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Virtually all large ships are recycled today on the beaches of Asia. The United Kingdom was once the world's biggest shipbreaker, but its industry had dwindled to virtual extinction by 1995. Why did the UK industry decline and conversely, given its problems, how did it in fact survive as long as it did? No significant study has been done previously of the UK industry as a whole and therefore reliance has been placed on primary sources. UK shipbreaking boomed from 1946 to 1962 as throughout this period UK ships were generally only broken up in the UK. European shipbreakers lasted a few years longer than their UK counterparts because arguably the UK had been cosseted too much by both home market protection and steel industry support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A partial equilibrium trade model is used to test the role of vertical linkages and home market effects on the pattern of U.S. apparel trade, while controlling for trade costs and comparative advantage. Input output data is used to investigate the significance of linkages between the apparel and textile industries. Industrial production data is used to provide industry specific estimates of the home market effect. We find strong evidence of home market effects that increase with the phasing out of apparel quotas. Strong linkages between the apparel and textile industries in the exporting country are positively correlated with apparel exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate how group- and market-specific traits impact the credit policy of foreign-owned banks operating in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern European (CESEE) countries over the 1995–2015 period using an instrumental variable fixed effects approach. This period includes the years of the global financial crisis (GFC), during which the Vienna Initiative (VI) was established to limit the negative impact of the crisis on five CESEE countries in which foreign-owned banks play a considerable role. We find evidence that the credit policy of banks operating in VI countries and/or owned by VI parents differs from the overall policy in the region. Our study suggests that parent banks focus on the geographical diversification of group assets on host markets, followed by ensuring that there is strict capital control and that return on equity outperforms that of the market. Our results confirm that the VI was efficient in immunising subsidiaries and countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents chosen issues of inflow of FDI to Poland. The essence and definition of international enterprise is explained as well as the FDI number in Poland in 2014. An increase trend of FDI in Poland is presented the basis of statistical data. An influence of FDI on Polish GDP in years 2000-2013 was analysed. The directions of FDI inflow in Poland in years 2008-2013 are compared. The focus was on benefits and risks related to the presence of foreign enterprises in Poland, allowing for achievement of the objective of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes an empirical investigation of regional trade flows following a cross-section method. For this purpose, the author refers to a regional context looking at a chosen sample of European regions. She mainly intends to assess the role of the home market effect and the level of transport costs in driving regional export flows. In particular, she is interested in testing the importance of spatial components in regional trade analysis. By simply adapting the gravity model approach to her framework, she is able to prove that physical distance smooths the intensity of trading flows while local transport facilities as well as local demand foster them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on R & D expenditures and US patenting in the world's 660 largest, technologically active firms both show a linear relation between firm size and the volume of innovative activities, despite some inconsistencies between the two measures. Technological diversity increases with firm size, but relatively weakly, especially in R & D-intensive sectors. Sectoral variations in the comparative technological advantage of large firms based in Japan, the USA and W. Europe are better explained by variations in rivalry in their home market than by variations in their size. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]