon wares dating to the sixth and seventh centuries have been studied in this work. The chemical compositions and microstructures of the ceramic bodies and glazes of these wares have been determined to suggest the possible raw materials and relevant techniques used to make the Zhaili celadon wares. The scientific results indicate that the Zhaili celadon bodies were made using local coal-based clay with high Fe2O3 and TiO2 contents. Besides, additional quartz may be added to the body paste due to its high SiO2 content and the observable angular quartz particles, which might be ascribed to reducing the firing temperature of coal clay. Unlike typical Chinese glaze recipes, the Zhaili celadon glazes might be produced by three components, coal clay, vegetal ash, and an additional siliceous component, probably loess. This ternary glaze formula at least lasted to the Jin Dynasty in the Zibo kilns. The possible reason for adding loess is to improve the SiO2/Al2O3 in the glaze and effectively form an amorphous glass matrix. The Zhaili kiln potters appear to have developed a suitable celadon making formula to adapt to the available raw materials in the local area. The production of celadon bodies and glazes in the Zhaili kiln varies between its initial and mature stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhaili Kiln is considered one of the earliest kilns to produce northern celadon, but there is currently little comprehensive research on its celadon production. Thirty pieces of typical Zhaili celadon wares dating to the sixth and seventh centuries have been studied in this work. The chemical compositions and microstructures of the ceramic bodies and glazes of these wares have been determined to suggest the possible raw materials and relevant techniques used to make the Zhaili celadon wares. The scientific results indicate that the Zhaili celadon bodies were made using local coal-based clay with high Fe2O3 and TiO2 contents. Besides, additional quartz may be added to the body paste due to its high SiO2 content and the observable angular quartz particles, which might be ascribed to reducing the firing temperature of coal clay. Unlike typical Chinese glaze recipes, the Zhaili celadon glazes might be produced by three components, coal clay, vegetal ash, and an additional siliceous component, probably loess. This ternary glaze formula at least lasted to the Jin Dynasty in the Zibo kilns. The possible reason for adding loess is to improve the SiO2/Al2O3 in the glaze and effectively form an amorphous glass matrix. The Zhaili kiln potters appear to have developed a suitable celadon making formula to adapt to the available raw materials in the local area. The production of celadon bodies and glazes in the Zhaili kiln varies between its initial and mature stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Compared to the independent application of chopper stabilization or correlated double sampling (CDS), this paper proposed a 2nd‐order cascade of integrators with feedforward delta–sigma modulator (DSM) utilizing an innovatively synthetic technique of chopper‐integrator within CDS at 1st stage for reducing the flicker noise and DC offset cancelation from about 9.5 mV to −4.4 μV ± 115.6 μV (δ). On the regard of further enhancing the noise suppression and mitigating the nonlinearities of capacitor mismatch, instead of applying the dynamic elements randomization (DER) to the nonlinear correction of DAC under multi‐bits quantizer, here the operation of 3‐bits DER with scrambler has been intelligently employed on the 2nd integrators' sampling capacitors to gain the 2nd noise‐shaping characteristic in spite of 1‐bit quantizer. The noise floor could be theoretically scaled down by −16.1 dB at input frequency of 10 kHz within the limited bandwidth of 100 kHz. The prototype DSM was manufactured in 180‐nm BCD process with an active area of 0.2625 mm2 and achieves the SNDR‐based Schreier figure‐of‐merit (FoMS) of 144 dB and Walden figure‐of‐merit (FoMW) of 25.96 pJ/conv under a 3.3 V supply at 10 kHz working frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV; genus Tobamovirus) is one of the most prevailing pathogens that seriously affects the quality and yield of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves. Cross-protection using mild strains is a potential strategy for the biological prevention of plant viral diseases. Complementary mutations in attenuated strains may cause attenuated ones to suddenly evolve into virulent strains, which limits the application of cross-protection in practice. To data there has been no study on engineering the complementary mutation sites to generate stable attenuated mutants for cross-protection. In this study, we found that the substitution of the conserved arginine at position 88 (R88) in p126 protein with alanine (A) abolished the cell-to-cell movement and reduced the replication of TMV. However, a spontaneous complementary mutation of serine at position 114 (S114) to lysine (K) in p126 restored TMV virulence. Substitution of S114 with R in p126 restored the systemic infection but not the virulence of TMV, therefore, the mutant TMV-R88A/S114R was an attenuated one. Furthermore, our results showed that TMV-R88A/S114R was a stable attenuated mutant, and could effectively protect tobacco plants against the wild-type TMV infection. This study reports a promising TMV mild mutant for cross-protection in tobacco plants by modifying the complementary mutation site in p126. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A crimping and pultruding forming process for truss rods using Carbon Fiber (CF)/Polyether–Ether–Ketone (PEEK) prepreg tape as the raw material is proposed to address the problem of continuous manufacturing of space trusses on orbit. The proposed process provides material rods for continuous truss manufacturing. Through numerical simulation and experimental verification, the effects of relevant parameters on the forming process are determined, an efficient method of rod curl pultrusion, in-rail, equal material forming is proposed, and the structural configuration of the rod curl pultrusion forming mold is determined. The equivalent macroscopic mechanical properties of unidirectional CF/PEEK prepreg strips are considered, and the rod-forming process is investigated. Rod samples with different process parameters are prepared, and several tests are conducted on them. The results show that the forming load pull is negatively correlated with the temperature at the same forming speed, and forming speed is positively correlated with the forming load pull at a certain temperature. Temperature and speed affect the surface quality of the rod, the density of the material filling, and the mechanical properties of the rod. The optimal forming process parameters are determined through numerical simulation and experimental verification. The developed molding technology has the advantages of high efficiency, low energy consumption, and high integration. It reduces manufacturing costs and improves manufacturing efficiency, so it can serve as a new and effective solution for the manufacturing of high-performance truss rods in the aerospace field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the long-standing discrepancy between the Standard Model prediction and the experimental measurement of the muon magnetic dipole moment, we have recently proposed to interpret this muon g - 2 anomaly in terms of the loop effect induced by a new massive spin-2 field G. In the present paper, we investigate the unitarity bounds on this scenario. We calculate the s-wave projected amplitudes for two-body elastic scatterings of charged leptons and photons mediated by G at high energies for all possible initial and final helicity states. By imposing the condition of the perturbative unitarity, we obtain the analytic constraints on the charged-lepton-G and photon-G couplings. We then apply our results to constrain the parameter space relevant to the explanation of the muon g - 2 anomaly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim was to investigate the changes in retinal and choroidal thickness and vascular density in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods: Twenty-nine patients with SLE (29 eyes) and 25 control subjects (25 eyes) were enrolled. SLE activity was assessed using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Retinal thickness (RT), inner retinal thickness (IRT), outer retinal thickness (ORT), choroidal thickness (ChT), retinal superficial vascular density (SVD), retinal deep vascular density (DVD), choriocapillary vascular density (CCVD), foveal avascular zone (FAZ), superficial FAZ (sFAZ), and deep FAZ (dFAZ) were measured using OCTA. The retinal and choroidal thickness and vascular density between the control group and SLE group were compared. The relationships between SLEDAI scores and the retinal and choroidal thickness and vascular density in SLE group were analyzed. Results: The SVD was significantly increased, and the DVD and CCVD were significantly decreased in the SLE group compared to the control group (p <.05). The results of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) showed that the area under the curve (AUC) values of SVD, DVD, and CCVD were 0.873, 0.729, and 0.727, indicating a high accuracy in discriminating patients with SLE from controls. Correlation analysis showed that the SLEDAI scores were positively correlated with dFAZ (r = 0.589, p =.001) and FAZ (r = 0.451, p =.018), and negatively correlated with DVD (r = −0.491, p =.009) and CCVD (r = −0.521, p =.005). Conclusions: DVD and CCVD were decreased in the SLE and might be related to the disease activity. SVD, DVD, and CCVD may hold promise in the discovery of biomarkers for diagnosing SLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), which plays a pivotal role in initiating translation in eukaryotic organisms, is often hijacked by the viral genome‐linked protein to facilitate the infection of potyviruses. In this study, we found that the naturally occurring amino acid substitution D71G in eIF4E is widely present in potyvirus‐resistant watermelon accessions and disrupts the interaction between watermelon eIF4E and viral genome‐linked protein of papaya ringspot virus‐watermelon strain, zucchini yellow mosaic virus or watermelon mosaic virus. Multiple sequence alignment and protein modelling showed that the amino acid residue D71 located in the cap‐binding pocket of eIF4E is strictly conserved in many plant species. The mutation D71G in watermelon eIF4E conferred resistance against papaya ringspot virus‐watermelon strain and zucchini yellow mosaic virus, and the equivalent mutation D55G in tobacco eIF4E conferred resistance to potato virus Y. Therefore, our finding provides a potential precise target for breeding plants resistant to multiple potyviruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetite tailings and municipal sludge is two different solid wastes. Large stockpiles of magnetite tailings and municipal sludge create serious environmental problems. In this study, a new method for preparing ceramsite from magnetite tailings and municipal sludge is proposed. The effects of factors including preheating temperature, preheating time, roasting temperature, roasting time, and municipal sludge dosage on the physical properties of ceramsite were investigated. The optimal conditions for ceramsite preparation were determined as follows: magnetite tailings:municipal sludge quality ratio of 85:15, preheating temperature of 325°C, preheating time of 40 min, roasting temperature of 1120°C, and roasting time of 6 min. Under these conditions, the ceramsite with an apparent density of 1.22 g/cm3, bulk density of 0.63 g/cm3, 1‐h water absorption of 3.58%, particle strength of 231 N, and cylinder pressure strength of 3.5 MPa was obtained; the resulting ceramsite met the standard requirements and was evaluated as having high quality. A toxic leaching test indicated that the ceramsite had a much lower concentration of heavy metals than the limits described by the USA Environmental Protection Agency, meeting the environmental quality standard requirements for surface water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary building ventilation, displacement and mixing ventilation demand high air volumes for rapid virus elimination, resulting in elevated energy consumption. To minimize the spread of viruses and decrease energy consumption for ventilation, this study employed CFD to explore the efficacy of a downward uniform flow field in impeding the transmission of aerosol particles in a high-traffic public facility, like a supermarket. The findings indicate that the downward uniform flow field proves insufficient when individuals remain static for extended periods. A wind speed of 0.1 m/s or higher becomes essential to overpower the stationary thermal plume, which disrupts this flow field. In areas with human presence, however, this technique is found to be particularly efficient since mobile heat sources do not generate a fixed thermal plume. A 0.05 m/s downward uniform flow field can settle 90% of particles within just 22 s. This flow pattern contributes to the swift settling of aerosol particles and effectively diminishes their dispersion. Employing this flow pattern in public places with increased foot traffic, like supermarkets, can lower the risk of contracting novel coronavirus without augmenting energy consumption. In order to implement the flow field in a part of the domain, a new air purification device is proposed in this study. The device combined with shelves can optimize the flow field uniformity through the MLA (PSO-SVR) algorithm and alteration of the air distribution structure. The uniformity of the final flow field increased to 0.925. The combination of data-driven MLA with CFD showed good performance in predicting the flow field uniformity. These findings offer valuable insights and practical applications for the prevention and control of respiratory diseases, particularly in post-epidemic scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of intelligent driving, pedestrian detection faces challenges related to low accuracy in target recognition and positioning. To address this issue, a pedestrian detection algorithm is proposed that integrates a large kernel attention mechanism with the YOLOV5 lightweight model. The algorithm aims to enhance long-term attention and dependence during image processing by fusing the large kernel attention module with the C3 module. Furthermore, it addresses the lack of long-distance relationship information in channel and spatial feature extraction and representation by introducing the Coordinate Attention mechanism. This mechanism effectively extracts local information and focused location details, thereby improving detection accuracy. To improve the positioning accuracy of obscured targets, the alpha CIOU bounding box regression loss function is employed. It helps mitigate the impact of occlusions and enhances the algorithm's ability to precisely localize pedestrians. To evaluate the effectiveness of trained model, experiments are conducted on the BDD100K pedestrian dataset as well as the Pascal VOC dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved attention fusion YOLOV5 lightweight model achieves an average accuracy of 60.3%. Specifically, the detection accuracy improves by 1.1% compared to the original YOLOV5 algorithm, and the accuracy performance index reaches 73.0%. These findings strongly indicate the proposed algorithm in significantly enhancing the accuracy of pedestrian detection in road scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Single Event Upset (SEU) characterization on the partially depleted (PD) Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) SRAMs manufactured by 0.5/0.35 μm CMOS technology has been studied by using the experimental accelerator's testing and Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that, in spite of the good consistent between the simulated data and experimental testing, one notable phenomenon is that, linear energy transfer (LET) as the input has no manifest influence on the saturation of SEU cross-section. This non-negligible trend led us to use the term ion velocity instead of LET. The characteristics of ion velocity have certainly been proved by the experiment, while the unsimilar results are found for the simulation with no any difference from the SEU cross-section. Consequently, a more straightforward calculation in the deposited energy within sensitive volume (SV) has performed by inspecting directly into the underlying mechanism of the undetected energy loss. The loss of deposited energy has been obtained in the assumption that the heavy ions strike on the hypothetical device at oblique incidence. The unexpected energy loss resulted from incident ions at oblique incidence as edge effect indicates the importance of quantifying the efficiency of energy collection with respect to the dimensions of SV, including the variance of surface area and thickness. It is illustrated that the deposited energy induced by heavy ions on the condition of changeable surface area has more sensitivity on the incident angle and ionic characterization compared with those for the SV of variable thicknesses. Moreover, it is obtained that the fractional changes of deposited energy within the SVs of different thicknesses present a saturating trend, which can be accelerated by the increment of incident angle, and this evidence would be helpful for deeply comprehending why the implicit inaccuracy of the SEU saturated cross-section happened under the metrics of LET or ion velocity. Ultimately, the dependence of deposited energy on the surface area and thickness is further explored and discussed based on the geometrical property and radial track profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the isospin violating decays of vector charmonia to Λ Σ ¯ 0 and its charge conjugate. They are dominated by the single photon annihilation and can be evaluated reliably with timelike form factors. We utilize the quark-pair creation model, which is valid for the OZI suppressed decays, to evaluate the form factors. We obtain the branching fractions of B (J / ψ → Λ Σ ¯ 0 + c. c.) = (2.4 ± 0.4) × 10 - 5 and B (ψ (2 S) → Λ Σ ¯ 0 + c. c.) = (3.0 ± 0.5) × 10 - 6 , which are compatible with the measurements by the BESIII collaborations, respectively. The decay asymmetries are found to be α J / ψ = 0.314 and α ψ (2 S) = 0.461 , which can be examined at BESIII in the foreseeable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient application of oxygen-containing clean fuels in engines has always been a research focus. With the increase in ethanol production, the output of fusel as a co-product is also increasing. The application of fusel is also an effective way to lessen the consumption of fossil fuels. Therefore, the influences of fusel on performance and emissions were investigated in the current study on a six-cylinder heavy-duty compression-ignition engine and revolved around the WHSC test cycle. The three test fuels were diesel, F20NW (the volume proportion of anhydrous fusel is 20%, and the rest is pure diesel), and F20WW (the volume proportion of hydrous fusel is 20%). The addition of fusel improved BTE, reduced NOx and soot emissions, and thermal efficiency and emissions were further improved in combination with EGR optimization. In terms of WHSC, the improvement effect of hydrous fusel was the best. The equivalent fuel consumption, NOx, soot, and CO2 emissions of F20WW were reduced by 1.77%, 37.49%, 17.38%, and 1.32%, respectively, with the optimization of EGR compared with pure diesel. The addition of 20% hydrous fusel combined with the introduction of EGR can be directly applied to existing diesel engines and achieve a simultaneous reduction in fuel consumption and emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myopia is a major public health issue. However, interventional modalities for nonpathologic myopia are limited due to its complicated pathogenesis and the lack of precise targets. Here, we show that in guinea pig form-deprived myopia (FDM) and lens-induced myopia (LIM) models, the early initiation, phenotypic correlation, and stable maintenance of cochlin protein upregulation at the interface between retinal photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is identified by a proteomic analysis of ocular posterior pole tissues. Then, a microarray analysis reveals that cochlin upregulates the expression of the secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) gene in human RPE cells. Moreover, SFRP-1 elevates the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and activates Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) signaling in a simian choroidal vascular endothelial cell line, and elicits vascular endothelial cell dysfunction. Furthermore, genetic knockdown of the cochlin gene and pharmacological blockade of SFRP1 abrogates the reduced choroidal blood perfusion and prevents myopia progression in the FDM model. Collectively, this study identifies a novel signaling axis that may involve cochlin in the retina, SFRP1 in the RPE, and CaMKII in choroidal vascular endothelial cells and contribute to the pathogenesis of nonpathologic myopia, implicating the potential of cochlin and SFRP1 as myopia interventional targets. A proteomics study using Guinea Pig ocular posterior pole tissues identifies a novel axis composed of cochlin in the retina, SFRP1 in the RPE, and CaMKII in choroidal vascular endothelial cells responsible for non-pathologic myopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: B7-H3 is an important immune checkpoint molecule that plays a negative role in immune regulation. This study was aimed to explore B7-H3 expression in HIV-infected patients and its clinical significance. Methods: To explore the expression and clinical significance of B7-H3 in HIV-infected patients, we investigated the B7-H3 expression pattern and the correlation of B7-H3 expression with clinical parameters of HIV-infected patients with different levels of CD4+ T cells. To assess the role of B7-H3 in regulating the function of T cells in HIV infection, we performed a proliferation assay and T cell function test in vitro. Results: B7-H3 expression in HIV-infected patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls. mB7-H3 expression on CD4+CD25high T cells and CD14+ monocytes increased with disease progression. mB7-H3 expression on CD4+CD25high T cells and monocytes was negatively correlated with lymphocyte count, CD4+T cell count, and positively correlated with HIV viral load in HIV-infected patients. when the number of CD4+ T cells in HIV-infected patients was ≥ 200/µL, sB7-H3 and mB7-H3 expression levels on CD4+CD25high T cells and monocytes were negatively correlated with lymphocyte count, CD4+T cell count. sB7-H3 and mB7-H3 expression on monocytes were positively correlated with HIV viral load. B7-H3 inhibited the proliferation of lymphocytes and the secretion of IFN-γ in vitro, especially the ability of CD8+ T cells to secrete IFN-γ. Conclusions: B7-H3 played an important negative regulatory role in anti-HIV infection immunity. It could be used as a potential biomarker for the progression of HIV infection and a novel target for the treatment of HIV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-sulfur batteries suffer a lot from the huge volume change and the shuttle effect. However, conventional poly(vinylidene fluoride) binder has intrinsic drawbacks, such as low ion conductivity, weak polysulfide-trapping ability, poor mechanical properties, and requirement of organic solvents. Herein, we designed a functional emulsion binder with multi crosslinked structure. Such a structure was formed by the covalent crosslinking within and between the emulsion particles, which facilitates the adapting of the volume expansion of sulfur cathode, thereby ensuring the integrity of electrodes. Besides, the polar functional groups endow the binder with strong chemisorption of lithium polysulfide and fast lithium-ion migration ability. Thus, the assembled lithium-sulfur battery displayed a high initial discharge capacity of 1246 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 C, and a capacity fading rate of 0.04% per cycle after 500 cycles at 0.5 C. Even at a high sulfur mass loading of 4.8 mg·cm−2, a high capacity of 956 mAh·g−1 was still obtained at 0.2 C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of their extensive specific surface area, excellent charge transfer rate, superior chemical stability, low cost, and Earth abundance, nanostructured titanium dioxide (TiO2) arrays have been thoroughly explored during the past few decades. The synthesis methods for TiO2 nanoarrays, which mainly include hydrothermal/solvothermal processes, vapor-based approaches, templated growth, and top-down fabrication techniques, are summarized, and the mechanisms are also discussed. In order to improve their electrochemical performance, several attempts have been conducted to produce TiO2 nanoarrays with morphologies and sizes that show tremendous promise for energy storage. This paper provides an overview of current developments in the research of TiO2 nanostructured arrays. Initially, the morphological engineering of TiO2 materials is discussed, with an emphasis on the various synthetic techniques and associated chemical and physical characteristics. We then give a brief overview of the most recent uses of TiO2 nanoarrays in the manufacture of batteries and supercapacitors. This paper also highlights the emerging tendencies and difficulties of TiO2 nanoarrays in different applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, N-doped carbon materials with 3D porous–layered skeleton structure was synthesized through a one-step co-pyrolysis method, which was fabricated by co-pyrolysis of natural corn starch and melamine using metal catalysts (Ni (II) and Mn (II)). The 3D-NC possessed a heterogeneously meso-macroporous surface with a hierarchically connected sheet structure inside. Batch adsorption experiments suggested that highly selective adsorption of Hg (II) by the 3D-NC could be completed within 90 min and had maximum adsorption capacities as high as 403.24 mg/g at 293 K, pH = 5. The adsorption mechanism for Hg (II) was carefully evaluated and followed the physical adsorption, electrostatic attraction, chelation, and ion exchange. Besides, thermodynamic study demonstrated that the Hg (II) adsorption procedure was spontaneous, endothermic, and randomness. More importantly, the 3D-NC could be regenerated and recovered well after adsorption–desorption cycles, showing a promising prospect in the remediation of Hg (II)-contaminated wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing (vSHWS) has some significant advantages and is promising for aberration measurement in the field of biomedical optical imaging. The illumination sources used in vSHWS are almost broadband, but are treated as monochromatic sources (only using center wavelength) in current data processing, which may cause errors. This work proposed a data processing method to take into account the multiple wavelengths of the broadband spectrum, named multiple-wavelength centroid-weighting method. Its feasibility was demonstrated through a series of simulations. A wavefront generated with a set of statistical human ocular aberrations was used as the target wavefront to evaluate the performance of the proposed and current methods. The results showed that their performance was very close when used for the symmetrical, but the wavefront error of the proposed method was much smaller than that of the current method when used for the asymmetrical spectrum, especially for the broader spectrum. These results were also validated by using 20 sets of clinical human ocular aberrations including normal and diseased eyes. The proposed method and the obtained conclusions have important implications for the application of vSHWS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV) poses a threat to production and quality of tomato fruits. The Tm-22 gene confers resistance to some tobamoviruses by recognizing viral movement proteins. However, Tm-22-mediated resistance against ToMMV is not well known. Here, we found that ToMMV could infect wild-type but not Tm-22 transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants and could also infect tomato cultivar Moneymaker but not resistant cultivar Jili with homozygous Tm-22. Chimeric viral ToMMVToBRFV−MP with swapped ToMMV MP to MP of tomato brown rugose fruit virus could systemically infect Tm-22 transgenic N. benthamiana and tomato cultivars Jili plants. Further, transient expression of ToMMV MP in the leaves of Tm-22 transgenic N. benthamiana plants induced hypersensitive response-associated cell death, suggesting that the MP of ToMMV was the avirulent factor for the Tm-22 resistance gene. ToMMV could infect Tm-22-containing cultivar Jinpeng 1 but not Chaobei. Sequence analysis revealed that cultivars Chaobei and Jinpeng 1 were heterozygous, where Chaobei consists of Tm-22 and Tm-2 genes, while Jinpeng 1 consists of Tm-22 and tm-2 genes. Transient co-expression assays showed that both Tm-22 and Tm-2 but not tm-2 could recognize ToMMV MP and induce hypersensitivity response-associated cell death in N. benthamiana leaves, suggesting that homozygous tomato harboring Tm-22 and heterozygous tomato containing Tm-22 and Tm-2 may exhibit more durable resistance to ToMMV than heterozygous tomato carrying Tm-22 and tm-2. Further, Tm-22 transgenic N. benthamiana and tomato cultivar Jili plants with silenced Tm-22 gene were susceptible to ToMMV. Also, silencing type-I J-domain MIP1 gene compromised Tm-22-mediated resistance to ToMMV in Tm-22 transgenic N. benthamiana and tomato cultivar Jili. Moreover, we found that viral RNA could accumulate in the systemic leaves of Tm-22 transgenic N. benthamiana plants and tomato cultivar Jili at 35°C, but not at 20, 25, or 30°C. Altogether, our findings reveal that the Tm-22 confers resistance to ToMMV by recognizing MP, and the resistance is regulated by the allele combinations, accumulation levels of Tm-22, MIP1, and the temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of CaF2 on the mineralogical composition and microstructure of reduction products at different temperatures during direct reduction of beach titanomagnetite is investigated. In the absence of CaF2, armalcolite and a large number of small‐size metallic iron particles in reduction products at different temperatures prevented the separation of Ti and Fe. The metallization rate of reduction products was only 90.32 wt% at 1350°C. CaF2 reduced the activation energy of reduction reaction and promoted the reduction of armalcolite, further achieving the separation of Ti and Fe on the mineral phase. When 5 wt% CaF2 was added at 1250°C, the metallization rate of reduction products could reach 90.88%. The effect of CaF2 on the metallization rate was better than that of increasing temperature by 100°C. Besides, CaF2 also reduced the melting point and viscosity of the roasting system, and significantly promoted the aggregation and growth of metallic iron particles, thus optimizing the conditions for the separation and enrichment of Ti and Fe, respectively. Adding 10 wt% CaF2 promoted the growth of MgTi2O5 into a mineral with regular boundary, which created conditions for the recovery of titanium resources. By comparison, the promotion effect of CaF2 on the increasing the metallization rate of reduction products, aggregation and growth of metallic iron particles was obviously better than that of increasing the reduction temperature without CaF2. Therefore, CaF2 could also significantly reduce the energy consumption on the basis of promoting the separation of Ti and Fe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoreceptor degeneration is one of the major causes of progressive blindness which lacks of curative treatment. GW2580, a highly selective inhibitor of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, has the protective potential on neurons; however, little was known about the application of GW2580 on photoreceptor degeneration. In this study, BV-2 and 661W cells coculture system was constructed to investigate the interaction between microglia and photoreceptors. GW2580 was loaded into zeolitic imidazolate framework-90-rhodamine B (ZIF-90-RhB) to synthesize a novel kind of nanoparticles, namely, ZIF-90-RhB-GW2580, through a one-step self-assembly approach. A photoreceptor degeneration model was generated by intense light exposure in zebrafish and ZIF-90-RhB-GW2580 nanoparticles were delivered by the intraocular injection. The results showed that in vitro GW2580 treatment promoted phenotypic transformation in microglia and led to the blockade of photoreceptor apoptosis. Following the intraocular delivery of ZIF-90-RhB-GW2580 nanoparticles, the microglial proliferation and inflammatory response were significantly inhibited; moreover, the photoreceptors underwent alleviated injury with a recovery of retinal structure and visual function. In conclusion, the intraocular injection of ZIF-90-RhB-GW2580 at the early stage enables the precise delivery and sustained release of the GW2580, thus preventing the progression of photoreceptor degeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the unclear understanding of the development and distribution characteristics of the intra-platform shoal of the Changxing formation in the southern Sichuan Basin, analysis and summary of the petrological characteristics and sedimentary cycle characteristics of the intra-platform shoal in the Changxing formation in the Gaoshiti area were conducted. In this study, the idea of seismic sedimentology is adopted, the top geomorphology and the root mean square (RMS) amplitude attributes of the Changxing formation were used as constraints, combined with the granular rock thickness/stratum thickness (G/S) of wells to depict the planar distribution characteristics of the intra-platform shoal in the study area. Through the research and analysis, it is concluded that the Changxing formation in the Gaoshiti area has a geomorphological pattern of ‘three uplifts and two depressions’ at the end of the deposition. The geomorphological differentiation characteristics are highly consistent with the variation law of the RMS amplitude in the plane, and there is a good correlation between the two and the G/S of the strata. Thus, three belts of intra-platform shoals with NW–SE distribution are identified in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These 10 PVY isolates had one to four amino acid differences from the epitope recognized by MAb N1 but contained the epitope recognized by M1 and M2. Keywords: cocktail; detection; epitope; monoclonal antibody; potato virus Y; serology EN cocktail detection epitope monoclonal antibody potato virus Y serology 1725 1727 3 08/23/23 20230901 NES 230901 Antibody-based serological methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dot immunobinding assay (DIBA) and Western blot, play an essential role in the detection of plant viruses. [Extracted from the article]

The dominant microspores in conventional porous carbon materials restrict the fast diffusion kinetics of K+ with a large radius and thus lower the rate performance. Therefore, precisely increasing the pore size of carbon materials is essential but challenging for fast potassium storage. Herein, a general pore expansion strategy in carbon is realized via the in situ pulverization–reaggregation of basic carbonates with pitch as the carbon precursor. This strategy can be successfully applied to basic magnesium carbonate, basic zinc carbonate, basic nickel carbonate and basic cupric carbonate. Taking pitch/basic magnesium carbonate as an example, the flake-like basic magnesium carbonate in situ pulverized into nanoparticles during annealing, serving as s self-template to introduce pores into carbon nanosheets (CNSs). Then the nanoparticles reaggregated during further high-temperature annealing to etch the carbon matrix to induce pore expansion from 5.0 to 9.3 nm. Benefiting from the in situ pore expansion strategy, CNS-1100 possesses both rich defect sites and fast K+ diffusion kinetics, leading to a high reversible capacity (402 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 50 cycles) and high rate (217 mA h g−1 at 1 A g−1). This work provides a powerful design for pore engineering and offers mechanism insights for fast potassium storage in carbon materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swine enteric viruses are a major cause of piglet diarrhea, causing a devastating impact on the pork industry. To further understand the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary diversity of swine enteric viruses, we carried out a molecular epidemiological investigation of swine enteric viruses (PEDV, PDCoV, PoRVA, and TGEV) on 7107 samples collected from pig farms in south-central China. The results demonstrated that PEDV is the predominant pathogen causing piglet diarrhea, and its infection occurs mainly in relatively cold winter and spring in Hunan and Hubei provinces. The positive rate of PEDV showed an abnormal increase from 2020 to 2021, and that of PoRVA and PDCoV exhibited gradual increases from 2018 to 2021. PEDV-PoRVA and PEDV-PDCoV were the dominant co-infection modes. A genetic evolution analysis based on the PEDV S1 gene and ORF3 gene revealed that the PEDV GII-a is currently epidemic genotype, and the ORF3 gene of DY2020 belongs to a different clade relative to other GII-a strains isolated in this study. Overall, our results indicated that the variant PEDV GII-a is the main pathogen of piglet diarrhea with a trend of outbreak. G9 is the dominant PoRVA genotype and has the possibility of outbreak as well. It is therefore critical to strengthen the surveillance of PEDV and PoRVA, and to provide technical reserves for the prevention and control of piglet diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Impairments in upper limb motor function and cognitive ability are major health problems experienced by stroke patients, necessitating the development of novel and effective treatment options in stroke care. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of robot-assisted therapy on improving upper limb and cognitive functions in stroke patients.Methods: This will be a single-blinded, 2-arm, parallel design, randomized controlled trial which will include a sample size of 86 acute and subacute stroke patients to be recruited from a single clinical hospital in Shanghai, China. Upon qualifying the study eligibility, participants will be randomly assigned to receive either robot-assisted therapy or conventional therapy with both interventions being conducted over a 6-week period in a clinical rehabilitation setting. In addition to comprehensive rehabilitation, the robot-assisted therapy group will receive a 30-min Armguider robot-assisted therapy intervention 5 days a week. Primary efficacy outcomes will include Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) and Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE). Other secondary outcomes will include Trail Making Test (TMT), Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT). All trial outcomes will be assessed at baseline and at 6-week follow-up. Intention-to-treat analyses will be performed to examine changes from baseline in the outcomes. Adverse events will be monitored throughout the trial period.Discussion: This will be the first randomized controlled trial aimed at examining the effects of robot-assisted therapy on upper limb and cognitive functions in acute and subacute stroke patients. Findings from the study will contribute to our understanding of using a novel robotic rehabilitation approach to stroke care and rehabilitation.Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2100050856 . Registered on 5 September 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm is usually employed as the control strategy for phase-locking in fiber laser phased array systems. However, the convergence speed of the SPGD algorithm will slow down as the number of array elements increases. To improve the control bandwidth, the convolutional neural network is introduced to quickly calculate the initial piston aberration in a single step. In addition, the irrationality of the commonly used Mean Square Error (MSE) evaluation function in existing convolutional neural networks is analyzed. A new evaluation function NPCD (Normalized Phase Cosine Distance) is proposed to improve the accuracy of the neural networks. The results show that the piston aberration residual is 0.005 and the normalized power in the bucket (PIB) is 0.993 in the simulation and 0.933 in the experiment after accurate preliminary compensation, which means that the system directly enters the co-phase state. We also demonstrate the robustness and scalability by expanding the scale of the array. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, a uniformly distributed CuNi active nanoalloys was obtained on the electrode substrate by one-step facile electrodeposition method, and a simple non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor was designed based on the CuNi NAs. The CuNi NAs with high specific surface area was investigated through a series of relevant characterizations, and the nanobimetal substrate electrode performed a satisfactory electrocatalytic activity toward glucose in alkaline solution compared with the pure Cu or Ni nanoparticles modified electrode. Chronoamperometry test showed an acceptable linearity in the range of 0.05–35 μM with the detection limit as low as 0.02 μM. In addition, this sensor demonstrated high sensitivity, stability and selectivity, and showed promising performance in the application of glucose measurement in human blood serum samples. Therefore, the constructed non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on CuNi nanoalloys exhibits a good prospect in food industry in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abell 407 (A407) is a unique galaxy cluster hosting a central compact group of nine galaxies (named as 'Zwicky's Nonet'; G1–G9 in this work) within a 30 kpc radius region. The cluster core also hosts a luminous radio active galactic nucleus (AGN), 4C 35.06 with helically twisted jets extending over 200 kpc. With a 44 ks Chandra observation of A407, we characterize the X-ray properties of its intracluster medium and central galaxies. The mean X-ray temperature of A407 is 2.7 keV and the M 200 is |$1.9 \times 10^{14}\, {\mathrm{M}_{\odot }}$|⁠. We suggest that A407 has a weak cool core at r < 60 kpc scales and at its very centre, <1–2 kpc radius, a small galaxy corona associated with the strong radio AGN. We also conclude that the AGN 4C 35.06 host galaxy is most likely G3. We suggest that the central group of galaxies is undergoing a 'slow merge' procedure. The range of the merging time-scale is 0.3 ∼ 2.3 Gyr and the stellar mass of the future brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) will be |$7.4\times 10^{11} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$|⁠. We find that the regions that overlap with the radio jets have higher temperature and metallicity. This is consistent with AGN feedback activity. The central entropy is higher than that for other clusters, which may be due to the AGN feedback and/or merging activity. With all these facts, we suggest that A407 is a unique and rare system in the local universe that could help us to understand the formation of a massive BCG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence reagent, a distyrylbenzene derivative with donor–acceptor conjugated nanosheet structure, namely TPAPCN, was used as a trace label and modified on the electrode through the formation of classical sandwich complex of antibody-antigen–antibody in this work. In aggregate state, TPAPCN with twisted structure was limited in nanometer space through intermolecular π − π stacking interactions, which not only restricts the intramolecular motions but also combines a large number of singlet excitons to greatly trigger electrochemiluminescence (ECL). The ECL signal of this system enhanced with more captured cytokeratin 19 fragment 21–1 (CYFRA21-1) on the modified electrode. Three-dimensional graphene/platinum nanoparticles with large specific surface, and excellent electroconductivity and biocompatibility were prepared and acted as excellent carriers for thionine handling (3D-GN/PtNPs/Th), which was employed for improving the loading of antibodies and generating internal electrochemical signal. Consequently, a novel ratiometric sandwich immunosensor for CYFRA21-1 detection was fabricated based on TPAPCN and 3D-GN/PtNPs/Th, that is, a rapid and reliable detection was achieved through the ratio between ECL and electrochemical signals. The prepared sensor performed good linearity in the range of 50 fg/mL to 1 ng/mL with a detection limit as low as 16 fg/mL. Moreover, the detection results revealed well in the analysis of human serum samples, demonstrating a significant application for clinical monitoring and biomolecules detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence reagent, a distyrylbenzene derivative with donor–acceptor conjugated nanosheet structure, namely TPAPCN, was used as a trace label and modified on the electrode through the formation of classical sandwich complex of antibody-antigen–antibody in this work. In aggregate state, TPAPCN with twisted structure was limited in nanometer space through intermolecular π − π stacking interactions, which not only restricts the intramolecular motions but also combines a large number of singlet excitons to greatly trigger electrochemiluminescence (ECL). The ECL signal of this system enhanced with more captured cytokeratin 19 fragment 21–1 (CYFRA21-1) on the modified electrode. Three-dimensional graphene/platinum nanoparticles with large specific surface, and excellent electroconductivity and biocompatibility were prepared and acted as excellent carriers for thionine handling (3D-GN/PtNPs/Th), which was employed for improving the loading of antibodies and generating internal electrochemical signal. Consequently, a novel ratiometric sandwich immunosensor for CYFRA21-1 detection was fabricated based on TPAPCN and 3D-GN/PtNPs/Th, that is, a rapid and reliable detection was achieved through the ratio between ECL and electrochemical signals. The prepared sensor performed good linearity in the range of 50 fg/mL to 1 ng/mL with a detection limit as low as 16 fg/mL. Moreover, the detection results revealed well in the analysis of human serum samples, demonstrating a significant application for clinical monitoring and biomolecules detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV; genus Potyvirus) induces maize dwarf mosaic disease that has caused serious yield losses of maize in China. Cross-protection is one of the efficient strategies to fight against severe virus strains. Although many mild strains have been identified, the spontaneous mutation is one of the challenging problems affecting their application in cross-protection. In this study, we found that the substitution of cysteine (C) at positions 57 or 60 in the zinc finger-like motif of HC-Pro with alanine (A; C57A or C60A) significantly reduced its RNA silencing suppression activity and SCMV virulence. To reduce the risk of mild strains mutating to virulent ones by reverse or complementary mutations, we obtained attenuated SCMV mutants with double-mutations in the zinc finger-like and FRNK motifs of HC-Pro and evaluated their potential application in cross-protection. The results showed that the maize plants infected with FKNK/C60A double-mutant showed symptomless until 95 days post-inoculation and FKNK/C60A cross-protected plants displayed high resistance to severe SCMV strain. This study provides theoretical and material bases for the control of SCMV through cross-protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spontaneous scalarization during the stellar core collapse in the massive scalarâ€"tensor theories of gravity introduces extra polarizations (on top of the plus and cross modes) in gravitational waves, whose amplitudes are determined by several model parameters. Observations of such scalarization-induced gravitational waveforms therefore offer valuable probes into these theories of gravity. Considering a triple-scalar interactions in such theories, we find that the self-coupling effects suppress the magnitude of the scalarization and thus reduce the amplitude of the associated gravitational wave signals. In addition, the self-interacting effects in the gravitational waveform are shown to be negligible due to the dispersion throughout the astrophysically distant propagation. As a consequence, the gravitational waves observed on the Earth feature the characteristic inverse-chirp pattern. Although not with the on-going ground-based detectors, we illustrate that the scalarization-induced gravitational waves may be detectable at a signal-to-noise ratio level of O (100) with future detectors, such as Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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