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The reaction of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide was investigated in several oil-in-water microemulsions. The reaction products were identified by GC/MS, NMR, and LC/MS, and the reaction process was monitored by measuring peak height of reaction products and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide with time by1H NMR spectroscopy. The result showed that 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide degraded to 2-hydroxyethyl ethyl sulfide, cyclic sulfonium ion, open chain sulfonium chloro ion and sulfonium hydroxyl ion, and the reaction proceeded via a cyclic sulfonium ion intermediate. Based on the NMR results, a pseudoternary model was established for the reaction process of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide in microemulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new glycoluril derivatives, namely 6-phenyl-1,4-dioxo-2,2a,3,4,6,7-hexahydro-1H,5H-2,3,4a,6,7a-pentaazacyclopenta[cd]indene-2a,7b-dicarboxylate ( 1), and diethyl 6-(2,4-dichorophenyl)-1,4-dioxo-2,2a,3,4,6,7-hexahydro-1H,5H-2,3,4a,6,7a-pentaazacyclopenta[cd]indene-2a,7b-dicarboxylate ( 2) have been synthesized and structurally determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1 is, monoclinic, space group C2/ c, with a = 20.0784(7), b = 9.0316(3), c = 23.0980(8) Å, β = 98.3930(10), V = 4143.7(2) Å, with Z = 8 for d = 1.338 Mg/m. The analog 2 is, Triclinic, space group P- 1, with a = 8.9353(18), b = 10.466(2), c = 14.679(3) Å, β = 73.60(3), V = 1268.1(4) Å, with Z = 2 for d = 1.533 Mg/m. X-ray analysis reveals that both glycoluril derivatives bearing two free syn-urea NH groups and two ureidyl C=O, assemble the same one-dimensional chains in the solid-state running parallel to the [110], [-] and [010] directions via N-H···O hydrogen bonds. Graphical Abstract: Two new glycoluril derivatives, namely 6-phenyl-1,4-dioxo-2,2a,3,4,6,7-hexahydro-1H,5H-2,3,4a,6,7a-pentaazacyclopenta[cd]indene-2a,7b-dicarboxylate ( 1), and diethyl 6-(2,4-dichorophenyl)-1,4-dioxo-2,2a,3,4,6,7-hexahydro-1H,5H-2,3,4a,6,7a-pentaazacyclopenta[cd]indene-2a,7b-dicarboxylate ( 2), both bearing two free syn-urea NH groups and two ureidyl C=O, assemble the same one-dimensional chains in the solid-state running parallel to the [110], [-] and [010] directions via R(8) N-H···O hydrogen bonds.[Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decontamination of the VX surrogate (malathion) by the atmospheric pressure radio-frequency plasma jet (APPJ) was investigated. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to identify the active species and measure the neutral gas temperature. The effects of RF input power and exposing time on the decontamination efficiency and neutral gas temperature were investigated. The thermal effect and volatilization could be ignored from the APPJ decontamination mechanism in our processing conditions. The degradation products were identified by gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometers (GC–MS). Besides the trace amount of the oxidation product (malaxon), the main degradation products were formed by breaking the S–C bond of malathion. In the end, the main degradation mechanism was drawn out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]